High Council Research Articles

THE PROCEDURE OF DISMISSAL OF A JUDGE UNDER THE DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURE IN THE SYSTEM OF GUARANTEES OF HIS/HER INDEPENDENCE: STANDARDS OF EUROPEAN JUDICIAL PRACTICE AND LEGAL REGULATION IN UKRAINE

Background: The article focuses on the issues and gaps in the legal regulation and practice of applying procedures for terminating the status of Ukrainian judges as a result of disciplinary liability. The study employs a combination of general and specific research methods, grounded in a philosophical approach, to understand the essence, nature, and particularities of national practice in light of European judicial law standards. By analysing the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the article demonstrates that European legal frameworks have established comprehensive standards for due process in disciplinary proceedings leading to the dismissal of judges. However, an analysis of the Ukrainian legal system for dismissing judges reveals significant inconsistencies with these European approaches. It is argued that Ukraine’s current legal framework for judicial dismissal following disciplinary proceedings fails to enhance judicial transparency and does not fully align with the national constitution, European Union standards, or international legal norms. Considering Ukraine's ambition to further integrate into the European Union, the article stresses the importance of adopting best practices and reforming the legal framework governing judicial dismissals due to disciplinary offences that render judges unfit to remain in office. Methods: The authors utilised a range of scientific research methods, including dialectic reasoning, observation, synthesis, analogy, and both inductive and deductive analysis. Formal and formal-legal methods were employed to understand the structure, objectives, and nature of the dismissal procedure for judges. A systematic analysis method was applied to search for and review relevant case law, especially from the ECtHR and CJEU. The study's conclusions are drawn from empirical material, providing a comprehensive understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects. Results and Conclusions: The research results provide scientifically grounded proposals for improving the legislative framework governing the dismissal of judges following disciplinary proceedings. These proposals are developed in line with the legal approaches of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union, particularly concerning protecting judges' rights as public officials and ensuring the guarantees of judicial independence. The practical significance of the study is reflected in specific recommendations aimed at optimising the process of dismissing judges from office, clarifying the legitimate objectives behind such changes, and improving the functioning of the High Council of Justice in evaluating the grounds and procedures for dismissals resulting from disciplinary offences. A key recommendation is introducing the "beyond reasonable doubt" standard of proof in disciplinary proceedings against judges, particularly in cases where their dismissal is being considered. This higher standard of proof would strengthen judicial independence by ensuring that dismissals are not the result of arbitrary or politically motivated decisions but are based on solid, substantiated evidence. The article emphasises the importance of these reforms for Ukraine’s legal system, not only in aligning with European legal standards but also in enhancing the transparency, fairness, and independence of the judiciary in Ukraine

Prioritisation of infectious diseases from a public health perspective: a multi-criteria decision analysis study, France, 2024.

BackgroundWithin the International Health Regulations framework, the French High Council for Public Health was mandated in 2022 by health authorities to establish a list of priority infectious diseases for public health, surveillance and research in mainland and overseas France.AimOur objective was to establish this list.MethodsA multi-criteria decision analysis was used, as recommended by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. A list of 95 entities (infectious diseases or groups of these, including the World Health Organization (WHO)-labelled 'Disease X') was established by 17 infectious disease experts. Ten criteria were defined to score entities: incidence rate, case fatality rate, potential for emergence and spread, impact on the individual, on society, on socially vulnerable groups, on the healthcare system, and need for new preventive tools, new curative therapies, and surveillance. Each criterion was assigned a relative weight by 77 multidisciplinary experts. For each entity, 98 physicians from various specialties rated each criterion against the entity, using a four-class Likert-type scale; the ratings were converted into numeric values with a nonlinear scale and respectively weighted to calculate the entity score.ResultsFifteen entities were ranked as high-priorities, including Disease X and 14 known pathologies (e.g. haemorrhagic fevers, various respiratory viral infections, arboviral infections, multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, invasive meningococcal and pneumococcal diseases, prion diseases, rabies, and tuberculosis).ConclusionThe priority entities agreed with those of the WHO in 2023; almost all were currently covered by the French surveillance and alert system. Repeating this analysis periodically would keep the list updated.

