High Linoleic Acid Content Research Articles

Nutritional and Functional Characterization of Chia Expeller and Gluten-Free Flours as Ingredients for Premixes.

The growing consumer demand for healthier foods that help reduce the risk of chronic diseases has driven the food industry to innovate with nutritionally and technologically viable products. This trend and the nutritional gaps in gluten-free diets have spurred the exploration of unconventional, high-quality ingredients like flour from pseudocereals, legumes, and oilseeds. This study evaluated the nutritional and functional profiles of chia expeller and flours from buckwheat, green/yellow peas, and rice to study their potential as techno-functional ingredients for new gluten-free premixes. Chia expeller, rich in protein, lipids, and fiber, with a notable fatty acid profile -particularly α-linolenic and linoleic acids- and significant levels of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, P, and Na, emerged as a standout ingredient. It also demonstrated remarkable water-binding functionality. Pea flours were notable for their high protein, Ca, Cl, Fe, and linoleic acid content. Meanwhile, rice and buckwheat flours were distinguished by their carbohydrate and oleic acid content. Buckwheat also provides substantial Mg and Zn, while rice flour stood out for its higher brightness. These findings underscore the potential of these flours to contribute to the development of functional foods tailored to meet specific nutritional needs and consumer preferences for healthier options. The distinct functional properties of each flour type can contribute to making targeted formulations, improving the technological properties of gluten-free products.

Forage lucerne for grazing dairy cows: effects on milk yield, milk urea and fatty acid composition

Context The value of milk components is increasingly recognised for human health benefits (e.g. omega-3 fatty acids, FA), or indicators of nutrient-use efficiency for both animal and environmental benefits (e.g. milk urea, MU). Aims The study explored whether inclusion of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in a perennial ryegrass and white clover (Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L, PRW)-based diet affects milk production, MU concentration, and milk FA composition of dairy cows during mid-lactation. Methods Thirty-two cows, balanced for milk production (26.1 ± 3.03 kg/cow), MU (16.6 ± 2.84 mg/dL), and days in milk (94 ± 7 days), were evenly allocated into eight groups of four. Groups were then randomly assigned one of two dietary treatments, namely, PRW only (control), and PRW plus lucerne (lucerne). During an 8-day adaptation, control cows were fed a fresh allocation after each milking at 08:30 hours and 16:00 hours to provide 25 kg/cow.day DM of fresh PRW herbage above a target post-grazing height of 4.5 cm height. Cows on lucerne were allocated 10 kg DM of fresh lucerne at 08:30 hours, and 15 kg DM of fresh PRW at 16:00 hours. Apparent nutrient intakes and milk composition were determined on Days 9 and 10 of the study. Key results Diet treatment did not significantly alter DM or metabolisable energy intake, milk production, or milk fat and protein percentage. However, compared with control cows, nitrogen and linoleic acid (LA) intake increased, and soluble carbohydrate, neutral detergent fibre, and alpha linoleic acid (ALA) intake decreased for cows fed lucerne. Milk urea increased by 43% for lucerne compared with control cows (22.4 vs 15.7 ± 1.43 mg/dL, P < 0.001). Cows grazing lucerne produced milk with a higher concentration of LA and ALA than did the control cows. Increases in milk LA from grazing lucerne were congruent with improvement in intake of the FA from the diet, whereas increases in ALA occurred despite the corresponding lower dietary intake. Conclusion Supplementing a pasture diet with lucerne increased MU and FA. Implications Lucerne has the potential to enhance dietary protein supply during periods of deficiency and increase the supply of functional FA in the milk of grazing dairy cattle.

