High CPI Research Articles

Analysis of the Impact of the Fed’s Interest Rate Hike Policy Based on the Triple Exponential Smoothing Method

The US has been employing quantitative easing and printing money for more than a decade, fueling inflation while lifting government debt. To deal with the high CPI, the Federal Reserve (Fed) has resorted to a policy of interest rate hikes, especially in the past two years, when the US interest rates have been on an upward trend. This has led to divergence in the economic trends and policy directions of countries, with China facing a more complex and severe external environment. In this connection, first of all, this paper gathers the response policy of each country during the Fed’s interest rate hikes, makes qualitative analysis of those response policies, and provides pertinent suggestions for China’s economic activities based on its national realities. Then, this paper collects data on the US interest rates, CPI, changes in nonfarm payrolls, monthly rate of retail sales, ISM manufacturing index, and ISM non-manufacturing index starting from January 2022 to December 2023, builds a model using the Triple Exponential Smoothing Method and applying statistical analysis, and solves it with python programming. Finally, the paper analyzes changes in the macro-indicators of the results and forecasts data on each indicator for the next six months to derive the trend of the data on indicators concerning future interest rate hikes. By predicting the impact of future events on China’s economy, investment, foreign trade and other aspects, the author expects the country to make corresponding regulatory plans and policy reserves.

Foreign Ownership dan Earnings Management pada Perbankan Asean

This research aims to examine the influence of foreign ownership on the earningsmanagement of banking companies in the ASEAN region. The population is bankingcompanies listed on the Stock Exchanges of four ASEAN countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, thePhilippines and Thailand. We took 430 companies as samples for this research from thesecountries. This research took 5 (five) years. The results of the study found that foreignownership has a negative relationship with earnings management because foreign ownershipcan reduce management actions to carry out earnings management; Foreign-owned bankingcompanies have higher earnings quality in the first five years, and foreign investors' homecountries that have a high CPI also have higher earnings quality. This research, based on thefindings, can state that foreign investors can improve the effectiveness of governance andmaintain earnings management.

An Assessment of the Spillover Effects of Fed Rate Hikes on Chinese Economy

Facing the pressure of high CPI, the interest rate hike process has initiated by the Federal Reserve (Fed) in the context of the global economic downturn in 2022. This adjustment in the Federal Reserve's monetary policy has a significant influence on the global economy, including China. This article focuses on the spillover effect of the Federal Reserve's interest rate hike policy on Chinese economic development. It will first review the historical background and impact of the four interest rate hikes cycles in the Unite States since 1994. And then the analysis of the impact is presented in three different transmission channels: interest rate channel, exchange rate channel, and capital flow channel. After that the policy suggestions on how to deal with the spillover effect is provided. Lastly, this article concludes that even though the spillover effect of interest hike policy continues to put downward pressure on Chinese economy, it is shrinking with China becoming more independent in implementing its monetary policy.

I spy with my little eye: An eye-tracking study examining adolescents’ attention to alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in Instagram stories

Social media users are frequently exposed to alcohol images on Instagram, which in turn influences their own alcohol behaviors. Yet, it is unclear what factors drive attention to alcohol cues. In an eye-tracking study (N = 108; Mage = 16.54), we examined adolescents' attention to Instagram Stories depending on: (a) the type of beverage depicted (beer vs water), (b) the character-product interaction portrayed (CPI: peers in images shown consuming [high CPI] vs holding beverages [low CPI]) and, (c) participant's own susceptibility (high vs low-risk alcohol drinker). Our results illustrated that adolescents allocated an equal amount of attention to beer and water depicted in Instagram images. Furthermore, they devoted more attention to Instagram images wherein peers were shown consuming water and beer (high CPI) compared to those wherein peers were holding these beverages (low CPI). Surprisingly, high-risk alcohol drinkers were more responsive to both beer and water cues than low-risk drinkers. This was particularly the case for Instagram images with high CPI. These findings have implications for how health cues on Instagram are attended to and processed.