Functioning principles of the High Council of Justice

In the article, on the basis of a systematic analysis of international standards, norms of the current legislation of Ukraine, and modern doctrinal sources, certain principles of the functioning of the High Council of Justice are investigated. It is noted that the absence of a direct and clear norm or indication of one or another principle of functioning of the High Council of Justice in the Constitution of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine «On the High Council of Justice» does not deny its existence, as it may be indirectly established in the content of other provisions of the law. Thus, in the author’s opinion, in the system of principles of functioning of the High Council of Justice, such universal principles are of primary importance, the influence of which extends both to the organizational component and to all areas of its activity without exception. These include: independence and autonomy, legitimacy, transparency, accountability. Independence and autonomy as a principle follows from the legally defined status and purpose of the High Council of Justice - ensuring the independence of the judiciary. Accordingly, this body itself must be independent and autonomous in the sense of the absence of control, interference, pressure and any influence both from representatives of other segments of state power (executive and legislative), and directly from representatives of the judiciary, as well as civil society. The expediency of using the very phrase «independence and autonomy» is substantiated, the latter demonstrates the subject’s ability to independently regulate its activities, to resolve issues related to it without any agreement with others. Independence is an «outer shell» that characterizes the state of the subject’s external communications, its existence in a certain system of relationships and interaction with other subjects, and the possibility of influence. Legitimacy as a principle of functioning of the High Council of Justice covers two sections: constitutional consolidation of key provisions of its legal status and public trust in its actions and decisions. It is argued that public trust in the court and the system of judicial protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals in the state depends on how well and effectively the High Council of Justice performs its functions, with a special emphasis on personnel and disciplinary functions, and how much society trusts its decisions in these matters. The legitimacy of the High Council of Justice, on the one hand, is a component of the legitimacy of the judiciary, and on the other, it is an additional source. The legitimacy of the High Council of Justice depends on the implementation of other principles - transparency and accountability of the High Council of Justice. Transparency implies openness, transparency, publicity of the High Council of Justice, its decisions, procedures and activities. It requires active communication of the High Council of Justice with various subjects, demonstration of the results of its activities, publication of a wide range of information that is the product of such activities. Accountability of the High Council of Justice is a principle that ensures its systemic interrelationships and serves as a safeguard against arbitrariness and usurpation of power vested in this body, given the concentration of a wide range of powers in it. It is noted that, according to international standards, there are three ways in which the accountability of the High Council of Justice is implemented, which determines the existence of its three types: judicial, punitive and explanatory accountability.

Confronting Rifles with Words: The High Islamic Council of Mali and Non-State Armed Groups

Abstract Since the 2012 Tuareg rebellion and the takeover of large areas in the north of Mali by Islamic fundamentalist groups, Muslim religious leaders in the country have spearheaded important negotiation initiatives under the auspices of the High Islamic Council of Mali (HCIM). On more than one occasion, these initiatives have led to the liberation of detainees or the possibility of humanitarian convoys reaching communities caught in the midst of the armed conflict. Why were these initiatives successful (or unsuccessful)? How did religious leaders convince non-state armed groups to adopt conduct that complies with basic humanitarian norms? Drawing on desk-based and fieldwork research conducted as part of the Generating Respect Project, this article seeks to answer these questions and to identify the endogenous and contextual factors that contributed to the successes of the HCIM and its negotiators.

The History of the Algerian Islamic High Council: Promoting and Preserving the “True Islam” for National Unity and Stability

In Algeria, Islam has often been used to strengthen the sense of national identity and as an instrument of self-legitimation. The Algerian state gradually bureaucratized Islam through different organisms, represented by the Ministry of Religious Affairs and other institutions, such as the Islamic High Council. This constitutional institution can be considered the core tool used by the state to defend an Islam that is near and faithful to the values of the state, always ready to face dangers coming from religious radicalism. This essay describes the council’s historical development, emphasizing the modifications made to support state laws and policies on a variety of topics that are vital to the stability of the country, including religious problems.

