High Content Of Vitamin Research Articles

Effects of Carob Extract on the Intestinal Microbiome and Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The legume tree known as carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is indigenous to the Mediterranean area and over the centuries its pods had been traditionally used mostly as animal feed. However, it has gained great attention in human nutrition due to the molecular compounds it contains, which could offer many potential health benefits: for example, carob is renowned for its high content of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, in traditional medicine it is credited with the ability to control glucose metabolism and gut microbiome. Modern science has also extensively acknowledged the numerous health advantages deriving from its consumption, including its anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Due to its abundant contents of pectin, gums, and polyphenols (such as pinitol), carob has garnered significant attention as a well-researched plant with remarkable therapeutic properties. Notably, carob is extensively used in the production of semi-finished pastry products, particularly in ice cream and other creams (especially as a substitute for cocoa/chocolate): these applications indeed facilitate the exploration of its positive effects on glucose metabolism. Our study aimed at examining the effects of carob extract on intestinal microbiota and glucose metabolism. In this review, we conducted a thorough examination, comprising in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials to appraise the consequences on human health of polyphenols and pectin from different carob species, including recently discovered ones with high polyphenol contents. Our goal was to learn more about the mechanisms through which carob extract can support a balanced gut flora and improve one's glucose metabolism. These results could influence the creation of novel functional foods and dietary supplements, to help with the management and prevention of chronic illnesses like diabetes and obesity.

The Profile of Bioactive Compounds in Two Tomato Lines (hp-2 and Atv_aft) When Grown under Low-Input Farming Conditions with or without Mulching and Intercropping

The work analyzed the effect of two types of low-input farming conditions on the yield components and on the bioactive compounds in the pulp and peel of tomato fruits. The first low-input (LI) system involved the application of cow manure and manual weed control; in the second (LIMI), the same system was integrated with mulching (the wood chips of eucalyptus) and intercropping (basil and cabbage plants). The study included the line 392, harboring the hp-2 gene that increases the pigments of plant and fruit; the line 446 with the atv and Aft genes which influence the content of polyphenols; and a commercial control (cv. Rio Grande). The experimental design was a split-plot where the farming system (LI and LIMI) was allocated in the main plot and the genotype was in the sub-plot. Within the main plot, each genotype was replicated three times in three randomized blocks. Mulching and intercropping led to a differentiation in the LIMI with respect to the LI system with higher values of the leaf greenness index (61.3 vs. 53.3 Spad units), the number of fruits (70 vs. 46), and the weight of fruits per plant (2716.6 vs. 2195.0 g). However, the LI system showed a higher content of polyphenols (+37.9%) and anthocyanins (+116.7%) in the peel and a higher content of vitamin C (+44.0%) and polyphenols (+11.1) in the pulp. The less complex LI system stimulated the plants to produce natural antioxidant systems to contrast biotic and abiotic offenders, while the introduction of mitigation elements in the LIMI system reduced the need for protective barriers against the environmental stress. The study also revealed that low-input systems can allow for satisfactory yields, minimizing the use of off-farm resources. Growers can combine factors of sustainable agriculture with specific genotypes to maximize the production of healthier foods.

Antioxidant Activity of Tomato Powder Dehydrated at Different Temperatures

In this scientific research, tomato powder was obtained from two tomato varieties, Pink rock and Big beef, by drying in a dehydrator at two temperatures, namely 50 and 75 °C. The results showed that tomato powder is very rich in phytochemicals, such as lycopene, vitamin C, total phenols. The highest content of vitamin C (mg/100 g of dry matter) was in fresh tomatoes compared to tomato powder, because vitamin C is thermolabile. On the other hand, the highest content of total phenols was 62.916 mg/100 g dry matter, lycopene whose value was 66.6 mg/100 mg, FRAP 4868.75 ?mol Fe/100 g sample in tomato powder dried at 75 °C. Therefore, it can be concluded that tomato powder is rich in antioxidants and that it is recommended in the diet of people when the weather conditions are not suitable for the consumption of fresh tomatoes.

