High Degree Of Coverage Research Articles

Dynamic range and coverage issues for a mobile bistatic radar system

The authors have examined the effect of the main radar and target parameters on the range, coverage and location accuracy of a mobile bistatic radar system. To carry out this work a full suite of software has been developed allowing 2-D static and dynamic mapping of detection contours. The analysis shows that a bistatic system using multiple mobile adaptive receivers could give a high degree of coverage of a substantial surveillance area remote from the receiver. Some of the key parameters that affect system performance have been quantified.

Surface Polymerization of Hydrophilic Methacrylates from Ultrafine Silica Sols in Protic Media at Ambient Temperature: A Novel Approach to Surface Functionalization Using a Polyelectrolytic Macroinitiator

A convenient one‐pot synthesis of polymer‐grafted nano‐sized silica particles using atom transfer radical polymerization (see Figure) is described. Physical adsorption of a cationic macroinitiator allows polymerization of a range of hydrophilic methacrylates. A high degree of coverage of the silica sol particles by the grafted polymer chains was indicated.

The Incidence of Childhood Cancer in Jordan: A Population-Based Study

Marked variations in the incidence of particular types of childhood cancer exist between countries. We report on the geographic variation in the occurrence of childhood cancer in Jordan. Cases were identified from the Jordan National Cancer Registry. We collected data on age, sex, type, primary site, and stage of cancer. Tumor topography and morphology were coded according to the accepted international standard. For all cases registered, 95.2% were histologically diagnosed. Incidence rates were calculated as annual rates per million population. The denominator is the 1997 estimate of the childhood population at ages 0-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years. There were 646 registered primary malignant neoplasms during the three-year study period (1996-1998). The annual incidence rate for all types of cancer combined was 113 per million children. The rate among children less than 5 years of age was 134.5 per million, for 5-9 years it was 97.8 per million, and for 10-14 years it was 104.1 per million. Overall, the age-standardized annual incidence rate was 113.8 per million. The most common diagnostic group was leukemia, accounting for more than a third of all cases, followed by brain tumors and lymphoma. The highest rate was in the capital, Amman. The pattern of childhood cancer in Jordan seems to be generally similar to other countries in the region, particularly the observed excess of lymphoma. Geographical variations in childhood cancer exist in Jordan and could be partly explained on the basis of lower detection or reporting, or both, in certain locations.

Distributional survey of large branchiopods of rice paddies in Shiga Prefecture, Japan: a Lake Biwa Museum project based on lay amateur participation

A distributional survey of the large branchiopod crustaceans of the rice paddies of Shiga Prefecture, Japan, was conducted by the Lake Biwa Museum in May and June of 1999 and 2000. Collecting kits were issued to over 100 lay Field Reporters, who returned all samples, usually dried, to the museum for processing. Their 242 species-lots were augmented by 146 from Grygier, 46 from Ida, and 41 from other museum staff. Apart from this survey, 50 additional records in 1997–2000 were also taken into account. Seven species were recorded in the prefecture's southern half: Branchinella kugenumaensis (Ishikawa), Caenestheriella gifuensis (Ishikawa), and Lynceus biformis (Ishikawa) with wide distributions; Triops longicaudatus (LeConte) and Leptestheria kawachiensis Ueno limited to paddy areas around the south end of Lake Biwa; and Eulimnadia sp. mostly in remnant paddy areas threatened with urban development in Otsu city, with Triops granarius (Lucas) at a single such site in Otsu. In the prefecture's northern half, only B. kugenumaensis and C. gifuensis occurred to a limited degree. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Data pertaining to species co-occurrence and occurrence relative to the ongoing program of paddy field consolidation in the prefecture are presented and discussed. Success of the survey was due to the use of Field Reporters, who were able to provide a high degree of coverage of the study area, as well as the clearly defined habitat, the low number and easy recognizability of species, and the collection of voucher material from all sites. Conservation-related results included the listing of Eulimnadia sp. as a `rare' species by Shiga Prefecture.

Evaluating maternity services: how representative are data collected using a pregnancy diary?