Behavioral economics and monetary wisdom: A cross‐level analysis of monetary aspiration, pay (dis)satisfaction, risk perception, and corruption in 32 nations

AbstractCorruption involves greed, money, and risky decision‐making. We explore the love of money, pay satisfaction, probability of risk, and dishonesty across cultures. Avaricious monetary aspiration breeds unethicality. Prospect theory frames decisions in the gains‐losses domain and high‐low probability. Pay dissatisfaction (in the losses domain) incites dishonesty in the name of justice at the individual level. The Corruption Perceptions Index, CPI, signals a high‐low probability of getting caught for dishonesty at the country level. We theorize that decision‐makers adopt avaricious love‐of‐money aspiration as a lens and frame dishonesty in the gains‐losses domain (pay satisfaction‐dissatisfaction, Level 1) and high‐low probability (CPI, Level 2) to maximize expected utility and ultimate serenity. We challenge the myth: Pay satisfaction mitigates dishonesty across nations consistently. Based on 6500 managers in 32 countries, our cross‐level three‐dimensional visualization offers the following discoveries. Under high aspiration conditions, pay dissatisfaction excites the highest‐ (third‐highest) avaricious justice‐seeking dishonesty in high (medium) CPI nations, supporting the certainty effect. However, pay satisfaction provokes the second‐highest avaricious opportunity‐seizing dishonesty in low CPI entities, sustaining the possibility effect—maximizing expected utility. Under low aspiration conditions, high pay satisfaction consistently leads to low dishonesty, demonstrating risk aversion—achieving ultimate serenity. We expand prospect theory from a micro and individual‐level theory to a cross‐level theory of monetary wisdom across 32 nations. We enhance the S‐shaped Curve to three 3‐D corruption surfaces across three levels of the global economic pyramid, providing novel insights into behavioral economics, business ethics, the environment, and responsibility.

The Effect of Proximal Cleaning Devices on Periodontal Status in Korean Adults between 2016 and 2018.

Removal of the biofilm from the proximal space is essential for preventing periodontal disease. This study aimed to prove the association between the use of proximal cleaning devices, such as dental floss and interdental brushes, and periodontal health among nationally representative Korean adults. Data collected from the 7th National Health Nutrition Survey (KNHANES VII: 2016–2018) were used for this purpose. A total of 11,359 participants aged 19 years or older who participated in KNHANES were reviewed. The response variable was the prevalence of high CPI (CPI of 3–4), and the explanatory variables were dental floss and interdental brush. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for potential confounding factors and to analyze the association between periodontal disease and proximal cleaning devices. It was found that 63.1% of the participants did not use proximal cleaning devices at all, 17.5% used dental floss alone, 11.9% used an interdental brush, and 7.5% used both. Subjects who used both dental floss and interdental brush had a high CPI rate nearly half that of all the models for those who did not. In particular, for those using dental floss, the aOR of high CPI was 0.681 in Model 1, 0.714 in Model 2, and 0.737 in Model 3. Dental hygiene products for cleaning the proximal space, such as dental floss, are essential for removing the dental biofilm as a basic tool along with toothbrushes. Teaching and explaining the need to use these devices well are important for oral health care and maintenance.

Prospective biomonitor and sentinel bivalve species for pollution monitoring and ecosystem health disturbance assessment in mangrove–lined Nicaraguan coasts

This research aims at contributing to the use of Polymesoda arctata, Anadara tuberculosa, and Larkinia grandis as prospective biomonitors and sentinels, surrogate of Crassostrea rhizophorae for pollution biomonitoring in mangrove-lined coastal systems. Localities were selected along the Nicaraguan coastline in the rainy and dry seasons during 2012–2013: A. tuberculosa and L. grandis were collected in the Pacific, and P. arctata in the Caribbean. The tissue concentration of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were integrated into pollution indices (chemical pollution index -CPI- and pollution load index -PLI-) and biological endpoints (flesh-condition, reproduction, histopathology and stress-on-stress) were determined as biomarkers of ecosystem health disturbance. In the Caribbean, contaminant tissue concentration was low in P. arctata, with some exceptions. Ag, As, Cd, Hg, Ni and V were mainly recorded during dry season, and PAHs and POPs (HCHs, DDTs, AHTN, PCBs and BDE85) during rainy season. Metals and PAHs were not a major threat in the study area; in contrast, high levels of HCHs and DDTs and low-to-moderate levels of musk fragrances and PBDEs were recorded. Minor differences were found in biological parameters albeit during the rainy season the LT50 values were low and seemingly associated to high PLI and CPI values. In the Pacific, the main pollutants recorded in A. tuberculosa and L. grandis were HCHs, DDTs, AHTN and PDBEs in rainy season and Cd in dry season. Although basic research is needed to understand the general biology, ecology and diseases in these Pacific species, biological endpoints comparable to those used in other sentinel bivalves are seemingly suitable biomarkers of health disturbance. Overall, Caribbean P. arctata and Pacific A. tuberculosa and L. grandis seem to be potential target species for pollution monitoring and ecosystem health disturbance assessment in mangrove–lined Nicaraguan coastal systems. Their use together with C. rhizophorae would provide opportunities for common approaches to be applied in inter-ocean countries of the Mesoamerican region.