Advances in the Micropropagation and Genetic Transformation of Abelmoschus Esculentus (L.) Moench for Insect Resistance

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, known as okra, is a common vegetable crop in many diets and serves as a nutrient-rich source. It has a high content of protein, vitamins, minerals and compounds of high medicinal value. India tops in the consumption of pods and ranks first among the worldwide total production. It is now widely cultivated in many countries. Among the factors that hamper okra's marketable fruit yield, insect pests are the major ones. As numerous pests attack vegetables, controlling insect pests is one of the key elements to improve the yield of this crop. A workable approach for improving okra yield is micropropagation. It has been employed for a variety of things, including as large multiplication, inducing somaclonal variation to improve the desirable agronomic traits, maintaining certain genotypes, and genetic modification utilising molecular techniques. In this review, we highlight the most significant research on the micropropagation of okra, which is mediated by a variety of regeneration responses. The media and growth regulators for each of the approaches discussed, we go through how transformation techniques for insect resistance have been made possible via micropropagation. Utilizing this technology might be a workable plan to add genes and enhance particular features. Studying molecular pathways is another option provided by genetic transformation. This offers benefits for developing breeding programmes and optimising field production especially the effective use of CRISPR in genetically diverse lepidopteran insects opened options to study gene functions, insect modification, and pest management.

Healthy plant-based diets improve dyslipidemias, insulin resistance, and inflammation in metabolic syndrome. A narrative review

Plant-based diets (PBDs) have become very popular in recent years and have been identified as a dietary strategy associated with protection against chronic disease. However, the classifications of PBDs vary depending on the type of diet. Some PBDs have been recognized as healthful for their high content of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fiber, or unhealthful if they are high in simple sugars and saturated fat. Depending on this classification, the type of PBD impacts its protective effects against disease dramatically. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by the presence of high plasma triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol, impaired glucose metabolism, elevated blood pressure, and increased concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers, also increases the risk for heart disease and diabetes. Thus, healthful plant-based diets could be considered favorable for individuals having MetS. The different types of plant-based diets (vegan, lacto-vegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, or pescatarian) are discussed with a focus on specific effects of dietary components in maintaining a healthy weight, protecting against dyslipidemias, insulin resistance, hypertension, and low-grade inflammation.

Evaluating the recovery of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of unripe red grape liquid extracts obtained by maceration

This paper evaluates the results of extracting bioactive compounds using modern maceration technology, which transforms food products into a liquid extract, based on the example of unripe grapes and its by-product called verjuice. During the extraction process, the indicators of niacin and pyridoxine remained stable, while pantothenic acid and choline increased significantly. During the extraction, the extraction system produced 712 kg of liquid extract, which was characterized by a high content of phenolic compounds and water-soluble vitamins, as well as a high antioxidant activity compared to the measurement obtained for green juice from unripe grapes. Since the estimated liquid extract yield from 950 kg of crushed immature grapes is 847 kg, the actual liquid extract yield was about 80%. The advantages of the maceration extraction method included avoiding the use of solvents or preservatives, low temperature treatment and little oxidative damage. Besides, it enabled enhancing the extraction yield due to introduction of certain post-extraction steps.

Experimental Study of Fruit Drying (Italian Bergamot Origin). By Solar Collectors with Variable Baffles in the Shape of a Cone with an Apex Angle of 45°

The application of solar drying by air-air solar collectors to determine air temperature and drying Bergamot is a citrus fruit native to the Mediterranean, well known in Italy in order to sustainably preserve quality such as freshness and flavor, bergamot is a noble fruit and the properties of bergamot are very good for health. A content like many citrus fruits, bergamot has a high content of vitamin C, the antioxidant vitamin par excellence. , which will allow you to boost your immune defenses and fight against winter diseases. Vitamin C also helps fight against oxidative stress responsible for premature aging of cells. Two good reasons to include bergamot in the kitchen among the minerals, useful for fighting against premature ageing. Finally, it is rich in soluble fiber with multiple health benefits. Sun drying for sustainable conservation management from the citrus family, bergamot is a fruit associated with multiple health benefits. It would be good for digestion, for the prevention of cancer, against fatigue or for weight loss. Keywords/ drying bergamot, solar air-air collectors; from Italy, temperature, baffle solar collectors.