As a part of the evaluation of Nottingham's response to the Changing Childbirth initiative, a cohort of pregnant women were asked to complete diaries, recording their perceptions of events and their feelings over the entire pregnancy period. Before the study began, we were concerned that the diary completion rate could be low and that those completing would be unrepresentative of the population. In this paper, we report the nature of responses to the diary and show that these problems were far less serious than was initially expected. A high degree of coverage was achieved, implying that large numbers of women were sufficiently motivated to maintain detailed records over many months. The research suggests that the diary is a viable method of data capture in such circumstances. Public Health (2001) 115, 108–113.

Kinetics of dissociative adsorption on stepped surfaces of platinum

The kinetics of dissociative adsorption of oxygen was studied by the Monte Carlo method for a model which supposed that absorption occurs with a high rate only on steps and that Oads may migrate from steps onto terraces and backward. At the relatively low activation energy of diffusion from steps onto terraces Edif∼ 75 kJ/mol (Edif is lower by 4 kJ/mol in the back direction), the function log(s(θ)), wheres is the sticking coefficient and θ is the surface coverage by oxygen atoms, is almost linear at 300 K; that is, the Roginskii-Elovich adsorption equation is obeyed. If it is supposed that the bonding energy of adatoms on terraces is slightly higher than that on steps, and the sticking coefficient is constant and equal to s0 up to high degrees of coverage as well as in the model of the kinetics of adsorption with a precursor state.

Detecting defects in object-oriented designs

Inspections can be used to identify defects in software artifacts. In this way, inspection methods help to improve software quality, especially when used early in software development. Inspections of software design may be especially crucial since design defects (problems of correctness and completeness with respect to the requirements, internal consistency, or other quality attributes) can directly affect the quality of, and effort required for, the implementation. We have created a set of “reading techniques” (so called because they help a reviewer to “read” a design artifact for the purpose of finding relevant information) that gives specific and practical guidance for identifying defects in Object-Oriented designs. Each reading technique in the family focuses the reviewer on some aspect of the design, with the goal that an inspection team applying the entire family should achieve a high degree of coverage of the design defects. In this paper, we present an overview of this new set of reading techniques. We discuss how some elements of these techniques are based on empirical results concerning an analogous set of reading techniques that supports defect detection in requirements documents. We present an initial empirical study that was run to assess the feasibility of these new techniques, and discuss the changes made to the latest version of the techniques based on the results of this study.

URBAN SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC RECONSTITUTION. THE CASE OF EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ODENSE

Due to high levels of migration and the need to combine information from several sources with scanty identifiers, work on urban places in periods before the nineteenth century meets with severe record linkage problems. This article describes a method using houses, rather than families as the central unit when combining individual level data. The resulting database has been used for a comprehensive community study of the Danish town Odense during the 18th century. When studying the lives of ordinary citizens in the eighteenth century, there is a scarcity of narrative source material such as newspapers and diaries that give detailed information about individuals and groups. Denmark is no exception. However, many sources provide individual level data indirectly which may disclose aspects of a population's demographic and social history. This was the point of departure when research began on a detailed study of eighteenthcentury urban life in Denmark. Traditional first-generation family reconstitution studies, however, used only parish registers as sources and used the married couple as the uniting unit around which all information was assembled.1 Typical identification problems met with when creating the correct linkages in these studies, include high name frequencies, unstandardized name spellings, and incomplete information, such as missing age at death. Also, the reconstituted families might not be representative of the whole population, because migrants are harder to follow in the sources. Inor out-migrants are more often excluded in family reconstitution studies mainly due to the lack of essential information such as age, date of marriage or baptismal records for some children. A further drawback arises when a reconstituted locality reaches a certain critical size. The number of records will be so large, that even with automatic linkage, it is difficult to reach a high degree of coverage because too many links are weak

Coadsorption of IgG and BSA onto sulfonated polystyrene latex: II. Colloidal stability and immunoreactivity.