Paleoenvironment of Eocene lignite bearing succession from Bikaner-Nagaur Basin, western India: Organic petrography, palynology, palynofacies and geochemistry

Lignite and associated shale samples from the Matasukh mine of western India have been studied by petrographic, palynofacies, palynological and organic geochemical parameters. The objective is to understand the floral (organic) composition, and palaeo depositional conditions (ecology and climate) of the lignite-bearing sequence. Petrographically, the low rank B lignites are dominantly composed of huminite macerals, followed by moderate liptinite and low inertinite macerals. The predominance of detrohuminite (attrinite+densinite) with respect to telohuminite (textinite+ulminite) suggests that the woody vegetation has undergone higher degree of degradation during the peat accumulation, as is also indicated by the frequent occurrence of funginite. The TPI, GI, GWI and VI indices point towards limno-telmatic condition of the palaeomire during the deposition of lignite-forming peat under mesotrophic to rheotrophic basin conditions. The reducing conditions in the depositional site are evident from the frequent pyrite content. The studied samples had a high organic matter yield, which showed a co-dominance of phytoclasts and AOM. This nexus is indicative of a marginal marine depositional environment, also evident from Tyson's APP diagram. The palynofloral assemblage is dominated by angiosperm pollen, especially those having affinity with the family Arecaceae. The presence of palynomorphs of the family Dipterocarpaceae indicates the existence of rain-forest vegetation in the vicinity of the depositional site. The degradation products of oleanane and 23-norlupane in the sediment extracts also suggest that the angiosperm dominant higher plants served as the source for the peat-forming biomass. The presence of hopanes indicates high microbial activity during the formation of lignites. The high CPI and TAR values also indicate the large input of terrigenous higher plant materials.

4-1:Invited Paper: Roll TFT-LCD with 20R Curvature using Optically Compensated Colorless-Polyimide Substrate

Colorless polyimide liquid crystal display (CPI-LCD) was successfully fabricated by PI-LCD handling process which contained substrate coating, LCD manufacture and dualsubstrate laser lift-off (LLO) process. Plastic substrate was made by high transmittance CPI material (T > 91%). Total cell thickness without polarizer is less than 25 µm.

Lipid biomarkers in Lake Enol (Asturias, Northern Spain): Coupled natural and human induced environmental history

The lipid content of three cores from Lake Enol (Picos de Europa National Park, Asturias, Northern Spain) was studied. The n-alkane profiles indicated a major input from terrigenous plants [predominance of high molecular weight (HMW) alkanes] since ca. 1695 AD to the water body, although the uppermost cm revealed a predominance of organic matter (OM) derived from algae, as the most abundant alkane was C17. Three units revealing different environmental conditions were defined. Unit A (ca. 1695–1860 AD) in the lowermost parts of ENO13-10 (<12cm) and ENO13-15 (<28cm) was identified and was characterized by higher OM input and evidence of minimal degradation (high CPI values, predominance of HMW n-alkanoic acids and good correspondence between the predominant n-alkane and n-alkanoic acid chains). These findings could be linked to the Little Ice Age, when cold and humid conditions may have favored an increase in total organic carbon (TOC) and n-alkane and n-alkanoic acid content (greater terrigenous OM in-wash), and may have also reduced bacterial activity. In Unit B (ca. 1860–1980 AD) the lack of correspondence between the n-alkane and n-alkanoic acid profiles of ENO13-10 (12–4cm) and ENO13-15 (28–8cm) suggested a certain preferential microbial synthesis of long chain saturated fatty acids from primary OM and/or bacterial activity, coinciding with a decrease in OM input, which could be linked to the global warming that started in the second half of the 19th century. In ENO13-7 the low OM input (low TOC) was accompanied by some bacterial degradation (predominance of HMW n-alkanoic acids but with a bimodal distribution) in the lowermost 16–5cm. Evidence of considerable phytoplankton productivity and microbial activity was especially significant in Unit C (ca. 1980–2013 AD) identified in the uppermost part of all three cores (5cm in ENO13-7, 4cm in ENO13-10 and 8cm in ENO13-15), coinciding with higher concentrations of n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids, which were considered to be linked to warmer and drier conditions, as well as to greater anthropogenic influence in modern times.Plant sterols, such as β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, were significantly present in the cores. In addition, fecal stanols, such as 24-ethylcoprostanol from herbivores, were present, thereby indicating a continuous and significant pollution input derived from these animals since the 17th century, being more important in the last 20years.