Two haplotype-resolved, gap-free genome assemblies for Actinidia latifolia and Actinidia chinensis shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of vitamin C and sucrose metabolism in kiwifruit

Kiwifruit is a recently domesticated horticultural fruit crop with substantial economic and nutritional value, especially because of the high content of vitamin C in its fruit. In this study, we de novo assembled two telomere-to-telomere kiwifruit genomes from Actinidia chinensis var. ‘Donghong’ (DH) and Actinidia latifolia ‘Kuoye’ (KY), with total lengths of 608 327 852 and 640 561 626 bp for 29 chromosomes, respectively. With a burst of structural variants involving inversion, translocations, and duplications within 8.39 million years, the metabolite content of DH and KY exhibited differences in saccharides, lignans, and vitamins. A regulatory ERF098 transcription factor family has expanded in KY and Actinidia eriantha, both of which have ultra-high vitamin C content. With each assembly phased into two complete haplotypes, we identified allelic variations between two sets of haplotypes, leading to protein sequence variations in 26 494 and 27 773 gene loci and allele-specific expression of 4687 and 12 238 homozygous gene pairs. Synchronized metabolome and transcriptome changes during DH fruit development revealed the same dynamic patterns in expression levels and metabolite contents; free fatty acids and flavonols accumulated in the early stages, but sugar substances and amino acids accumulated in the late stages. The AcSWEET9b gene that exhibits allelic dominance was further identified to positively correlate with high sucrose content in fruit. Compared with wild varieties and other Actinidia species, AcSWEET9b promoters were selected in red-flesh kiwifruits that have increased fruit sucrose content, providing a possible explanation on why red-flesh kiwifruits are sweeter. Collectively, these two gap-free kiwifruit genomes provide a valuable genetic resource for investigating domestication mechanisms and genome-based breeding of kiwifruit.

Organoleptic Test of Swivel Matoa (Pometia pinnata) Ice Cream

Matoa fruit (Pometia pinnata) is a typical Papuan fruit, which has a unique refreshing taste. In addition, the high content of vitamins C and E, can ward off free radicals and increase endurance. In this study, matoa fruit is used as an swivel ice cream flavor enhancer, which is expected to be an alternative utilization of Papua's local food diversity. The method used was making matoa ice cream with the variation of percentage addition for matoa, which are 26%, 34.5% and 48.7%. The results obtained from the ranking test is the asymp value. Sig > 0.05 so it can be concluded that there was no significant difference between the three samples according to the panelists. In the scoring test, it was found that the p value < 0.05 on the taste and aroma parameters (there was a significant difference), but on the color and texture parameters, the p value > 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is no significant difference in the parameters of texture and color.

HEAVY METAL TOXICITY, BIOACCUMULATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN FRESHWATER FISHES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Contamination by heavy metals is a significant concern for the environment owing to their cytotoxicity, endurance, biosorption, as well as biomineralization. Our ecosystem may be contaminated by heavy metals from a multitude of both anthropogenic and natural sources. The major anthropogenic sources of heavy metals are commercial, industrial and agricultural processes; the utilization of fossil fuels and gasoline; waste incinerators; mineral extraction; volcanic eruptions; and the degradation of metal-bearing rocks, the use of chemical inputs in tanneries, textiles, and cut flower industries among many other things. These heavy metals mobility into the water bodies affects the physicochemical properties of the water, endangering aquatic species. When a fish consumes food that has accumulated metals, the gastrointestinal organs, outer skin, and gills are indeed the primary entry points for toxic metals. The most frequent heavy metal pollutants that severely damage fish and have an impact on human health include aluminium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, arsenic, copper, mercury, lead, and zinc. These pollutants were also characterized as systemic toxicants. At modest levels of exposure, each of these heavy metals induces organ dysfunction, and the US Environmental Protection Agency and the International Agency for Research on Cancer have characterized them as oncogenic. The key chemical process underlying metal cytotoxicity is the production of peroxidation. Stress impairs regenerative capacity, damages tissues or organs, lowers the immune response, and results in morphological defects. The abundance of protein content found in fish, along with its high vitamin and fatty acid omega-3 content encourages people to eat fish as a main source of nutrients. As a result, built-up toxic substances in fish muscles are easily transferred to human’s biotransformation, where they have adverse effects that hasten the development of many disorders. As a result, it's indeed vital to explore specific causes of toxic metals as well as associated hazardous impact on fish production in order to implement the laws and legislation pertaining to their conservation in the water habitats, as well as to preserve human existence. The explanations addressed in this research are numerous and varied. For such grounds, this study was produced to enhance our knowledge of heavy metals involvement inside the ecosystem, hazardous mechanisms, including detrimental consequences in fishes.