Disciplinary responsibility of Judges in Spain (based on the materials of the working visit of the members of the High Council of justice to the General Council of the Judiciary of Spain)

Disciplinary responsibility of Judges in Spain (based on the materials of the working visit of the members of the High Council of justice to the General Council of the Judiciary of Spain)

Intertextual Context in Kurdish Political Discourse, with Reference to Referendum Discourse

This study is entitled "Intertextual Context in Kurdish Political Discourse, with Reference to Referendum Discourse". Intertextual context is Norman Fairclough’s perspective in critical discourse analysis which is concerned with explaining the sources of discourse production. It highlights what these sources are and where they relate to other texts. This subject is at the second level of critical discourse analysis which is known as discourse interpretation level. It is a significant part which aims at reaching the common knowledge sources of discourse participants via interpreting the intertextual context of a given discourse. The aim is to achieve a common interpretation, for, in this regard; any discourse or linguistic act is in a deep relationship with some other texts. The current study is an attempt to interpret and to a large extent identify the sources of the referendum discourse (the whole face to face speeches of Massoud Barzani, Chairman of the High Council for Referendum). This study employs the descriptive analysis method. It, first, presents Fairclough’s view on intertextual context. Then, the depicted examples of this are presented in the referendum discourse.

Administrative and legal status of subjects of information support for the administration of justice

Introduction. Information support is an integral part of the effective functioning of the justice system in a democratic state governed by the rule of law. The proper work of responsible entities directly affects compliance with the principles of the rule of law, transparency, equality before the law, etc. Timely transfer of data, protection of confidential information, ensuring access to materials for participants in the process - all this is the responsibility of special subjects of information support of justice. However, in the context of the development of information technology and cyber threats, there is a need to thoroughly study their administrative and legal status, functions, tasks and responsibilities. The purpose of the paper is to study the legal nature of the administrative and legal status of subjects of information support for the administration of justice. Results. The paper examines the legal nature of their status and its constituent elements. The author identifies the main groups of such subjects: subjects of administration of registers and databases, subjects of administration of judicial communications, and subjects of information protection. The paper analyses the administrative and legal status of the High Council of Justice, State Judicial Administration, National Information Systems, Information Court Systems, Centre for Court Services, and the information protection units within the framework of their functions, duties and responsibilities. The author substantiates the need for a comprehensive review of the principles of functioning of the subjects of information support of justice in order to improve the efficiency of the judicial system in the context of digitalisation and combating cyber threats. Conclusion. Information support is critical for the effective operation of the justice system in the context of digitalisation. The proper operation of responsible entities directly affects compliance with the principles of justice. Their administrative and legal status is determined by their functions, rights, duties and responsibilities under the law. Given cyber threats and technological development, a comprehensive review of the legal framework for the functioning of these entities is needed to optimise their work and increase the efficiency of the judicial system. The list of such entities is not exhaustive and requires further research.

Випадки порушення гарантій незалежності суддів з боку правоохоронних органів та фізичних осіб