Geochemical characterization and depositional environment of source rocks of small fault basin in Erlian Basin, northern China

A combined investigation of molecular geochemistry, elements and carbon isotopic composition of carbonate distribution was carried out on the Early Cretaceous mudstones of the Tengger Formation in the Erlian Basin, northern China, to define source rock geochemical characteristics, depositional environment and tectonic setting of small faulted basin. The biomarkers of mudstone extracts are characterized by short to middle chain n-alkanes, high CPI values (>1.12), a wide range of Pr/Ph (0.4–1.94), relatively high concentrations of C29 sterane and the presence of relatively low tricyclic terpanes and low gammacerane index values (0.01–0.25), which is consistent with a relatively oxic to anoxic depositional environment of fresh to brackish water conditions, with a major contribution of terrigenous organic matter input and a low contribution of aquatic algal-bacterial organic matter. The oxic to anoxic depositional environment of small fault basins and a fresh and brackish water conditions are also confirmed by reduced sulphur/organic carbon ratio and element distribution. In these small fault basins, the cross-plots of δ13Ccarb and TOC show that productivity has an obvious control on source rock development. The differences in tectonic settings cause variations in productivity, redox conditions and terrigenous organic matter input, which account for the distinctly different geochemical characteristics and depositional environment of source rocks in small fault basins.

Sediment biomarker profiles trace organic matter input in the Pichavaram mangrove complex, southeastern India

The nature and distribution of lipid biomarkers (n-alkanes, n-alkanols, sterols and triterpenols) were investigated in five dated sediment cores from the Pichavaram mangrove–estuarine complex in order to: 1) identify the organic matter (OM) sources and its preservation and 2) trace recent changes associated with coastal processes and anthropogenic activities. The mangrove sediment extracts have higher biomarker concentration (22.6±13.3μg/g dry weight) than the estuarine extracts (6.42±4.92μg/g dry weight). Triterpenols are dominant biomarkers in both estuarine and mangrove sediments, and constitute >50% of the total lipid extracts. The presence of n-alkanols (n-C26,28,30) and abundance of phytosterols (stigmasterol and β-sitosterol) and triterpenols (taraxerol, β-amyrin, germanicol, and lupeol) indicate that mangrove vegetation is the primary source of sedimentary OM. The high abundance and unimodal distribution of the long-chain n-alkanes (mainly n-C25,27,29), and high values of Terrestrial Aquatic Ratio (TAR 2.4 to 41) and Carbon Preference Index (CPI>8) indicate dominance (and better preservation) of higher plant derived immature OM in mangrove sediments. In contrast, the weak dominance of high molecular weight n-alkanes, low CPI (0.75 to 0.90) and TAR (1.9 to 5.7) values, and the presence of high C27 and C28 sterols indicate that phytoplankton/algal derived OM is more pronounced in estuarine sediments. Diagenetic changes in sedimentary OM indicate that some of the lipid fractions are reactive, and as a result, they degrade more rapidly than bulk OM. These compounds follow first order decay kinetics, and concur with the downcore diagenetic changes in coastal areas. Resistance to degradation among the different lipid classes show the trend: n-alkane>sterol>triterpenol>n-alkanol. Finally, the study indicates that less freshwater discharge from the Coleroon River is causing a gradual change in mangrove vegetation. There is less input of OM derived from mangrove vegetation into recent sediments. Biomarker trends also indicate that less salt tolerant Rhizophora spp. are gradually replaced by more salt tolerant vegetation consisting of Sueda spp. and Aviccenia spp.

Assessment of the Periodontal Status among Kota Stone Workers in Jhalawar, India

Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent dental diseases which affects the adult population of the world, varying only in degree from mild to severe. Its prevalence, which was reported in various studies which were conducted in different parts of the globe, signifies its need for a control. To assess the periodontal status among the Kota stone workers in Jhalawar and to provide a baseline data for the planning and evaluation of the oral health care promotion programmes. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among the Kota stone workers who were working in the Kota stone factories which were located in the Ricco Industrial Area in Jhalawar. The study population comprised 420 subjects who were in the age group of 21 to 60 years. The data were collected by means of a close ended, self administered questionnaire and clinical examination with the use of the CPI index. Statistical analyses which were used: Chi-square, Student's t-test, One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Multiple Logistic Regression. The socio-demographic characteristics, except the gender, were found to be significantly associated with the periodontal status in the study population (P≤0.05). Multivariate analysis showed high CPI scores which were associated with males (OR=1.313), the 21-40 year age group (OR=0.548), education upto 10th class (OR=4.776), oral hygiene practices other than toothbrush with toothpaste (OR=0.774) and smoking (OR=3.994). The observations of this study indicate the need for a reorientation of the dental care services, with further emphasis on the preventive care in such a population.

