High Conversion Research Articles

A NIR-II Organic Dendrimer with Superb Photothermal Performance Based on Electron-Donor Iteration for Photothermal Immunotherapy.

Organic photothermal materials have attracted extensive attention due to their designable molecular structure, tunable excited-state properties, and excellent biocompatibility, however, the development of near-infrared II (NIR-II) absorbingorganic photothermal materials with high photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) and molar extinction coefficient (ɛ) remains challenging. Herein, a novel "electron-donor iteration" strategy is proposed to construct organic photothermal dendrimers (CR-DPA-T, CR-(DPA)2-T and CR-(DPA)3-T) with donor-π-acceptor-π-donor (D-π-A-π-D) features and diradical characteristics. Owing to the enhanced D-A effect and intramolecular motions, their absorption and photothermal capacity increase as the generation grows. Surprisingly, an excellent photothermal performance (ɛ1064 ×PTCE1064) with a superb value of 2.85×104 in the NIR-II region is achieved for CR-(DPA)3-T nanoparticles (CR-(DPA)3-T NPs) compared to most reported counterparts. Besides, CR-(DPA)3-T NPs exhibit superior antitumor efficacy by the synergistic effect of photothermal therapy (PTT)and immunotherapy, efficiently inhibiting the growth of both primary and distant tumors. To the best knowledge, organic photothermal dendrimer is for the first time reported, and a universal donor engineering strategy is offered to develop NIR-II-absorbing organic photothermal materials for photothermal immunotherapy.

Copper-Based Metal–Organic Framework: Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation for the Hydrogenation of Furfural to Furfuryl Alcohol

AbstractA novel Cu-MOF was synthesized at room temperature from commercially available and inexpensive reagents. The pre-catalyst was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Cu-MOF was characterized as microporous material with BET surface area and pore volume of 7.47 m2/g and 0.27 cm3/g, respectively, and is stable in most solvents. The MOF was evaluated as a heterogeneous catalyst for the hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol (FA). Cu-MOF exhibited a high conversion of FF (76%) with selectivity towards FA (100%) at 140 °C, 50 bar for 24 h. The MOF was reused four consecutive times with a loss in catalytic performance. The decrease in catalytic activity could be attributed to the formation of inactive Cu(0) as revealed by HR-TEM and XPS studies. The HR-TEM of spent Cu-MOF showed a uniform particle size diameter of 3.5 nm. This work is significant in providing new strategies for the design and fabrication of highly selective MOF catalysts for the FF upgrading.

Metal nanoparticles encapsulation within multi-shell spongy-core porous microspheres for efficient tandem catalysis

The “one-pot” cascade process involves multiple catalytic conversions followed by a single workup stage. This method has the capability to optimize catalytic efficiency by reducing chemical processes. The key to achieving cascade reactions lies in designing cascade catalysts with well-dispersed, stably immobilized, and accessible noble metal nanoparticles for multiple catalytic conversions. This work presents a strategy for creating long-lasting cascade catalysts by encapsulating Ru and Pd nanoparticles within multi-shell spongy-core porous microspheres (MS-SC-PMs). This cascade catalyst strategy enables the continuous hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline and further to cyclohexylamine, demonstrating both high selectivity and conversion rates. Notably, this approach overcomes the typical challenges associated with noble metal nanoparticles, such as poor stability and recyclability, as it maintains its performance over ten consecutive cycles. Additionally, the MS-SC-PMs have the versatility to encapsulate various metal nanoparticles, providing catalytic versatility, scalability, and a promising avenue for designing long-lasting catalysts loaded with nanoparticles.