Physicochemical characteristics and nutritional value of safflower oil: A potential sustainable crop for Egypt

Background: The Increasing demand for sustainable and economical non-traditional edible oils, as alternatives to common oils is pivotal to bridge the edible oils gap, coupled with negative impacts of climate change on the agroecological settings for common oilseed crop productivity. Safflower, being one of the fast-growing medicinal oilseeds crops rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, known as the “king of linoleic acid”, exhibits resilience to adverse environmental conditions such as high temperatures, drought, salinity, and marginal environments. Aims: This study aimed to comprehensively assess the physicochemical characteristics and lipid nutritional indices of safflower oil to validate its potential for expanded cultivation in Egypt. Materials and Methods: Safflower oil was extracted from seeds of two spineless varieties cultivated in Egypt. The oil was subjected to proximate analysis, physicochemical characterization, fatty acid profile determination, and α-tocopherol content analysis. Additionally, a frying stability test was carried out for safflower oil and its blends with soybean oil in different ratios, monitoring changes in free fatty acid, peroxide value, and total polar compounds. Lipid nutritional indices were calculated to assess the oil’s health-promoting properties. Results: Safflower oil exhibited similar proximate composition and physicochemical characteristics to sunflower oil. The fatty acid profile of safflower oil was comparable to sunflower oil, with a lower oleic acid content and a higher linoleic acid content. Furthermore, safflower oil demonstrated satisfactory stability during the frying process. Lipid nutritional indices calculated based on the fatty acid profile revealed that safflower oil is a valuable source of ω-6 fatty acids. The oil exhibited favorable values for atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), hypocholesterolemic / hypercholesterolemic (HH), health-promoting index (HPI), and possessed strong antioxidant properties due to its high α-tocopherol content. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the potential of safflower oil as a promising non-traditional edible oil, suitable for expanded cultivation in Egypt. Its favorable nutritional profile and stability make it a valuable addition to the dietary landscape. Keywords: Carthamus tinctorius L., safflower oil, edible oil gap, lipid nutritional indices, frying stability, non-traditional edible oils.

Optimization of callus induction protocol from leaf explants of P<i>ortulaca oleracea</i> and assessment of fatty acid profiles

A protocol for optimization of callus culture establishment from leaf explants of Portulaca oleracea L. was developed. The effect of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) on callus induction and synthesis of fatty acids was evaluated. Callus culture was initiated from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 2,4‑dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4‑D), a combination of 2,4‑D + 6‑benzyl adenine (BA) or 2,4‑D + kinetin. The maximum callus biomass was obtained at 2.5 µM BA + 2.5 µM 2,4‑D (20.22 g leaf explant–1 fresh weight). The leaves treated with EMS (0.1 to 0.4% h–1) differentiated callus on this optimized medium combination. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of fatty acids indicated that the leaves had a high linolenic acid content (17.72%). The callus cultures synthesized heptadecanoic, oleic, and tricosanoic acids, which were otherwise absent in the leaves. Eicosanoic and docosanoic acids in callus cultures were 2.78 and 3.18 times higher than their content in the leaves, respectively. The diversity of fatty acids in treated callus cultures decreased with increased EMS concentration, but the content of a few individual fatty acids was enhanced. Callus at the dose of 0.1% EMS synthesized linoleic acid, which was two times higher than in the untreated callus, while at 0.2% EMS stearic acid was synthesized, which was absent in the untreated callus. It was concluded that the callus of P. oleracea accumulated different fatty acids, and EMS treatment enhanced the content of a few fatty acids in the cultures.

THE EFFECT OF HEMP PRЕSS CAKE FLOUR ON FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF GLUTEN FREE BREAD

The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of hemp press cake flour (HPCF) on fatty acids and the microbiological quality of gluten-free bread. Seven types of gluten-free bread with different amounts of HPCF (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 %) were produced. Gas chromatography was used to determinate the amounts of individual fatty acids, as well as the groups of fatty acids (saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, branched fatty acids). HPCF contains significantly higher content of linoleic acid, α- linoleic acid, omega - 3 fatty acids and Omega - 6 fatty acids compared to rice flour, which indicates that replacing rice flour with HPCF will contribute to a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the content of these essential fatty acids in different types of bread. The change in the microbiological quality of the gluten-free bread with different amounts of HPCF starts thirty-six hours after the production.