Promising varieties of sour cherry Prunus cerasus L. with a complex of fruit quality traits for growing in the southern Russia

Southern assortment of cherries does not quite meet the modern requirements of production. Many varieties are low-productive, not resistant to cherry leaf spot ( Coccomyces hiemalis ) and moniliosis ( Monilia cinerea ), small-fruited, with low taste qualities. However, new varieties have been created that have not been studied by the complex of consumer and commodity qualities of fruits. Thus, evaluation of new varieties for these traits is relevant. The aim of the research was to evaluate cherry varieties of different origin for commodity, biochemical, and consumer qualities of fruits. The research was carried out in the Kuban horticultural zone of the Krasnodar territory. Objects of the research were 9 varieties of sour cherry trees. Field and laboratory studies were conducted according to Program and methodology of varietal study of fruit, berry and nut crops (1999), Methodological instructions on chemical and technological variety testing of vegetable, fruit and berry crops for canning industry (1993). Statistical analysis was carried out according to B.A. Dospekhov (2014) and G.F. Lakin (1990). It was found that the average fruit weight of cherry varieties varied not significantly - from 2.72 to 6.45 g, which was confirmed by the coefficient of variation (23.3 %). Indicators of maximum and minimum fruit weight varied significantly in varieties, coefficients of variation were 27.2 and 29.7 %, respectively. The following cherry varieties with large fruits were identified: Timati, Igrushka, Duk Ivanovna, Duk Khodosa, Prizvaniya and Svetlaya. were distinguished. Cherry varieties with high sugar content in fruits were as follows: Feyа, Dzhusi Frut and Igrushka. Feyа, Duk Khodosa, Prizvanie, Svetlaya and Dzhusi Frut had fruits with low acidity; Feyа, Dzhusi Frut and Igrushka fruits were characterized by high content of soluble solids in fruits. Feyа, Igrushka and Duk Khodosa fruits had the highest content of vitamin C; Igrushka, Duk Khodosa, Prizvanie, Svetlaya and Dzhusi Frut were rich in Vitamin P; Duk Khodosa, Prizvanie, Dzhusi Frut and Duk Ivanovna had the largest anthocyanin content. Therefore, Igrushka and Duk Khodosa cherry varieties are recommended for growing in the southern Russia and breeding for improvement of fruit quality.

Genomic prediction of tocochromanols in exotic-derived maize.

Tocochromanols (vitamin E) are an essential part of the human diet. Plant products, including maize (Zea mays L.) grain, are the major dietary source of tocochromanols; therefore, breeding maize with higher vitamin content (biofortification) could improve human nutrition. Incorporating exotic germplasm in maize breeding for trait improvement including biofortification is a promising approach and an important research topic. However, information about genomic prediction of exotic-derived lines using available training data from adapted germplasm is limited. In this study, genomic prediction was systematically investigated for nine tocochromanol traits within both an adapted (Ames Diversity Panel [AP]) and an exotic-derived (Backcrossed Germplasm Enhancement of Maize [BGEM]) maize population. Although prediction accuracies up to 0.79 were achieved using genomic best linear unbiased prediction (gBLUP) when predicting within each population, genomic prediction of BGEM based on an AP training set resulted in low prediction accuracies. Optimal training population (OTP) design methods fast and unique representative subset selection (FURS), maximization of connectedness and diversity (MaxCD), and partitioning around medoids (PAM) were adapted for inbreds and, along with the methods mean coefficient of determination (CDmean) and mean prediction error variance (PEVmean), often improved prediction accuracies compared with random training sets of the same size. When applied to the combined population, OTP designs enabled successful prediction of the rest of the exotic-derived population. Our findings highlight the importance of leveraging genotype data in training set design to efficiently incorporate new exotic germplasm into a plant breeding program.