Tough, antimicrobial, recyclable hydrogel with tree-trunk-inspired core‐sheath structure for efficient all-day desalination

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation, an economically friendly freshwater harvesting technology, faces the challenge of achieving efficient all-day desalination. Inspired by the core‐sheath structure of tree trunks, herein, a hydrogel evaporator features internal vertical lamellar sodium alginate (SA) pores supported by aramid fiber (AF) networks and surface covered with a dense layer of copper sulfide (CuS) and was fabricated through freeze-drying-cycling alternating immersion method. The internal vertical SA lamellar structure endows the hydrogel with strong water transport capability, while the high photothermal conversion ability of the surface CuS layer enables rapid water evaporation. Therefore, as 2D evaporators, the evaporation rate in highly concentrated salt solutions (15 wt%) is up to 2.07 kg m-2 h-1 under 1.0 sun. As 3D evaporators, efficient evaporation is achieved throughout the day by compensating evaporation at the sides and top. Under the irradiation of 0.2 and 0.8 suns outdoors, the evaporation rate of the 3D evaporator can reach 7.47 kg m-2 h-1 and 12.60 kg m-2 h-1, respectively, and its total evaporation is 4.72 times higher than that of the 2D evaporator. Notably, the hydrogel evaporator has excellent anti-salt properties, antimicrobial properties, and recyclability. This work provides valuable guidance for designing and developing practical hydrogel evaporators.

Lead-free Cs2TiBr6 perovskite solar cells achieving high power conversion efficiency through device simulation

Recently, lead-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained significant attention in the photovoltaic industry due to their remarkable properties such as high bandgap and high absorption coefficient. However, challenges such as toxicity, instability, and short shelf life limit the use of inorganic-organic lead-based PSCs. To address these issues, researchers introduced eco-friendly, lead-free, and stable cesium titanium (Cs2TiBr6) single-halide absorber material. The aim of this work is to perform the numerical modelling and simulation of FTO/SnO2/Cs2TiBr6/CBTS/Au structure incorporating interfacial defect layers (IDL) using SCAPS-1D to examine and study its characteristics properties about various photovoltaic (PV) parameters such as light-absorbing layer thickness, charge transport layer thickness, doping, defect density, operating temperature, and quantum efficiency (QE). After evaluating these parameters, the proposed single-halide Cs2TiBr6-based structure shows superior performance as compared to previously reported experimental and simulation-based Cs2TiBr6 perovskite structures. The results show a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.24 %, with a fill factor (FF) of 88.9 %, an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.31 V, and a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 20.76 mA/cm2. This work encourages researchers to develop low-toxic, and stable PSCs for the future solar cell industry.

CoCe composite catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation: Effect of pore structure

In order to realize the dual carbon goals of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality”, the design and development CO2 hydrogenation catalyst with high performances is of great significance. In this study, the CoCe composite catalysts were prepared by different methods and used to CO2 catalytic hydrogenation. The physicochemical properties of the prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, TEM/HRTEM, and H2-TPD. The characterization results indicated that the studied CoCe composite catalytsts with different pore structure can be prepared by different preparation methods. The suitable preparation method can promote Co species to be dissolved into the CeO2 lattice to form Ce-O-Co solid solution, which can promote the corresponding Co species to be reduced by H2 to form active Co0 species. The large specific surface area and developed ordered mesoporous structure of the CoCe-HT catalyst precursor, which was prepared by hard-template method, are conducive to the formation of active Co0 species and activation of H2 to produce reactive H species. The CO2 hydrogenation activity of the studied CoCe composite catalysts follows the following order: CoCe-HT > CoCe-CP > CoCe-CA > CoCe-HY. The CoCe-HT catalyst showed high CO2 hydrogenation conversion of 53.9 % and good using stability at 360 °C for 600 min. However, the CoCe-CA prepared by complex method has a poor use stability.

Acridone Derivatives for Near-UV Radical Polymerization: One-Component Type II vs. Multicomponent Behaviors.

In this work, two novel acridone-based photoinitiators were designed and synthesized for the free radical polymerization of acrylates with a light-emitting diode emitting at 405 nm. These acridone derivatives were employed as mono-component Type II photoinitiators and as multicomponent photoinitiating systems in the presence of an iodonium salt or an amine synergist (EDB) in which they achieved excellent polymerization initiating abilities and high final conversions of the acrylate group. Photoinitiation mechanisms through which reactive species are produced were investigated employing different complementary techniques including steady-state photolysis, steady-state fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Finally, these molecules were also used in the direct laser writing process for the fabrication of 3D objects.