A 220 ka palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Fuentillejo maar lake record (Central Spain) using biomarker analysis

The sedimentary record of the volcanic lake known as the Fuentillejo maar (central Spain) offers the opportunity to determine the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the central-southern part of the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. A total of 439 samples from the upper 88m of a ca. 142m long core (spanning the last ca. 355ka) were examined. The interval corresponds to the last 220ka of the record. High n-alkane CPI values and the presence of sulfur revealed that little diagenetic signal attenuation or modification had occurred. A number of n-alkane-based indices (e.g. predominant n-alkane, ACL, Paq and TARHC ratios, and the proportion of C27, C29 and C31n-alkanes with respect to the summed C27+C29+C31) alkanes, showed changing conditions in the organic matter input to the maar lake over time, with episodes involving a major input of terrestrial vegetation, alternating with others in which algae or a mixed input of terrestrial plants, aquatic macrophytes and algae occurred. The proportions of C27, C29 and C31 were useful for reconstructing the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the basin as they allowed assignment of several dry intervals during which grasses developed, while during humid phases trees expanded at the expense of grasses.In general, we found good correspondence between these episodes and the climatic cycles observed in δ18O records from ices cores in Greenland and Antarctica, as well as from marine cores. Thus, we conclude that global palaeoclimatological changes were recorded in the maar record. Likewise, Heinrich Events appeared to be reflected in the n-alkane indices. This was confirmed by single spectral analysis and cross spectral analysis with the insolation curve on 21 July at a latitude of 65°N. The approach revealed that the cycles interpreted in the Fuentillejo record (103, 41, 23 and 19ka) showed evidence of orbital influence related to the astronomical cycles of the eccentricity variation in the Earth’s orbit, the Earth’s obliquity oscillation, and the precession variation (Milankovitch theory).

Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve, China

Sediment samples collected from the Core Area, Experimental Area and Buffer Area of Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve (YRDNNR), China, were analyzed by GC-MS in order to determine the degree of hydrocarbon contamination, and identify the sources of aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAHs. The total petroleum hydrocarbon contents of sediments were relatively low or moderate compared to world-wide locations reported to be chronically contaminated by oil. On the whole, the degree of petroleum contamination in the Core Area and Buffer Area in YRDNNR is weaker than that of the Experimental Area. The potential ecosystem risk assessment indicated that PAHs will not cause immediate adverse biological effects in the YRDNNR. Besides oil-related hydrocarbon inputs in this region, aliphatic hydrocarbon analysis showed the presence of hydrocarbons of terrestrial origin at some sampling sites, characterized by high CPI values. Based on PAH ratios and principal component analysis, pyrolytic input may be a major source of PAHs in YRDNNR sediment, while petrogenic inputs were more apparent at some sites in the Experimental Area due to oil exploration in the Shengli Oilfield. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abundant non-hydrocarbons in crude oils from the western Qaidam Basin, northwest China

The non-hydrocarbon fraction of immature-low maturity crude oils from the western Qaidam Basin which were formed in the source beds deposited in highly saline and strongly reducing environments were analyzed by GC-MS to determine their compositions. Abundant fatty acids, alkanols, fatty acid glycerol monoesters, and stenols were identified. Geochemical analyses suggested that these compounds were largely originated from the oil source rocks. The linear compounds consist primarily of the short-chain homologues (C10–C20). The C27–C29 sterols detected were dominated by C27 stenols. The molecular characteristics suggest that algae and bacteria were the major source organism. The presence of abundant fatty acid glycerol monoesters suggests that the biological lipids, particularly bacterial phospholipids were important contributors to the formation of the crude oils studied. The existence of abundant unsaturated linear compounds, stenols and high CPI values of linear non-hydrocarbon compounds is consistent with the low maturity of these crude oils.