Влияние технологических параметров на качество травяного напитка из зеленой спаржи (Asparagus officinalis L.)

Green asparagus is widely consumed fresh due to its high nutritional value and a low calorie content. However, its short shelf-life due to a high water content causes high postharvest losses. In this study, we aimed to develop an innovative asparagus herbal drink to ease postharvest losses and diversify asparagus-derived products.
 We investigated the effects of process parameters on the quality of the herbal drink from green asparagus. In particular, we determined the optimal length and grinding size for asparagus and selected suitable blanching and drying methods. Analytical responses included the contents of total soluble solids, polyphenol, carbohydrates, and vitamin C, as well as the visual appearance of asparagus samples. 
 The length of 5 mm was found suitable for subsequent steps as it facilitated an increase in solute in the asparagus infusion. Microwave blanching and convective drying were selected to achieve high contents of total soluble solids, polyphenol, carbohydrates, and vitamin C in the asparagus infusion. Dried asparagus ground into 1.5–2.0 mm particles was packaged into tea bags. The asparagus infusion subjected to sensory evaluation had a yellowish color, a characteristic asparagus flavor, and a relatively sweet taste. Total soluble solids in the infusion amounted to 26%. 
 Our results showed a possibility of developing an asparagus herbal drink which could be a potent product in the commercial market. Therefore, further large-scale studies of the asparagus herbal drink should be carried out to enhance its feasibility in the food industry.

Evaluation of Polyphenols, Vitamin C Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Two Types of Algerian Honey

This study aimed to estimate two different types of Algerian honey: antioxidant contents (total phenols and vitamin C), and levels of antioxidant (DPPH assay) and reducing activity (FRAP assay). Honey samples were characterized by high content of total phenols (314.231 ± 281.346 – 394.231 ± 155.835 mg AG 100 g-1) and low vitamin C values (0.25 ± 0.05 – 0.35 ± 0.05 mg 100 g-1). As a result, the antioxidant activity and reducing capacity values were found to be 9.578 ± 3.157 and 11.255 ± 2.668% for DPPH and 15.240 ± 4.578 to 17.794 ± 8.179 µg 100 g-1 for the FRAP assay. Our data showed that dark honey contains bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant activity.

Long-term profound investigation of Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and indirect pesticide pollution in jute-cropped environmental ecosystem for dietary and ecological risk assessment.

Jute is a healthy vegetable due to its high content of carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals, in addition to its industrial utility. The purpose of this study was to look into the dissipation of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and to track indirect sources of pesticide accumulation in jute ecosystems for three years in a row during tropical monsoon seasons. To avoid the intake of residues over approved limits, a rapid extraction technique was developed to evaluate the residues of this herbicide (Whip-Super 9% EC) in jute leaves, fiber, cropped soil, and water. A modified QuEChERS approach based on liquid chromatography and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) detection was developed and successfully validated in accordance with SANCO requirements. Gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used to examine fish and water samples from jute fields and retting pond for twenty widely-used multi-class pesticide contaminations from indirect sources. Relative standard deviations (RSD) (≤ 20) and recoveries (100-115%) are observed to be within acceptable ranges. In edible jute leaves, independent of season, first-order kinetics of dissipation was recorded, with half-lives ranging from 0.61 to 0.68days. Based on the findings of the risk assessment, it is feasible to conclude that the consumer health risks of ingesting jute leaves are insignificant, even on day zero, when used at the recommended amount, and that using jute bags for food packaging and storage is safe. But jute field water was found to be less polluted with indirect pesticides than water from a nearby jute retted pond. Fish samples from this jute retted pond were also analyzed and found to be 26% contaminated. The presence of quinalphos and chlorpyriphos in jute retting water and fish might pose a concern to consumer health and environmental ecosystems.