The European Charter on the Statute for Judges establishes the “right to appeal” for every judge if he/she believes that there is a threat to his/her independence or the independence of the legal process, or if this independence is somehow violated, and in such a case, he/she can refer the matter to an independent body. This means that judges are not left defenseless in cases of encroachments on their independence. The right to appeal is a necessary guarantee, otherwise, it would remain merely a desire to establish principles aimed at protecting judges if they are not consistently supported by mechanisms that will ensure their effective implementation. The obligation to obtain a proposal or opinion from an independent body before a decision is made regarding the status of a particular judge does not necessarily extend to all possible situations in which his or her independence might be influenced. That is why it is extremely important to ensure that judges have the opportunity to turn to this body on their own initiative. In 2022, the High Council of Justice received 128 reports of interference in the professional activities of judges regarding the administration of justice, actions that violate the guarantees of judges’ independence, or undermine the authority of justice. In particular, 114 reports were received from judges of local courts, 7 from judges of appellate courts, 3 from judges of the Supreme Court and the High Anti-Corruption Court, and 1 report from the Territorial Department of the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine. The largest number of reports from judges about interference in the activity of judges regarding the administration of justice was received in February 2022 (34 reports), and the least in March 2022 (3 reports). Judges primarily associated the interference in their activities as judges in the administration of justice with the judicial cases they were handling. The most common reasons for reporting interference in the judges’ administration of justice in 2022 were extrajudicial appeals to law enforcement agencies with complaints about judges committing criminal offenses and initiating criminal proceedings against judges – 18 cases; unfounded recusals – 15 cases; improper conduct (baseless accusations against a judge, threats, instructions on procedural actions and making certain judicial decisions, threats of filing complaints about criminal offenses) – 15 cases, among others. It’s important to note that the High Council of Justice is aware of cases where “interference” was associated with the inactivity of law enforcement officials. The High Council of Justice believes that the inactivity of law enforcement representatives poses a direct threat to the independence of judges and the authority of justice. In light of this, the High Council of Justice submits appropriate proposals for the identification and accountability of such individuals in accordance with current legislation. Academic articles emphasize that “interference” can manifest as threats and as extrajudicial appeals by law enforcement officials. However, the High Council of Justice does not consider threats to file disciplinary complaints against a judge’s behavior as “interference”. The majority of the High Council of Justice’s decisions on taking measures to ensure the independence of judges and the authority of justice in 2020 were mainly related to: judges’ security; threats of physical harm; attacks on judges; violations of order in court sessions; blockages of courts. According to the High Council of Justice’s annual report for 2020 “On the State of Ensuring the Independence of Judges in Ukraine”, the highest number of reports from judges about interference in their activity in 2020 related to interference by citizens and their associations. The High Council of Justice considers this situation to be traditional, as confirmed by statistical data from previous years. It’s worth noting that when reviewing reports from judges about interference in their judicial activities, there are increasingly cases that are not directly related to interference in their activities. However, such reports from judges indicate that there is a significant undermining of the authority of justice. Given this, such reports from judges require the High Council of Justice to take appropriate responsive measures.

Ethics guidelines for palliative care of terminally ill patients in Islamic Republic of Iran.

There have been many challenges with clinical interventions and policy decisions to enhance the quality of life and care for patients facing life-threatening illnesses, thus highlighting the need for ethical considerations and guidelines for palliative care of terminally ill patients. To document the development of guidelines for addressing ethical concerns in the palliative care of terminally ill patients in Islamic Republic of Iran. The guidelines were developed in 4 phases: a scoping review of existing palliative care guidelines on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and 2 Persian databases; focus group discussions to improve the drafts guidelines; online opinion poll of 32 experts, including ethicists, religious scholars, psychologists, palliative care specialists, and sociologists; and a national workshop to produce the final guidelines for government approval. We published the "National palliative care ethical guidelines and regulations for terminally ill patients" in Islamic Republic of Iran after endorsement and approval by the High Council of Medical Ethics. The guidelines provides recommendations on 5 main aspects of palliative care: structure, composition and qualification of interdisciplinary teams; the roles and responsibilities of ethics advisors; general ethical principles governing palliative care practice; specific guidelines for psychological, spiritual and religious support; and protocols for ethical decision-making in end-of-life care. Considering the challenges associated with palliative care, it is necessary to provide ethical guidelines specific to the needs of terminally ill patients. These guidelines will serve as a steppingstone towards integrating palliative care into the national healthcare services in Islamic Republic of Iran.

Problem aspects of verifying declarations and monitoring the lifestyle

In modern conditions, when the country suffers from a full-scale invasion from the outside, there is no less an enemy within it - corruption. An important factor contributing to the fight against corruption is society, which can help anti-corruption authorities in the fight against such a negative phenomenon as corruption with the help of various means. Among such means, declaration and monitoring of the way of life of officials stand out. This paper will be devoted to highlighting the problem of the imperfection of the current legislation in terms of monitoring the lifestyle of certain categories of persons. Thus, it will be pointed out the problematic decision of the CCU, due to which it was necessary to change the approach to the verification of declarations and lifestyle monitoring. The consequences of this decision will also be analyzed. Thus, according to the current legislation, there should be three separate lifestyle monitoring procedures: the general procedure, the procedure for monitoring the lifestyle of NACP employees, and the procedure for monitoring the lifestyle of judges. However, currently only two orders are in operation: general and for employees of NACP. According to the legislation, the procedure for lifestyle monitoring and full verification of the declarations of judges and judges of the ccu is adopted by agreement with the High Council of Justice. Back in 2021, NACP appealed to the High Council of Justice, but was refused. Therefore, since that time, the order was never adopted. The purpose of the study is to analyze the participation of the public in the use of such anti-corruption tools as the declaration of persons authorized to perform the functions of the state or local self-government, monitoring their lifestyle, and the ways of their interaction with the NACP, as well as to identify shortcomings in the legislation and develop proposals for their elimination.