A multifunctional biomass-based solar interface evaporator with feather-like structure for efficient selective transport, antibacterial properties, salt resistance, and oil-fouling prevention

Solar interface evaporation technology has gained prominence as an efficient, low-cost, and CO2-neutral method for water purification. However, the development of interface evaporators with high evaporation efficiency, durability, and environmentally friendly, cost-effective materials remains a significant challenge. In this study, we fabricated a novel solar-powered hydrogel membrane using sodium alginate (SA), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and vegetable-tanned collagen fibers (CF). Utilizing a dual-structural engineering design strategy, which incorporates surface patterning and microfiber channel construction, the resulting sodium alginate/collagen fibers/reduced graphene oxide (CF/SA/RGO) composite membranes exhibited remarkable selective mass transport efficiency. The inclusion of vegetable-tanned collagen fibers notably enhanced the flow rate of free water within the CF/SA/RGO membranes. Moreover, the reduction in water evaporation enthalpy increased with successive GO reduction cycles, thereby further boosting the evaporation rate. The CF/SA/RGO membranes demonstrated an outstanding evaporation efficiency of 2.88 kg m−2 h−1, ion rejection rates of 98 % for K+, Ca2+, Na+, and Mg2+, and a dye removal efficiency of 99.52 % for RhB, MB, MO, and CR. Additionally, these membranes exhibited excellent underwater oleophobicity, antibacterial properties, and salt resistance. This study offers a novel approach to the design and fabrication of solar interface evaporators, presenting an advancement in achieving high solar energy conversion efficiency and superior operational durability.

A hybrid trans-modal liquid crystal optical vortex generator

This work experimentally validates a large-aperture optical vortex generator using a novel hybrid structure, combining transmission electrode and modal techniques, in what we term the trans-modal technique. The continuous transmission electrode is designed to generate a linear voltage distribution between the contact electrodes, while the electrode stubs distribute the voltage across the active area. A high-resistivity layer of the conducting polymer PEDOT fills the gap between the electrodes, resulting in a completely continuous voltage distribution. A 1-cm aperture device is experimentally demonstrated, but the structure is completely scalable. Theoretical results validate the design, and experimental results demonstrate precise control over the topological charge for both positive and negative values of orbital angular momentum. Remarkably, the conversion efficiency for the first topological charges is almost 100%. The reduction in efficiency of the higher-order modes has been explained theoretically, and it is not caused by design but by the PEDOT characteristics. The fabrication process is straightforward, as the high-resistivity layer may also be inhomogeneous. This work contributes significantly to the field by introducing a novel method for optical vortex generation. The simplicity of the fabrication process, high conversion efficiency, and ability to control the topological charge make this technique a promising avenue for future research and applications.

Sulfonated reduced graphene oxide (rGO-SO3H): A green, sustainable and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for synthesis of pyrazole containing 1,4 dihydropyridine derivatives

A simple mild, efficient, expeditious and straightforward synthetic methodology has been established toward furnishing of therapeutically important structurally diverse multi-heterocyclic pyrazole containing substituted 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP's) derivatives which might be valuable heterocyclic compound because of the existence of pharmaceutically and medicinally important 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) and pyrazole entities. In this reported synthetic strategy, sulfonated reduce graphene oxide was firstly reported as a highly efficient heterogenous carbo-catalyst for one-pot 4-C synthesis of pyrazole based 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHPs) derivatives. The reported sulfonated reduce graphene oxide (rGO-SO3H) offered mild reaction conditions, structural diversity, high atom economy, operational simplicity, high product conversion, high yield (96%) with wide range of substrates within 15–20 min in ethanol at refluxing temperature. Additionally, experiment results revealed that synthesized carbo-catalyst can be recycled and reused efficiently for at least five reaction cycles. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, HRMS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, spectroscopic techniques.

Fabrication of Low-Cost Porous Carbon Polypropylene Composite Sheets with High Photothermal Conversion Performance for Solar Steam Generation.