Baby Food Purees Obtained from Ten Different Apple Cultivars and Vegetable Mixtures: Product Development and Quality Control

As is well known, apples are the most complex fruit in terms of nutritional compounds, with a high content of fiber, vitamins (vitamins C, A, B3), and minerals. Both fruits and vegetables are important sources of nutrients for infants’ nutrition and healthy development. The purpose of this study was to develop and analyze baby food purees obtained from apples and vegetables. Ten types of baby purees were obtained from the most-consumed varieties of apples from Romania, along with purees of carrots, pumpkin and celery. The resulting samples were analyzed in terms of moisture, ash content, titratable acidity, and vitamin C content. The total polyphenol content was assessed by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while total antioxidant capacity was determined by the DPPH method; moreover, the color parameters and textural properties were also assessed. Following the results obtained, the purees can be introduced into the diet of infants and children, providing them with the necessary vitamins and minerals for optimal development. The analyses performed on both fresh and sterilized products highlighted the effects of heat treatment on the components of the product. The most important changes were observed in the vitamin C content, which was decreased by 50–70% in all ten purees. Total polyphenol content (TPC) increased in sterilized samples up to 70 mg GAE/100 g. Antioxidant capacity (AC) almost doubled its value in some samples after the thermal process application. Regarding the adhesiveness and deformation at hardness, which represented the main parameters for baby’s food, the value increased in the sterilized product, making the product more suitable for infants. This survey provides a detailed description of the development of baby food purees, showing the conveniences of developing purees for children based on fruits and vegetables.

PENETAPAN KADAR VITAMIN C LIMBAH KULIT BUAH APEL MANALAGI (Pyrus malus L.) DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS

Vitamin C is a vitamin that is water soluble and one vitamin that is needed by the body. To meet the intake of vitamin C needed source of vitamin a derived from fruits, one of which is Appel Part of the appel , which is still rarely used is its skin. Apple peel is very beneficial for health however the situation is only considered as waste that has not been utilized well. This study aims to determine the levels of vitamin C on the skin of the Apple ( Pyrus mallus L) by the method of spectrofotometry uv-visible wavelength 243 nm. This research uses experiments with purely research stage comprised sample preparation, qualitative test, making the solution of the parent raw, quantitative test, determination of wavelength of maximum vitamin and creation of calibration surve. Based on the research that has been done, the result of the qualitative test to prove the presence of high content of vitamin C contained in appel peels, with the highest level obtained in the skin of the plantain by 13,534 mg/g extract

Telomere-to-telomere and gap-free reference genome assembly of the kiwifruit Actinidia chinensis.

Kiwifruit is an economically and nutritionally important fruit crop with extremely high contents of vitamin C. However, the previously released versions of kiwifruit genomes all have a mass of unanchored or missing regions. Here, we report a highly continuous and completely gap-free reference genome of Actinidia chinensis cv. 'Hongyang', named Hongyang v4.0, which is the first to achieve two de novo haploid-resolved haplotypes, HY4P and HY4A. HY4P and HY4A have a total length of 606.1 and 599.6Mb, respectively, with almost the entire telomeres and centromeres assembled in each haplotype. In comparison with Hongyang v3.0, the integrity and contiguity of Hongyang v4.0 is markedly improved by filling all unclosed gaps and correcting some misoriented regions, resulting in ~38.6-39.5Mb extra sequences, which might affect 4263 and 4244 protein-coding genes in HY4P and HY4A, respectively. Furthermore, our gap-free genome assembly provides the first clue for inspecting the structure and function of centromeres. Globally, centromeric regions are characterized by higher-order repeats that mainly consist of a 153-bp conserved centromere-specific monomer (Ach-CEN153) with different copy numbers among chromosomes. Functional enrichment analysis of the genes located within centromeric regions demonstrates that chromosome centromeres may not only play physical roles for linking a pair of sister chromatids, but also have genetic features for participation in the regulation of cell division. The availability of the telomere-to-telomere and gap-free Hongyang v4.0 reference genome lays a solid foundation not only for illustrating genome structure and functional genomics studies but also for facilitating kiwifruit breeding and improvement.