Features of information protection in the activity of justice enforcement bodies

Introduction. The perception of information as one of the key resources for the development of society is a widely recognised fact. The quality of its processing, timeliness and completeness of its receipt and professional use largely determine the effectiveness of decision-making. At the same time, achieving these results requires the development and implementation of reliable information protection mechanisms. Protection of information in the activities of the judiciary is a critical aspect, especially in connection with the development of digital technologies. It is important to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of data, which will help to increase trust in the judicial system and ensure human rights and freedoms. The purpose of the paper is to study the peculiarities of information protection in the activities of the judiciary. Results. The paper examines the definition of the category "information" in scientific works and legislation of Ukraine and outlines the need to take into account the sectoral aspect in its interpretation. The author identifies the objects of legal protection in the field of information and proves the need to include information about subjects who have access to information resources and information systems. The author outlines new challenges in the field of information protection which arose during the military invasion of the Russian Federation. Attention is drawn to the problem of non-compliance by officials with the basic rules of information hygiene. The author substantiates the need for a systematic approach to ensuring information security in the judicial system. Attention is drawn to the role of certain specialised structural subdivisions of the High Council of Justice in ensuring information security in the judicial system. The author outlines the peculiarity of the approach to the protection of personal data of participants to the judicial process. Conclusion. Protection of information in the activities of the judiciary is an important tool for the effectiveness of the judicial system, so a clear definition of the objects of protection will optimise the effectiveness of the tools to ensure it. It is important to protect not only resources and information systems, but also information about persons who have access to information resources and information systems. It is important not only to ensure procedural aspects, but also to comply with basic information hygiene methods. Achieving this requires a systematic approach to information security in the judiciary.

Participation of a lawyer in disciplinary proceedings against judges

The article examines certain aspects of a lawyer’s participation in disciplinary proceedings against a judge. It is noted that a lawyer in disciplinary proceedings against a judge can be both the initiator, upon whose complaint the disciplinary proceedings were opened, and the judge’s representative for the purpose of protecting his rights and interests. The focus of the study is on the representation of judges by a lawyer. Such interest is due to a number of reasons. First, since August 2020, the High Council of Justice has accumulated a significant number of disciplinary proceedings against judges, the resumption of proceedings of which took place only recently. Secondly, advocacy during the war underwent a significant transformation, as the demand for advocacy services changed. Many areas of lawyer practice have lost their relevance, which requires lawyers to review their approaches to their own professional development and areas of professional activity. In this context, a significant array of disciplinary proceedings against judges opens up new opportunities for lawyers. Their participation in the disciplinary procedure in relation to the judge is a promising direction for the development of the specialization of advocacy.
 Representation of a judge by a lawyer in disciplinary proceedings is a rather specific type of lawyer’s activity. After all, as a jurisdictional procedure, disciplinary proceedings against judges must meet the requirements of a «fair court» within the meaning of Art. 6 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which has many nuances. In particular, we are talking about the observance of such principles as openness, equality of parties, competitiveness and others in disciplinary proceedings. At the same time, the legal status of a judge implies a set of specific rights and duties of a judge along with numerous guarantees of his independence, which must be observed by all without exception. In addition, the legislation regulating the procedure for bringing a judge to disciplinary responsibility has recently undergone significant changes. Collectively, this requires a significant intellectual resource from the lawyer, which will allow to effectively protect the rights and interests of the judge in disciplinary proceedings, as well as to reasonably position oneself on the market of legal services in this segment of the lawyer’s specialization.