The development of absorber materials with strong light absorption properties and low-cost fabrication processes is highly significant for the application of photothermal conversion technology. In this work, a mixed powder consisting of NaCl, polypropylene (PP), and scale-like carbon flakes was ultrasonically pressed into sheets, and the NaCl was then removed by salt dissolution to obtain porous carbon polypropylene composite sheets (P-CPCS). This process is simple, green, and suitable for the low-cost, large-area fabrication of P-CPCS. P-CPCS has a well-distributed porous structure containing internal and external connected water paths. Under the dual effects of the carbon flakes and porous structure, P-CPCS shows excellent photothermal conversion performance in a broad wavelength range. P-CPCS-40 achieves a high temperature of 128 °C and a rapid heating rate of 12.4 °C/s under laser irradiation (808 nm wavelength, 1.2 W/cm2 power). When utilized for solar steam generation under 1 sun irradiation, P-CPCS-40 achieves 98.2% evaporation efficiency and a 1.81 kg m-2 h-1 evaporation rate. This performance means that P-CPCS-40 outperforms most other previously reported absorbers in terms of evaporation efficiency. The combination of carbon flakes, which provide a photothermal effect, and a porous polymer structure, which provides light-capturing properties, opens up a new strategy for desalination, sewage treatment, and other related fields.

Enhanced microwave-catalytic performance for CO2 oxidative propane dehydrogenation by acidified and Bi-doped ZnO-based microwave catalysts

The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane by carbon dioxide (CO2-ODHP) has great potential in producing propylene. Resource utilization of CO2 will be the dominant trend in the future to mitigate environmental problems and cope with the growth in energy demand. However, simultaneously achieving high propane conversion, high propylene selectivity, and high CO2 conversion at low temperatures remains challenging. Herein, we report a novel efficient microwave catalyst (1.0-Zn4Bi1/Silicalite-1+SiC) by doping Bi on ZnO/Silicalite-1 and then acid treatment. The (1.0)-Zn4Bi1/Silicalite-1+SiC microwave catalyst exhibited 92 % C3H8 conversion, 84 % C3H6 selectivity, and 45 % CO2 conversion under microwave mode, significantly better than under the thermocatalysis (without microwave: 27 % C3H8 conversion, 92 % C3H6 selectivity, and 14 % CO2 conversion). The CO2 capture capacity was improved by adding Bi to ZnO/Silicalite-1. In addition, acid modification increased the propane and CO2 conversion by 1.9 and 1.3 times, respectively. Notably, acid treatment enriched the pore structure of the catalysts, altered surface acidity and alkalinity, and promoted C3H8 and CO2 activation and C3H6 desorption. In particular, the acid treatment enriches the state of the presence of Zn species in the catalyst. Microwave irradiation reduces the apparent activation energy of the catalytic system and accelerates the removal of coke from the catalyst surface. Microwave catalysis can activate CO2 and propane at lower temperatures than thermocatalysis.

Deep deoxidation of water in a miniaturized annular rotating device: Experimental investigation and machine learning modeling

Conventional gas–liquid devices exhibit limitations, including inadequate dispersion efficiency and significant backmixing, leading to low conversion and large equipment volume. Thus, a miniaturized annular rotating device (m-ARD) was proposed based on microscale effects and rotating flow field to achieve efficient gas–liquid mass transfer and high conversion. Nitrogen-oxygenated water was selected as the experimental system to evaluate the performance of the m-ARD. The gas–liquid flow characteristics were investigated. The analysis focused on examining the impact of different factors on deoxygenation efficiency. The deoxygenation performance was optimized and compared with different devices. The study found that the m-ARD enables a continuous counter-current gas–liquid flow mode, with superior mixing performance and a narrow residence time distribution. The deoxygenated water with an oxygen concentration as low as 0.14 ppm can be produced, with a volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) of 0.26 s−1, a theoretical stage value of 4.22, and a handling capacity of 30 mL/min under optimized experimental conditions. In addition, kLa was predicted using an artificial neural network model and showed good agreement with the simulated values. This work provides a promising reactor for chemical reactions that require high conversions.