Türkiye’de Karadeniz’in Farklı Bölgelerinde Üretilen Balık Unlarının Hayvan Besleme Açısından Değeri

Balık unu gerek insan tüketimine uygun olmayan balıkların, gerekse balıkçılık endüstrisinde arta kalan atıkların işlenip 
 kurutulması veya çeşitli teknolojik işlemlerden geçirilmesi sonucu elde edilmektedir. Balıkçılık endüstrisinin iki ana temel 
 ürünlerinden biri olan balık unu, yüksek aminoasit, vitamin ve mineral madde içeriğiyle yüksek sindirilebilirliğe sahip bir protein 
 kaynağı olarak yemlerde kullanılmaktadır. Balık ununu diğer yem hammaddelerinden üstün kılan en önemli özelliklerden biri de 
 içerdiği esansiyel aminoasitler ve uzun zincirli çoklu doymamış yağ asitleridir. Balık ununun rasyona katılması ile genç 
 hayvanlarda performans ve bağışıklık sistemi olumlu etkilenmektedir. Balık ununun kanatlı rasyonlarına %3-10, sığır ve koyun 
 rasyonlarına %5, domuz rasyonlarına da %10 katılabileceği ifade edilmektedir. Türkiye’de balık unu ve yağı üretiminin önemli 
 kısmı Karadeniz Bölgesinde yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan dört farklı balık unu fabrikasında alınan 
 balık unlarının besin madde içeriği değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre en yüksek değerler; kuru madde (KM) %95.90 (p<0.0001) ve 
 ham kül (HK) %17.20 (p<0.0001) ile D, ham protein (HP) %73.40 (p<0.0001) ile A, ham yağ (HY) %11.33 (p<0.01) ile B, 
 metabolik enerji (ME, kanatlı) 3537.5 Kcal kg-1
 (p<0.001) ile B fabrikasında tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada genel olarak bütün 
 amino asitler bakımından en yüksek değerler A fabrikasında, en düşük değerler D fabrikasında elde edilmiştir (p<0.0001). 
 Esansiyel yağ asitlerinden linoleik ve linolenik asit miktarları bakımından fabrikalar arasında istatistiksel bir farkın olmadığı 
 (p˃0.01), palmitik asit, palmitoleik asit ve oleik asit düzeylerinin ise önemli düzeyde (p˃0.001) B fabrikasında görüldüğü tespit 
 edilmiştir. Ülkemizde yaygın olarak Karadeniz Bölgesinde üretilen balık unları arasında besin madde bileşenleri açısından 
 farklılık olduğu belirlenmiştir

Metabolomic prof iles of Ribes nigrum L. and Lonicera caerulea L. from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov Institute in the setting of Northwest Russia.

Recently, the trend of using fruit and berry crops as ingredients for functional and dietary nutrition, the development and implementation of f lavors, pigments, new medicines and dietary supplements has been actualized. Because the direction of use depends on the biochemical properties of fruits, which are determined not only by species and varietal characteristics, but also by reproduction conditions, the study of the biochemical composition of fruits grown in various regions of the world continues to be relevant. In this regard, the collection of N.I. Vavilov Institute (VIR), which has a wide diversity of fruit and berry crops, is of great interest for study. Ribes nigrum fruits have a balanced set of sugars, organic acids, essential oils, microelements, a high content of vitamins, anthocyanins, pectins. Lonicera caerulea fruits are characterized by high values of phenolic substances: biof lavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, f lavonols, polyphenols, anthocyanins, as well as vitamins, carotenoids, iridoid glycosides and other natural antioxidants. The investigation of L. caerulea and R. nigrum fruit's accessions from the VIR collection using gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows us to obtain new information about the biochemical characteristics of fruits, to identify L. caerulea and R. nigrum varieties with optimal economically valuable characteristics, to determine the specif icity of L. caerulea and R. nigrum metabolomic spectra in the setting of Northwest Russia. As a result of the analysis, typical compounds of the metabolomic prof ile of each culture were identif ied. Organic acids, phenol-containing compounds and polyols prevailed in L. caerulea, while mono- and oligosaccharides, in R. nigrum. The qualitative composition of the black currant varieties 'Malen'kii Printz', 'Dobriyi Dzhinn', 'Tisel', 'Orlovskii Val's', and blue honeysuckle 'S 322-4', 'Malvina', 'Leningradsky Velikan' was optimal for food consumption; the varieties of blue honeysuckle 'Bazhovskaya' and black currant 'Aleander' had a good representation of biologically active compounds, which makes samples attractive as raw materials for the production of biologically active additives, including with the use of microorganisms' cultures.