The present work deals with the study of the colloidal stability and immunoreactivity of sulfonated polystyrene latex particles covered by different amounts of m-BSA and IgG/a-CRP. These proteins have been previously adsorbed onto a sulfonated latex by sequential and competitive coadsorption experiments and it was possible to obtain latex-protein particles with different degrees of coverage by each protein. The latex particles, fully or partially covered by each protein (termed latex-protein complexes), were resuspended under several conditions (different pH and ionic strength values) and their colloidal stability, vs the addition of the electrolyte was studied using turbidity measurements. This stability appeared at a high degree of coverage by BSA and at a pH in which the BSA was negatively charged. At a high degree of coverage by IgG, the latex particles were unstable at all pHs. As a final part of this work, the immunoreactivity of several complexes was studied following the changes in the turbidity after the addition of CRP antigen. Only the complexes which were colloidally stable gave detectable reactivity. However, the complexes with a relatively low degree of coverage by IgG/a-CRP gave good immunoreactivity. Therefore, the latex-protein complex properties depended on the percentage of BSA or IgG adsorbed and on the electric state of the proteins at the redispersion pH. Under specific incubation conditions, sulfonated latex covered by significant IgG/BSA percentages was obtained, which showed a high colloidal stability and good immunoreactivity.

Enhancing coverage and sustainability of vaccination programs: an explanatory framework with special reference to India.

The article addresses the question in what form and under what conditions vaccination programs can be expected to continue once the 'take off' period is over. This matter is of great importance because of the need to continuously vaccinate new cohorts of children with a high degree of coverage and in an appropriate manner. Using data from India, where vaccination programs are integrated in regular health care delivery, an explanatory framework is presented which, first, analyses the vaccination program in terms of different levels, organizational cultures and inner-level linkages and, second, addresses the relation between the program and its socio-cultural context. The analysis provides starting points for changes that could enhance coverage and sustainability. Such changes include alterations in program design and adjustments in the views of different categories of program staff. The article discusses strategies directed at achieving such changes.

Criminal justice education and training: A survey of Canadian graduate schools of psychology.

AbstractCriminal justice psychology (CJP) has grown tremendously during the past twenty years. With this expansion comes the need for specific training. Although information on CJP training at U.S. based universities has appeared in the literature (e.g., Brodsky, 1978; Roesch, Grisso, & Poythress, 1986), no such information exists regarding Canadian universities. All Canadian universities that offer graduate work in psychology (N = 34) were surveyed. Responses from 28 programs indicated that 15 of these offered criminal justice training. Three programs (British Columbia, Queen's, Simon Fraser) used a structured format, while the others were self-directed. Descriptive analyses are presented for comparisons between structured and self-directed programs as well as on the basis of magnitude and comprehensiveness. The findings are discussed in terms of Canadian opportunities for graduate training in CJP and the proposed criteria for specialty designation in applied psychology.Crime and justice attract considerable attention from both the general public and scholars. Casual observation of the mass media indicates that stories of antisocial behaviour receive a high degree of coverage. As well, the disproportionate amount of bookstore shelf space reserved for material on crime suggests the public has a healthy appetite for information on the so-called 'criminal mind'. Academics and practitioners have shown a similar interest in what is commonly referred to as criminal justice psychology (CJP)(f.2). The tremendous increase in professional attention to criminal justice psychology has led some to suggest that it is psychology's new growth industry (Melton, 1987). Even a cursory review of the CJP literature and practice of CJP would suggest that it is at least a candidate for specialty designation. Certainly, the criteria of the American Psychological Association (APA), which include uniqueness of client population, techniques and technologies, problems addressed, and service settings, all apply (Sales, Bricklin, & Hall, 1983). Moreover, the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (Committee for Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists, 1991), which were developed by a joint committee of Division 41 of APA and the American Psychology-Law Society, attest to the uniqueness of CJP, not only from a substantive content area, but also from a professional and ethical standpoint.Canadian psychologists have been particularly active in criminal justice psychology. Rice and Quinsey (1986) have noted Canadian research has been at the forefront in several areas through the development of new and better methods of prevention, assessment, and treatment within psychiatric and correctional institutions. Gendreau (in press) contends that Canadian CJP is relatively more advanced than that of the United States, due in part to a stronger commitment to the rehabilitative ideal within Canadian corrections. In a review of the historical role and practice of psychology in corrections, Watkins (1992) recognized that two specific criminal justice agencies, the Correctional Service of Canada and Ontario's provincial Ministry of Correctional Services, have been contemporary in their approach to the management of offenders for the past thirty years. Therefore, one might expect that CJP is well represented in Canadian graduate schools of psychology.The expansion of CJP brings with it a need for trained professionals. In 1973, Speilberger, Megargee, and Ingram argued that psychology must develop educational programs that turn out competent professionals who understand the area and have the requisite skills to make effective contributions, if CJP was ever to have a meaningful role in the justice system. Various studies that have examined the extent of criminal justice education and training in American universities suggest that American graduate schools in psychology have responded to this challenge (Brodsky, 1978; Grisso, Sales, & Bayless, 1982; Roesch, Grisso, & Poythress, 1986; Heilbrun, & Annis, 1988). …