A novel micro non-imaging concentrating solar module for building façade integration

Owing to the limited installation space and relative low energy density of solar radiation, how to fully utilize the solar energy potential on the building south façade is always an important issue. In this regard, this paper proposed a faced embedded solar thermal module with mini asymmetric parabolic concentrator, which could capture solar radiation within a wide range of incidence angles with relatively high thermal conversion efficiency. The optical efficiency of the proposed solar module maintains over 0.7 with the solar projection angle increasing from 0° to 90°, which covers the annual altitude angle variation of beam solar radiation incidence on the south façade. Corresponding photo-thermal model was developed and validated with 5 days continues outdoor measurement data. The predicted values were in good consistence with the experimental data with a R2 value of 0.975. Experimental results showed a daily thermal efficiency of 0.66 during the clear sky weather. The average daily thermal efficiency of the ACPC module throughout the year was 0.47 with a constant working temperature of 60 °C. The proposed device is expected to help the building integration design towards zero carbon emission building.

Selenate-based heterojunction with cobalt–nickel paired site for electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural coupling water splitting to produce hydrogen

It is very appealing that 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is electrocatalytical oxidized as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) linking to non-classical cathodic hydrogen (H2) production. However, the electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic HMF oxidative reaction (e-HMFOR) have been facing low Faradaic efficiency (FE) and high water splitting voltage. Herein, we propose a strategy of the NiSeO3@(CoSeO3)4 heterojunction by constructing a Co-Ni paired site, where the Co site is in charge of adsorbing for HMF while the electrons are transferred to the Ni site, thus giving the NiSeO3@(CoSeO3)4 heterojunction superior electrocatalytic performances for e-HMFOR and water splitting. By optimizing conditions, the NiSeO3@(CoSeO3)4 heterojunction has high conversion of 99.7%, high selectivity of 99.9%, and high FE of 98.4% at 1.3 V, as well as low cell voltage of 1.31 V at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH + 0.1 M HMF. This study offers a potential insight for e-HMFOR to high value-added FDCA coupling water splitting to produce H2 in an economical manner.

Mapping anthropogenic impacts on natural resources in the northeastern Sahara region: A case study on the past 26 years over the Ziban region (Algeria)

The objective of this research was to map and analyze anthropogenic impacts on natural resources in the Ziban region of Algeria using remote sensing imagery from 1995 to 2021. Medium-resolution satellite images from Landsat TM and OLI were utilized, with image processing techniques such as colorful compositions and supervised classification to map land cover. Seven land use and land cover (LULC) classes were identified, distinguishing human-derived categories (palm, agriculture, urban, and greenhouses) from natural surfaces (nebka, natural vegetation, and bare soil). The results indicated significant increases in human-driven elements like palm, urban areas, agriculture, greenhouses, and nebka, and notable decreases in natural components like vegetation and bare soil. Specifically, the rate of change (Tc) showed increases of 0.9% for palm, 1.14% for urban, 1.55% for agriculture, 1.91% for greenhouses, and 9.37% for nebka, and decreases of -3.68% for vegetation and -11.19% for bare soil. These findings highlight the impact of agricultural policies, population growth, and natural and human-induced conditions on natural resources. Palm areas remained largely unchanged due to state policies, whereas agriculture saw significant conversions to bare soil and palm. Vegetation declined substantially due to adverse climatic conditions and agricultural expansion. Nebka and urban areas had moderate to high conversion rates, and bare soil saw notable changes due to sand movement and urban/agricultural development. The study highlights the role of remote sensing and land cover analysis in managing natural resources sustainably, considering factors like agricultural policies and population growth. It emphasizes developing data-driven strategies for effective land use and management.

Ionic liquid catalysed synthesis of benzimidazolone from Ortho-Phenylenediamine in the presence of carbon dioxide as a carbonyl source under solvent free condition

In this study, we report synthesis of benzimidazolones from o-phenylene diamine by utilizing carbon dioxide as a carbonyl source under mild reaction conditions in the presence of ionic liquid as a catalyst. Six bifunctional protonic ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesised by reacting superbases 1,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) and 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) with proton donors such as Trifluoroethanol (TFE), Cyclopropane carboxylic acid (CPCA) and 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Among them, [TBDH+][TFE−] was the most effective, achieving high conversion rates of o-phenylene diamine to 2-benzimidazolone at 1 bar CO2 pressure and 60° C. This PIL could be reused for up to six cycles. Our method offers a green and efficient approach for producing 2-benzimidazolone derivatives, with potential applications in pharmaceuticals and materials science.