Brazil Nut Semi-Defatted Flour Oil: Impact of Extraction Using Pressurized Solvents on Lipid Profile, Bioactive Compounds Composition, and Oxidative Stability.

Brazilian nuts are native to the Amazon rainforest and are considered a non-timber forest-product of extreme economic importance to local populations. This study evaluated the lipid profile, bioactive compounds, and oxidative stability of semi-defatted Brazilian nut flour oil (BNSDFO) obtained using pressurized fluids (n-propane at 40 °C and 2, 4, and 8 MPa or a CO2/n-propane mixture at 40 °C and 12 MPa). A Brazilian nut kernel oil (BNKO) processed by conventional cold pressing was also obtained. The BNKO showed a higher concentration of total phenolic compounds and saturated fatty acids, higher antioxidant activity, and the presence of gallic acid derivatives. The oils extracted using pressurized fluids showed a higher concentration of linoleic acid, β-sitosterol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The utilization of pressurized n-propane resulted in higher yields (13.7 wt%), and at intermediate pressures (4 MPa), the product showed myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside and higher oxidative stability (OSI, 12 h) than at lower pressures (2 MPa). The CO2/n-propane mixture of pressurized solvents resulted in higher concentrations of squalene (4.5 times), the presence of different phenolic compounds, and a high OSI (12 h) but lower yield (2.2 wt%). In conclusion, oils with better fatty acid profiles (oleic e linoleic acids), phytosterol composition, and suitable radical scavenging activity may be obtained using pressurized fluids and Brazilian nut flour, a byproduct of oil extraction. The mixture of solvents may improve the concentration of squalene, whereas using only n-propane may increase oil yield.

In vitro anti-inflammatory, anticancer effects and phytochemical characterisation of organic extracts from Aristolochia olivieri Colleg. ex Boiss

Natural extract plays a crucial role in our lives, major compound in the n-hexane (AR-H) and the ethyl acetate (AR-E) Aristolochia olivieri extracts was n-hexadecanoic acid, and of the methanol extract (AR-M) was pentacosane. The AR-M extract had a strong ability to induce mRNA expression of an inflammatory cytokine, IL-6, as an M1-like macrophage subset compared to the negative control (DMSO-treated cells). In contrast, AR-E treatment showed strong anti-inflammatory activity against macrophages. The AR-H extract had a moderate inflammatory effect against macrophages. The IC50 results of the anticancer assays ranged from 58.29 to 451.03 μg/mL for the three extracts. The anticancer action of the AR-E extract against U-87MG cells was higher (58.29 μg/mL) than that of AR-H and AR-M (156.38 and 196.14 μg/mL, respectively). The greater cytotoxicity effect observed with the AR-E extract against U-87MG can be linked to its high content of hexadecanoic acid (32.49%) and linolenic acid (12.90%).

Bioactive profiling of two varieties of Indian legumes: adzuki and mung beans

SummaryNutritional benefits of legumes make them an important part of sustainable diets. They are rich not only in dietary fibres, proteins, and micronutrients but also in the bioactive compounds that can exhibit various biological activities. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the nutritional analysis, phytochemical composition, and in vitro anti‐obesity activity of two varieties of legumes indigenous to India namely, adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) and mung beans (Vigna radiata). GC–MS, UHPLC‐QTOF‐MS, ICP‐MS analyses were done for bioactive compounds, fatty acids, macro‐elements, micro‐elements, protein, and non‐proteinogenic amino acids. GC–MS analysis showed that the major constituents identified were hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and terpenes, while the presence of various secondary metabolites, macro‐ and micro‐nutrients were detected using UHPLC‐QTOF‐MS and ICP‐MS, respectively. FAME analysis revealed a higher concentration of linoleic acid in adzuki beans, which is nutritionally beneficial for human consumption. Amino acid profiling revealed the presence of essential, non‐essential, and non‐proteinogenic amino acids. Further, adzuki beans and mung beans were screened for cytotoxicity on 3T3‐cell line and it was observed that adzuki beans were less cytotoxic as compared to mung beans. Adzuki beans showed higher HMG‐Co‐A reductase enzyme inhibition activity (60%) as compared to mung beans (2.79%). The results indicate that these two legumes are a very good source of bioactive metabolites and can be developed into novel cholesterol‐lowering and anti‐obesity functional foods.