Soiling and Removal of Ferric Oxide Hydroxides on the Fibrous Substrate

Examination was made of the effects of size and shape of the particles of four iron oxides, α-FeOOH, β-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH and α-Fe2O3, on the soiling of and their removal from a textile fabric. Nylon taffeta was soiled by an aqueous dispersion of iron oxide particles. The relationship between reflectance of the soiled fabric and particle content was determined. By application of this relationship in conjunction with Rees's equation, cover and association data on the particles on the fabric obtained.γ-FeOOH which is small in size and thin plate has a high degree of coverage and easy to associate. β-FeOOH which is large in size and rectangular lod has a low degree of coverage and hard to associate. α-Fe2O3 which is small in size and octahedron has a high degree of coverage and hard to associate. α-FeOOH which is large in size and needle has a low degree of coverage and easier to associate than the rectangular lod and the octahedron particles. The removal of γ-FeOOH and especially α-FeOOH was more difficult than in the case of α-Fe2O3 or β-FeOOH.It follows from the present results coverage depends on particle size, association depends on particle shape, and removal depends on both size and shape of particle.

Adsorption of humic acid on a mercury/aqueous solution interface

The adsorption on a mercury/water interface of a sample of humic acids from an Irish peat has been analyzed by a.c. voltammetry, using a hanging mercury drop electrode in an unstirred and/or stirred medium, at different pH values (pH = 2.5, 5 and 8) and two potential values (E = −0.5 and −0.9 V), in order to have a better insight into the kinetics and equilibrium adsorption which may drastically affect the voltammetric signal in trace metal speciation of natural waters. The results at pH 2.5 present a slower kinetic of adsorption but a higher coverage degree at the equilibrium when compared with pH 5 and/or 8 due to the charge of the molecules. At −0.5 V, close to the potential of zero charge, the kinetics of adsorption is discussed in terms of a diffusion mechanism, but at −0.9 V the experimental curves clearly show that the global adsorption process cannot be explained by a pure diffusion mechanism based on Frumkin isotherm.

Reverse dot blot probes for the screening of beta-thalassemia mutations in Asians and American blacks.

We have optimized a battery of reverse dot blot oligonucleotide probes for detecting the most common beta-globin gene mutations in Asians and American Blacks. These probes allow a high degree of coverage of mutant chromosomes in these two populations and are useful in mutation screening and prenatal diagnosis. When coupled with the Mediterranean subset of probes, a 95% worldwide coverage of beta-thalassemia mutations should be possible. The use of these probes in the reverse dot blot system should allow the distribution of premade strips and application to automated screening.

Underpotential Deposition of Copper on Au(III) Single‐Crystal Surfaces: A Voltammetric and Rotating Ring Disk Electrode Study

The underpotential deposition of copper on Au(111) single‐crystal substrate was studied using voltammetric and rotating ring‐disk electrode measurements (RRDE) in sulfuric acid solutions of different Cu2+ concentrations at constant pH 1 and . Cyclic voltammograms and charge isotherms indicate that the ideal metal‐monolayer model, characterized by an electrosorption valency value of , is valid only at high degree of coverage at low underpotentials. Significant deviation from the ideal behavior was observed at high underpotentials, where the electrosorption valency was found to be . This can be interpreted in terms of a partial discharge of Cu2+to , the adsorption of which is stabilized by co‐adsorption of sulfate ions. Transfer of the into the solution could only be detected in the transition range from underpotential to overpotential copper deposition using RRDE measurements. The kinetics of the formation is mainly determined by the charge‐transfer reaction , rather than by the disproportionation reaction .