Legal Regulation of Access to Justice During Wartime in Cases Related to The Protection of The Rights, Freedoms And Interests of Military Personnel And Conscripts

The purpose of the article consists in revealing access to justice during wartime in cases related to protection of rights, freedoms and interests of military personnel and conscripts. Active hostilities are taking place in most regions of Ukraine, and this makes it impossible to delivery justice in administrative courts. However, the High Council of Justice has resolved this issue properly, so access to justice in Ukraine during the wartime in cases related to protection of rights, freedoms and interests of military personnel and conscripts is currently possible in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine. The methodological basis of the research is presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, interpretation method, hermeneutic method as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Conclusions. The article analyzes the decision of the ECtHR, and based on this, the author comes to the conclusion that financial costs are considered by the ECtHR as an obstacle to access justice. Access to court is effective only when a person will have a real opportunity to challenge wrongful actions in practice.
 Key words: access to justice, court, electronic justice, subject of public authorities, the war, protection of rights, freedoms and interests of military personnel and conscripts.

The Problem of Religious Guidance among Indian Muslims: A Forward-Thinking Proposal

The Indian Muslim community faces a paradox, marked by the presence of religious leaders without a clear path forward. The article identifies a lack of guidance, particularly in matters of faith, as numerous Ulema offer conflicting fatwas, stemming from a flawed Ifta methodology. Tracing the historical evolution of fatwa issuance, the 19th-century shift in India, influenced by the East India Company's trade-focused policies, led to an abundance of independent Ulema. This article explores the historical evolution of Ifta in Islam, with a focus on India. It reviews the transition to formal fatwa institutions, compares practices across regions, and proposes centralizing fatwa authority through a high central council in India, offering recommendations for reform. The absence of a centralized authority for fatwa issuance in India results in a chaotic scenario.To address this, the author proposes a structured solution: establishing a high central council of diverse Ulema and intellectuals. This council would delegate responsibilities for religious and social issues to ensure uniformity in fatwa decisions nationally. However, the article underscores that councils alone are ineffective without legal enforcement authority. This article will show: 1) Abundance of Guidance and Contradictory Fatwas; 2) Evolution of Fatwa Issuance in Islamic History; 3) Current State of Fatwa Issuance and Recommendations for Reform. Additionally, it advocates reevaluating the concepts of 'Dar al-Islam' and 'Dar al-Harb' in the context of India's identity. The author suggests a Parliament-recognized Council to issue fatwas, aligning with democratic principles and reflecting shared ownership among India's diverse Muslim population.

The Establishment of the Institute of the Advisory Bodies in the Judicial System of Ukraine: Historical Context

This article examines the historical context of the creation and development of advisory bodies in the judiciary system of Ukraine. The article reveals the evolution of the structure and functions of these advisory bodies, from the Revolution of Dignity to the present day, and analyzes the political, legal, and socio-cultural factors that influenced their formation. The author also discusses the issue of public participation in the formation of the judiciary and public control.
 The article is based on an analysis of Ukrainian legislation, scientific works, sociological research, and practical experience of the functioning of advisory and consultative bodies of the judiciary. It was described the role and importance of advisory bodies that were created to assist in the formation and implementation of judicial reform and their contribution to increasing the effectiveness of the judicial system and strengthening democracy in Ukraine. It was also revealed the main reasons for the emergence of the Temporary Special Commission as the first manifestation of public involvement in reforming the justice system and explains the creation, functions, and powers of the Public Integrity Council.
 The article also explains that the Ethics Council was created as an auxiliary body in the formation of the High Council of Justice not only to align Ukraine’s direction towards joining the European Union but also due to the total disagreement of society with the existing procedure for the judiciary to exercise its powers.
 In conclusion, civil activism was the main prerequisite for the emergence of advisory bodies in the judicial system, with the main function of providing “public control” over the formation of the judiciary through the provision of conclusions on the compliance of candidates for positions and judges with ethical norms, integrity, etc.
 The article’s insights can be useful for further research in the field of judicial reform, and for involving civil society in the process of forming a fair, honest, and accessible judicial system.