Cytochrome P450-soluble epoxide hydrolase oxylipins, depression and cognition in type 2 diabetes

AimsThis study examined serum cytochrome P450-soluble epoxide hydrolase (CYP450-sEH) oxylipins and depressive symptoms together in relation to cognitive performance in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MethodsClinically cognitively normal T2DM individuals were recruited (NCT04455867). Depressive symptom severity was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; total scores ≤13 indicated minimal depressive symptoms and ≥ 14 indicated significant depressive symptoms). Executive function and verbal memory were assessed. Fasting serum oxylipins were quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. ResultsThe study included 85 participants with minimal depressive symptoms and 27 with significant symptoms (mean age: 63.3 ± 9.8 years, 49 % women). In all participants, higher concentrations of linoleic acid derived sEH (12,13-dihydroxyoctadecamonoenoic acid; DiHOME) and CYP450 (12(13)-epoxyoctadecamonoenoic acid; EpOME) metabolites were associated with poorer executive function (F1,101 = 6.094, p = 0.015 and F1,101 = 5.598, p = 0.020, respectively). Concentrations of multiple sEH substrates interacted with depressive symptoms to predict 1) poorer executive function, including 9(10)-EpOME (F1,100 = 12.137, p < 0.001), 5(6)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (5(6)-EpETrE; F1,100 = 6.481, p = 0.012) and 11(12)-EpETrE (F1,100 = 4.409, p = 0.038), and 2) verbal memory, including 9(10)-EpOME (F1,100 = 4.286, p = 0.041), 5(6)-EpETrE (F1,100 = 6.845, p = 0.010), 11(12)-EpETrE (F1,100 = 3.981, p = 0.049) and 14(15)-EpETrE (F1,100 = 5.019, p = 0.027). ConclusionsAssociations of CYP450-sEH metabolites and depressive symptoms with cognition highlight the biomarker and therapeutic potential of the CYP450-sEH pathway in T2DM.

Chemical Composition and Lipid Bioactive Components of Centaurea thracica Dwelling in Bulgaria.

Centaurea thracica (Janka) Hayek is a plant common in southern Bulgaria. The inflorescences were collected during June and September 2021, while their seeds were obtained in September 2021. The chemical and lipid composition of the inflorescences during the vegetation process of the plant were established. A significant decrease in total proteins (from 8.7 to 7.4%), glyceride oils (2.0-1.7%), and ash (4.5-4.2%) content was observed, while the amount of carbohydrates (72.3-77.2%) and fibers (28.7-35.8%) increased. During the vegetation of the plant, the content of oleic and linoleic acids increased up to 2-3 times, while the level of palmitic acid decreased. The lipids from the seeds were rich in oleic (53.0%) and palmitic (36.2%) acids. The tocopherol content in the oils of the inflorescences during vegetation increased from 58 to 110 mg/kg, and the content in the oil from the seeds was 260 mg/kg. The phospholipid content decreased during vegetation, and differences were observed in the composition between the inflorescences and the seeds. The high content of oleic acid, linoleic acid, tocopherols, and phospholipids determine the nutritional and biological value of the oils isolated from Centaurea thracica, and contribute to their potential use in various directions.