Modulating the electronic interaction of ZnFemCrOx/SAPO-34 to boost CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins

Hydrogenation of CO2 into light olefins presents a promising strategy to realize carbon neutrality. Efficient adsorption and activation of CO2 are critical steps in CO2 hydrogenation into light olefins. Nevertheless, the development of a promotional catalyst that obtains high CO2 conversion and C2=-C4= selectivity is challenging, constrained by the chemical inertness of CO2. In this paper, we have synthesized a highly stable catalyst consisting of ZnFe0.38CrOx oxides and SAPO-34 zeolite, which achieves 11.4 % C2=-C4= yield at CO2 conversion up to 35.4 %. Comprehensive characterization results substantiate the existence of electronic interaction among Fe, Zn, and Cr, which facilitates the adsorption and activation of CO2. More significantly, the CO2 adsorption capacity is linearly related to the degree of electron transfer. In situ DRIFTS results further reveal that electronic interaction promotes the production of carbonate species and subsequent transformation into formate species, contributing to high CO2 conversion. These findings uncover an intrinsic connection between electronic interaction and catalytic activity, offering theoretical guidance for designing bifunctional catalysts.

Incorporation of Mg/Al metal oxide into ionic liquids for CO2 capture and conversion into cyclic carbonate under solvent-free conditions: Effect of coordination ability, recyclability, and catalytic study

The direct conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and propylene oxide (PO) into propylene carbonate (PC) offers a green way to utilize anthropogenic CO2. However, this reaction is limited by low conversion of PO and harsh reaction conditions. In this study, we solve this problem using ionic liquids (ILs)/metal oxide composites (ILs@MAO). The catalytic activity of MAO-500 (500 = annealing temperature) is poor evidenced by its low conversion of PO (24.94%). However, ILs@MAO-500 has a high conversion of PO (97.54%) under similar reaction conditions (2 h at 1.5 MPa CO2 pressure, 90 °C, and 0.85 g catalyst). The ILs consist of imidazolium cation with weak coordinated [NTf2]– anion leading to outward movement of anion resulting in the formation of “heterodinuclear complex”. This complex generates an amorphous-crystalline intermediate with balanced acid-base sites that activate PO and stabilize the catalytic intermediate. In large part, the high PO conversion is theorized to be primarily due to the abundant reactive sites in the ILs that are covalently immobilized on the MAO-500 carrier. Furthermore, even after multiple recycling, ILs@MAO-500 remains stable and exhibits high yield and selectivity. The proposed solvent-free catalytic system is mild, kinetically fast, and naturally safe for coupling CO2 and PO into PC synthesis.

Enhanced conversion of a magnetic oxide to metal using induction heating: Application for H2 production

In this study, a C–CoFe2O4 composite is proposed for reduction in an induction heating reactor with a continuous argon flow. An impressive conversion efficiency of 87% is achieved at a maximum temperature of 325 °C in just 8 min without the need for vacuum. The impact of the molar ratio of metal oxide to reducing agent (acetylacetone) is also examined. Results indicate that a 1:1 ratio favours the reduction towards cobalt and iron monoxides, while a 1:3 ratio yields a 31% metal phase. The highest conversion (87%) is seen with a 1:17 ratio, indicating the need for excess reducing agent for effective conversion of CoFe2O4 oxide. The molar ratio influences the induction heating temperature, with the 1:17 ratio having a lower temperature of 325 °C compared to 450 °C for other ratios. These operating temperatures (≤450 °C) are significantly lower than those reported in the literature for carbothermal reduction in an induction reactor (>1700 °C), which often requires vacuum and very high temperatures for high conversion efficiency. The proposed process offers advantages such as high conversion efficiency, fast processing, and simpler operational conditions. Additionally, the metallic phases produced are utilized for H2 production in thermochemical water splitting, showcasing these materials potential for energy generation applications.