Variation in hydroacoustic abundance of pelagic fish

The variation in hydroacoustic abundance of pelagic fish was studied in Baltic coastal areas. Comparisons between zigzag transects and straight transects in the middle of a study area showed no consistent differences and neighbouring areas had generally similar abundances. The layout of transects and the exact boundaries chosen for a study in our open area are thus not crucial to the result. However, increasing the length of hydroacoustic transects within an area (increased degree of coverage) decreases the coefficient of variation between replicates. The average coefficient of variation (CV) between replicates from one night along a single transect was 20%, while for replicates from different nights the CV value was on average 29%. This implies that day-to-day migration between the study area and its surroundings influences hydroacoustic assessments less than the factors causing variation between replicates from the same night. These relations, however, differ between areas. In a sheltered bay, the CV between nights was 9% at a high degree of coverage. In a more open area the value was 20–30% and increased coverage had small effects on the variation between nights. Thus, in a relatively closed area, a high degree of coverage increases the reliability of the assessment, while in a more open area it might be more important to increase the study area (decreases effects of migration) or to record data on several nights. The precision in hydroacoustic assessment of fish is as good as or even better than recorded assessments for zooplankton, pelagic mysids, macrobenthos, meiobenthos, shallow water fish and gill net catches of littoral fish.

A combined wind and hydro power system

A high degree of coverage of electricity demand by wind energy conversion is possible only with access to energy storage. For regions with both hydro and wind resources, the hydro power system and the wind power system may complement each other and alleviate the need for any other energy storage. Scandinavia is such a region, and this article uses a simulation model to assess the conditions under which all the electricity needs of Norway and Denmark could be satisfied by a combination of the existing Norwegian hydro power system with a hypothetical all wind-based Danish power system.

Investigation o f the active surface of aluminum oxide by the method of selective etching

1. It was shown on the basis of data on the reversible and irreversible poisoning of aluminum oxide catalysts (by dioxane, pyridine, compounds of heavy metals, etc.) in the dehydration of isopropanol in the adsorption layer and under flowing conditions that the number of active portions of the surface comprises 1015–1016/m2, i.e., approximately an order of magnitude less than has been indicated in the literature. 2. The total number of alcohol molecules decomposing in the adsorption layer significantly exceeds the number of active portions on the corresponding catalysts, which is evidence of the occurrence of surface regeneration of the centers on account of migration of adsorbed molecules. 3. In the case of high degrees of coverage in the adsorption layer, the low-temperature reaction of dehydration of alcohol does not take place and acquires an appreciable rate only in the case of removal of the excess alcohol molecules (without changing the temperature). 4. When the process is conducted under flowing conditions at atmospheric pressure, the basic role is played by the same relatively scanty group of active sites, which can be determined according to the data of the reaction in an adsorbed layer and, consequently, increasing the temperature leads not so much to an increase in the number of active sites as to an increase in the frequency of alternation of the elementary events of the reaction on each site.

Who's Been Sleeping in Our Bed?

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Apropos the excellent communication, "Role of Insurance Abuse in Hospital-Bed Utilization," by Dr. William R. Hunt (<i>JAMA</i><b>187</b>:934 [March 21] 1964) certain questions remain unanswered. Every physician and citizen should heed Dr. Hunt's words. Indeed there is some abuse involved, but the degree is as yet not susceptible to meaningful analysis. The problem should be studied thoughtfully by the insuring agencies, and the insured, so that realistic and practical measures are taken. Dr. Hunt notes the relatively greater rise in hospital rates as compared with other costs. It is not difficult to recall the days (not so long ago) when hospital employees were universally paid salaries well below subsistence. There has been a necessary and proper amelioration of this injustice, which alone would account for the comparatively greater increase in rates. The major premise, that "patients with a high degree of coverage" had a greater admission