Amlou inspired spread: Formulation and characterization of new spread based on Ziziphus lotus L. fruit, argan oil, and honey

This study explores novel applications of combining natural products by integrating Ziziphus lotus L. (Z. lotus), honey, and argan oil to create a product similar to traditional Moroccan Amlou (a mixture of almonds, honey, and argan oil). Five formulations were developed with varying percentages of these three ingredients, alongside two formulations of traditional Amlou. The nutritional value, mineral composition, fatty acid profile, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities of the products were analyzed using standard analytical methods such as gas chromatography and spectrophotometry. Additionally, sensory evaluations were conducted to assess consumer preferences. The results showed that the new formulations are rich in oil (45.15–52.24 g/100 g), carbohydrates (40.26–46.81 g/100 g), and protein (3.15–3.92 g/100 g). Mineral analysis revealed significant amounts of potassium (443–578 mg/100 g), calcium (98–124 mg/100 g), phosphorus (50–65 mg/100 g), and magnesium (38–50 mg/100 g). The Z. lotus-based products exhibited higher phenolic content (7–12 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (7.10–10.18 mg QE/g), and stronger antioxidant activities using DPPH radical scavenging activity (3.55–11.14 mg AAE/g) and FRAP (5.39–8.55 mg AAE/g). Moreover, the new product retains the beneficial fatty acid profile of argan oil, with a high content of oleic acid (48 %) and linoleic acid (32 %). Sensory evaluation indicated that the formulation consisting of 45 % Z. lotus powder, 50 % argan oil, and 5 % honey was the most appreciated for taste and texture. These findings suggest that incorporating Z. lotus into traditional Amlou recipes not only enhances nutritional and antioxidant properties but also meets consumer acceptance in terms of flavor and texture.

Camelina sativa Seeds and Oil as Ingredients in Model Muffins in Order to Enhance Their Health-Promoting Value.

The aim of this study was to see whether it is possible to add camelina oil and seeds as ingredients in muffins in order to enhance their health-promoting value, such as their bioactive compound content, while maintaining the organoleptic attributes considered desirable by consumers. Camelina oil is characterised by a high linolenic acid content. Four types of muffins were prepared for analysis: MBnO-control muffins (containing 11.85% rapeseed oil), MCsO-muffins containing camelina oil instead of rapeseed oil, MCsS-muffins containing 6.65% camelina seeds in relation to the mass of prepared dough, and MCsOS-muffins containing both camelina oil and camelina seeds. The change in the fatty acid profile in muffins with the addition of camelina oil was significant; however, it was found that, as a result of thermal treatment, lower amounts of saturated fatty acids were formed. Among all the investigated experimental variants, muffins were characterised by the highest contents of all the phenolic acids analysed. The substitution of rapeseed oil with camelina oil had no negative effect on most of the organoleptic attributes of the muffins. Moreover, thanks to a greater content of carotenoids, camelina oil had an advantageous effect on the improvement of product colour, thus improving its overall desirability.

The Nutritional Potential of Avocado By-Products: A Focus on Fatty Acid Content and Drying Processes.

The aim of this study was to analyze the content of fatty acids and tocopherols in various components (pulp, seeds, peel) of avocado (Persea americana), which are often neglected as by-products. In addition, the effects of different drying processes on these components were investigated and the health benefits of the main fatty acids contained in avocados were highlighted. The samples were subjected to three drying processes: hot air (HAD), vacuum (VD), and hot-air microwave (HAMD). In all parts of fresh avocado, oleic acid was the most abundant (41.28-57.93%), followed by palmitic acid (19.90-29.45%) and linoleic acid (8.44-14.95%). Drying led to a significant reduction in the oleic acid content, with palmitic acid showing the greatest stability. HAD resulted in higher levels of oleic acid and linoleic acid in dried pulp and peel samples compared with VD and HAMD, while HAMD had the highest content of α-linolenic acid in all parts. In addition, HAMD had the shortest drying time. HAMD duration was 35 min, which was 76.7% shorter than HAD (150 min) and 82.5% shorter than VD (200 min). Considering fatty acid retention and drying efficiency, HAMD appears to have been the most effective method, especially for the avocado peel. Remarkably, the avocado peel consistently contained higher total tocopherol, with δ-tocopherol generally being the most abundant form. The high content of tocopherols, oleic acid, and linoleic acid in the avocado peel suggests promising health benefits.