Institusionalisasi Partai Politik: Studi Kasus Partai Demokrat di Era Kepemimpinan Agus Harimurti Yudhyono Periode 2020-2022

This research discusses the institutionalization of the Democratic Party in the leadership era of Agus Harimurti Yudhyono (AHY) for the 2020-2022 period. The research results show that the Democratic Party in the era of AHY's leadership for the 2020-2022 period has made various efforts to realize ideal party institutional strengthening. However, the identification of the Democratic Party as a Family Party with the placement of Susilo Bambang Yudhyono (SBY) as Chair of the Party High Council and Edi Baskoro Yudhyono (Ibas) as Chair of the Party Fraction in the structure of the Democratic Party's Central Leadership Council (DPP) for the 2020-2025 period is a challenge in itself. the process of strengthening the party's institutions. Nevertheless, the results of this research show that the Democratic Party in the era of AHY's leadership for the 2020-2022 period has a relatively strong level of institutionalization. This shows that, even though the Democratic Party is identified as the Family Party, the influence of the family party factor does not have a significant impact on the institutional weakening of the Democratic Party in the era of AHY's leadership for the 2020-2022 period. This research uses Randall and Svasand's theory of political party institutionalization through internal aspects viewed from the systemic dimension and external aspects viewed from the public image dimension. Meanwhile, to identify the Democratic Party as a Family Party, the theory and concept of the Family Party from Peter Mair and Case Mudde is used through the dimensions of the party's origins and ideology.

The Bureaucratization of Islam in Algeria: The State as the Only Controller of Religion

Since its independence in 1962, Algeria used Islam to strengthen the sense of national identity or as a tool of self-legitimization. The Algerian political elite not only legitimized governments in the shadow of Islam, but institutionalized it through different organisms, represented by the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Endowments (Awqaf), the Islamic High Council, and more recent institutions, such as those gravitating around the Great Mosque of Algiers with important cultural, social, and administrative tasks. This bureaucratization of Islam represented the cornerstone of the state fight against radicalization and the crystallization of an Algerian national Islam that has been vital for the stabilization of the country.

General characteristics of decisions within the disciplinary proceedings against a judge as a subject of judicial appeal

Improving the procedure for bringing judges to disciplinary responsibility is one of the important elements of judicial reform and strengthening the independence, professionalism and integrity of the judiciary. An integral element of such a procedure, on which its effectiveness largely depends, is judicial control over the decisions of the disciplinary body of judges. The article attempts to analyze the existing procedure for disciplinary proceedings against a judge from the perspective of the possibilities of judicial appeal against decisions made within this procedure.
 The aim of the work is to analyze the procedure for disciplinary proceedings against a judge, to identify the decisions which may be made within this procedure and to analyze them from the perspective of the possibilities of judicial appeal through the prism of the Supreme Court case law.
 The methodological basis of the study consists of general scientific and special research methods.
 Based on the results of the study, the author analyzed the statutory regulation of the procedure for disciplinary proceedings against a judge and the relevant case law of the Supreme Court. The results of the analysis showed that currently, decisions made within the framework of disciplinary proceedings against judges are not subject to judicial review, and only decisions of the High Council of Justice made upon review of the decision of the Disciplinary Chamber to bring judges to disciplinary responsibility can be appealed in court. The validity of such restrictions should be the subject of further research. In addition, certain provisions of the legislation on the possibility of appealing against decisions of the Disciplinary Chamber appear to be discriminatory, which has been recognized by the state.

Sports participation and leadership: Gender and nationality disparities in Spain

Being physically active and engaging in sports activities are critical for improving health-,social-, and economic-related outcomes. Despite years of policy efforts, physical inactivity remainshigh, especially among specific demographic groups. This study focuses on gender andnationality differences in Spain. We use data from the 2020 Survey of Sporting Habits in Spainto perform a descriptive analysis of sports participation and examine its correlates. The resultsshow that women and foreign nationals are less likely to practice sports. Additionally, we collectinformation from the High Council for Sports to examine women's representation in leadershippositions in sports from 2016 through 2021. Despite recent increases following policy efforts,women remain a minority in all analyzed positions. We discuss the managerial implications ofour findings for public policy and reflect on future research directions in this area.