Hydrothermal alteration of organic matter in sediments of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean: Part 1. Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge

Samples from the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 169 in Middle Valley, NE Pacific Ocean, were analyzed to study maturation by accelerated diagenesis and catagenesis of the sedimentary organic matter to hydrothermal petroleum. Some data from Site 858 in Middle Valley (Leg 139) are also discussed for completeness. Sediments at Sites 858 and 1036 in Middle Valley were altered either by the full variety of high temperature fluids, which generated hydrothermal petroleum, or by accelerated thermal diagenesis of the immature organic matter in situ without specific migration of those petroleum (bitumen) products. The hydrothermal petroleums from the deeper sediments have migrated and accumulated in discrete intervals at shallower depths within a contemporary temperature window of 60–135 °C at both of these sites. Maturation for the n-alkanes proceeded from high CPI values (immature) to <1.0 (mature), i.e., strong even C number preference. Due to their low TOC contents, these sediments did not generate high amounts of hydrocarbons from the kerogen and thus revealed this unique even C number preference. Furthermore, the significant content of terrestrial organic matter yielded petroleums low in gas and volatiles. Biomarkers were converted from the biological natural product precursors to the geological derivatives with maturities reflecting the thermal stress. High-temperature alteration also yielded polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.

Molecular-isotopic stratigraphy of long-chain n-alkanes in Lake Baikal Holocene and glacial age sediments

The molecular distribution and the carbon-isotopic composition (δ 13C) of n-alkanes extracted from a Lake Baikal core spanning the last 20 kyr of sediment accumulation have been investigated. A terrestrial origin has been inferred for the odd carbon-numbered long-chain (>C 27) n-alkanes, on the basis of the observed high CPI 27-33 values (range: 8.7–10.8) typical of n-alkanes derived from leaf waxes of higher plants. A shift in the abundance of n-C 27 alkane relative to n-C 31 homologue is observed across the late Pleistocene glacial–Holocene interglacial climate change, perhaps indicative of the climate-induced vegetational change previously deduced from palynological analyses. Compound-specific isotope analyses indicate remarkably uniform δ 13C values in the range of −31.0 to −33.5‰ for the leaf-wax C 27–C 33 n-alkanes in the entire cored sequence. Such an isotopic compositional range is characteristic for n-alkanes biosynthesized by plants utilizing the C 3 photosynthetic pathway. Our data suggest that the observed 13C-enrichment in the bulk organic matter in the glacial age sediments, relative to δ 13C values of total organic carbon in the Holocene section, is therefore unlikely to be attributed to an expansion of C 4-type vegetation in the Baikal watershed during the late Pleistocene glacial interval.

The Lipid and Resin Composition of Laretia compacta Phil, from the Andes of Chile

Abstract The lipid/resin components of Laretia compacta were characterized by GC-MS and CSIA. The lipid components consist of n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids and n-alkanols all with low carbon number maxima and high CPI values. The resin components are comprised of major amounts of tetracyclic diterpenoids with a minor content of mono-and sesquiterpenoids. The kaurene skeleton predominates with some phyllocladenes. Phytosterols are trace components. The δ13C data of the individual alkanes in the hydrocarbon fraction place this species in the C4 plant group.

99/01854 Origins of heavy oils in the Erlian Basin, NE China: Dou, L. et al. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1998, 15, (8), 769–781

A combined investigation of molecular geochemistry, elements and carbon isotopic composition of carbonate distribution was carried out on the Early Cretaceous mudstones of the Tengger Formation in the Erlian Basin, northern China, to define source rock geochemical characteristics, depositional environment and tectonic setting of small faulted basin. The biomarkers of mudstone extracts are characterized by short to middle chain n-alkanes, high CPI values (>1.12), a wide range of Pr/Ph (0.4–1.94), relatively high concentrations of C29 sterane and the presence of relatively low tricyclic terpanes and low gammacerane index values (0.01–0.25), which is consistent with a relatively oxic to anoxic depositional environment of fresh to brackish water conditions, with a major contribution of terrigenous organic matter input and a low contribution of aquatic algal-bacterial organic matter. The oxic to anoxic depositional environment of small fault basins and a fresh and brackish water conditions are also confirmed by reduced sulphur/organic carbon ratio and element distribution. In these small fault basins, the cross-plots of δ13Ccarb and TOC show that productivity has an obvious control on source rock development. The differences in tectonic settings cause variations in productivity, redox conditions and terrigenous organic matter input, which account for the distinctly different geochemical characteristics and depositional environment of source rocks in small fault basins.