The Proximate Composition, Mineral and Pectin Content and Fatty Acid Profile of the Pomace Fraction of 16 Rowanberry Cultivars

The berry pomace could be a potential source for food applications due to its high content of polyphenols, but also dietary fiber, PUFAs and pectin. This is the first study that aims to compare the total dietary fiber (TDF), protein, fat, mineral, pectin and fatty acid content of the following 16 different pomace samples of Sorbus aucuparia L. cultivars (cvs): ‘Likernaja’, ‘Burka’, ‘Alaja Krupnaja’, ‘Granatnaja’, ‘Rubinovaja’, ‘Bussinka’, ‘Vefed’, ‘Angri’, ‘Krasnaja’, ‘Solnechnaja’, ‘Sahharnaja’, ‘Oranzevaja’, ‘Kubovaja’, ‘Moravica’, ‘Rosina’ and ‘Rossica’, in order to find new natural materials for valorization. The contents of pectin and dietary fibers were analyzed using the respective Megazyme enzymatic kits. The TDF content was the highest in the pomace samples of hybrid cvs ‘Granatnaja’ (63.04% dry mass DM), ‘Burka’ (64.52% DM), ‘Rubinovaja’ (65.66% DM) and ‘Likernaja’ (67.17% DM). The pomace of hybrid cv ‘Rubinovaja’ was distinguished from other samples by its high protein content, cv ‘Alaja Krupnaja’ by its high pectin content and cv ‘Oranzevaja’ by its high fat content, which were 7.58% DM, 8.39% DM and 7.47% DM, respectively. The pomace of cv ‘Sahharnaja’ possessed the highest average macro-element content (1.56 g/kg DM). The average fatty acids profile was characterized by a high content of linoleic acid (51.94%), oleic acid (20.55%) and palmitic acid (12.96%). The lowest n6/n3 ratio was found in the hybrid cv ‘Alaja Krupnaja’ (6.70%). The data obtained demonstrate that the pomaces of certain cultivars of rowanberry contain significant amounts of valuable components, which can be used in functional food and cosmetic applications.

Wound Healing Efficacy of Cucurbitaceae Seed Oils in Rats: Comprehensive Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Histological Studies Tackling AGE/RAGE and Nrf2/Ho-1 Cue.

The Cucurbitaceae family includes several edible species that are consumed globally as fruits and vegetables. These species produce high volumes of seeds that are often discarded as waste. In this study, we investigate the chemical composition and biological activity of three seed oils from Cucurbitaceae plants, namely, cantaloupe, honeydew, and zucchini, in comparison to the widely used pumpkin seed oil for their ability to enhance and accelerate wound healing in rats. Our results showed that honeydew seed oil (HSO) was effective in accelerating wound closure and enhancing tissue repair, as indicated by macroscopic, histological, and biochemical analyses, as compared with pumpkin seed oil (PSO). This effect was mediated by down-regulation of the advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) cue, activating the cytoprotective enzymes nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), suppressing the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), and reducing the levels of the skin integral signaling protein connexin (CX)-43. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining for epidermal growth factor (EGF) showed the lowest expression in the skin after treatment with HSO, indicating a well-organized and complete healing process. Other seed oils from cantaloupe and zucchini exhibited favorable activity when compared with untreated rats; however, their efficacy was comparatively lower than that of PSO and HSO. Gas chromatographic analysis of the derivatized oils warranted the superior activity of HSO to its high nutraceutical content of linoleic acid, which represented 65.9% of the fatty acid content. This study's findings validate the use of honeydew seeds as a wound-healing fixed oil and encourage further investigation into the potential of Cucurbitaceae seeds as sources of medicinally valuable plant oils.

Quality and active constituents of safflower seed oil: A comparison of cold pressing, hot pressing, Soxhlet extraction and subcritical fluid extraction

Safflower seed oil (SSO) is suitable for nutritional and pharmacological applications due to its high content of linoleic acid and polyphenols. The study aims to investigate the quality of SSO extracted using different extraction methods. In this study, solvent extraction (SE), cold pressing (CP), hot pressing (HP), and subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) by dimethyl ether (SDE), n-propane (SPE), and n-butane (SBE) were used to extract oil from SSO. The physicochemical indexes, bioactive compounds, and oxidative stability of SSO were analyzed and compared. In all samples, the main fatty acid found was linoleic acid, ranging from 76.1% to 79.49% of total fatty acids. SE dramatically improved phytosterol content (up to 311.8 mg/100 g) and yield (up to 23.1%) in SSO. The SFE oils had a higher oxidation induction time (4.28–4.38 h) and α-tocopherol content (580.1–643.7 mg/kg) than other oils (0.76–3.22 h and 451.5–511.7 mg/kg, respectively). In SSO samples, phenolics were particularly abundant in SDE oils. Trachelogenin was the most abundant in all samples. Compared to all the other oils, SFE oils had better oxidative stability, with almost the highest yield, and had higher linoleic acid content, phytosterols, and tocopherols. SFE is a promising processing technology in nutrient-rich SSO.

Gas-liquid chromatography analysis of phospholipids and triglycerides in Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) larvae: Effect of different diets

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an important insect pest on a wide range of stored food diets. This study employed gas-liquid chromatography to investigate the influence of different diets (pistachio, raisins, and walnuts) on the composition of phospholipids and triglycerides in fifth instar larvae of P. interpunctella. The fatty acid profiles of the larvae revealed seven essential fatty acids including myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The fatty acid composition of larvae-extracted phospholipids and triglycerides also varied according to the diet type. In terms of phospholipids, the highest concentration of myristic acid was observed in larvae fed walnut. Raisins exhibited the highest levels of palmitoleic and oleic acid, while pistachio demonstrated the highest concentration of linoleic acid. However, no significant differences were observed among the treatments concerning palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linolenic acid. Regarding triglycerides, no significant differences were found among the treatments in terms of myrisitc acid and oleic acid. However, the raisins treatment displayed the highest amount of palmitoleic acid, while both pistachio and walnut treatments exhibited the highest levels of linoleic acid. Additionally, the concentration of linolenic acid in larvae fed walnut was higher than other test diets. These findings provide valuable insights into the fatty acid composition of P. interpunctella fed different diets. Such knowledge can be utilized in developing pest management strategies, as the manipulation of fatty acid profiles in insects’ diet could potentially impact their growth, development, and fitness.

Inhibitory Effect of Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) Seed Kernel Oil on Lipid Metabolism of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) in High-Fat Diet

To investigate the effect of prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) seed kernel oil (PASO) on the lipid metabolism of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) under a high-fat diet, PASO were added into two lipid-level (4 g/kg and 8 g/kg) diets to form four isonitrogenous diets: soybean oil (SO), PASO, high-fat soybean oil (HSO), and high-fat prickly ash seed oil (HPASO). A total of 216 healthy grass carp (9.43 ± 0.82 g) were randomly divided into four groups and fed with the four diets, respectively, for 56 days. The result showed that the viscerosomatic index (VSI) and the content of the crude lipid in the hepatopancreas and muscle was significantly higher by oil levels (p &lt; 0.05). The linolenic acid content in the body of the fish significantly increased in PASO and HPASO compared to that in SO and HSO (p &lt; 0.05). The fatty acid composition of the hepatopancreas, intraperitoneal fat, and muscle in four dietary groups was significantly similar to the fatty acid composition in the diets (p &lt; 0.05). More significant fat infiltration and nuclear translocation in the hepatopancreas of fish was found in the HSO group but was decreased in the HPASO group. The adipocyte size in the intraperitoneal fat tissue in the PASO group was significantly lower than that in the SO group (p &lt; 0.05). The relative mRNA expression of the lipogenesis-related genes ppar-γ, cebp-α, and srebp-1c was significantly down-regulated in the PASO group compared with the SO group (p &lt; 0.05), and the mRNA expression of lipolysis-related genes ppar-α and cpt-1 were significantly up-regulated in the PASO group (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, dietary PASO showed the function of reducing lipid accumulation in the fish. This reduction might be attributed to the inhibition of the lipogenesis-related genes and the stimulation of the lipolysis-related genes, which were probably modulated by the high content of linolenic acid in PASO.

RNA Sequencing Reveals the Inhibitory Effect of High Levels of Arachidonic Acid and Linoleic Acid on C2C12 Differentiation and Myogenic Biomarkers.

Over the past three decades, studies have shown that consuming polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can enhance animal and human health and welfare through biological, biochemical, pathological, and pharmacological impacts. Furthermore, omega-6 plays key roles in the cardiopulmonary system, including promoting airway relaxation and inhibiting atherosclerosis and hypertension. However, findings from investigations of the effects of omega-6 fatty acids on molecular and cellular activity and discussions on their influence on biomarkers are still unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate omega-6 fatty acids, the arachidonic acid (AA), and linoleic acid (LA) effects on C2C12 proliferation, myogenesis morphology, and relative myogenic biomarker expression through the Wnt pathway. C2C12 cells were cultured with and without 25, 50, 100, and 150 µM of LA and AA and then subjected to CCK8, Giemsa staining, RT qPCR, Western blotting, and RNA Sequencing. The CCK8 Assay results showed that 25, 50, 100, and 150 µM LA significantly decreased the viability after 72 h for 25, 50, 100, and 150 µM concentrations. Also, AA supplementation decreased cell viability after 24 h for 150 µM, 48 h for 150 µM, and 72 h for 50, 100, and 150 µM concentrations. Moreover, the LA and AA inhibitory effects noticed through Gimesa staining were morphological changes during myoblast differentiation. Both LA and AA showed inhibiting IGF1, Cola1, Col6a2, Col6a1, Itga10, Itga11, SFRP2, DAAM2, and NKD2 effects; however, the depressing effect was higher for AA compared to LA. The previous results were confirmed through Western blotting, which showed that 50 µM LA and AA significantly reduced DAAM2 and SFRP2 protein levels compared to the control. Regarding RNA sequencing results, LA and AA increased the number of differentially expressed (DE) Mt-rRNA and snoRNA; however, the numbers of lncRNA detected decreased compared to the control. Our findings demonstrate that high and moderate LA and AA concentrations reduce primary myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Also, they highlight novel biomarkers and regulatory factors to improve our understanding of how the nutrition of fatty acids can control and modulate the myogenesis and differentiation process through different biomarker families.

Oxidative stress changes interactions between 2 bacterial species from competitive to facilitative.

Knowing how species interact within microbial communities is crucial to predicting and controlling community dynamics, but interactions can depend on environmental conditions. The stress-gradient hypothesis (SGH) predicts that species are more likely to facilitate each other in harsher environments. Even if the SGH gives some intuition, quantitative modeling of the context-dependency of interactions requires understanding the mechanisms behind the SGH. In this study, we show with both experiments and a theoretical analysis that varying the concentration of a single compound, linoleic acid (LA), modifies the interaction between 2 bacterial species, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Comamonas testosteroni, from competitive at a low concentration, to facilitative at higher concentrations where LA becomes toxic for one of the 2 species. We demonstrate that the mechanism behind facilitation is that one species is able to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced spontaneously at higher concentrations of LA, allowing for short-term rescue of the species that is sensitive to ROS and longer coexistence in serial transfers. In our system, competition and facilitation between species can occur simultaneously, and changing the concentration of a single compound can alter the balance between the two.