Higher Total Sugar Content Research Articles

White versus blue: Does the wild ‘albino’ bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) differ in fruit quality compared to the blue one?

Wild albino and blue bilberry fruit were analyzed to compare different fruit characteristics linked to the composition of primary and secondary metabolites. Compounds were identified using HPLC–MS and standard quality parameters were determined. Albino berries were significantly smaller, accumulated less water and were characterized by 23% higher dry weight. Soluble solids content and pH value were higher in albino bilberry and their surface was lighter and characterized by a yellow hue. Both bilberry forms accumulated identical individual sugars and organic acids; however, the albino form had 33% higher content of total sugars and 9% higher content of total organic acids compared to the blue type. Fifteen anthocyanins were identified in both forms, but in albino bilberries, individual anthocyanins were only detected in traces. Blue bilberry contained 1.6-fold higher levels of flavanols, 2.1-fold higher levels of flavonols, 2.5-fold higher levels of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and consequently, 4.6-fold higher total phenolic content.

EFFECT OF POTASSIUM HUMATE APPLICATIONS ON FRUIT YIELD AND THEIR QUALITY OF Carica papaya PLANT GROWN UNDER ORGANIC CULTURE CONDITIONS

In order to study the effect of potassium humate on yield and some fruit properties of seedling papaya plant, an experiment was conducted at an organic private orchard located in El Mamoura at Alexandria Governorate, Egypt during 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons .The experiment included four complete treatments (Soil application of 5 or 10 ml potassium humate every two months to each plant from first of March to end of August), (Soil application of 2.5 or 5 ml potassium humate every month to each plant from first of March to end of August), and control (without application of potassium humate). The yield per plant per period from September to next May (kg) and some fruit characteristics, such as fruit weight (g), length (cm), width (cm), flesh thickness (cm), total soluble solids ( % ), total sugar ( % ), total acidity (%) and content of β carotenes (mg / 100 g of fresh) were recorded Results indicated that Soil application of (10 ml potassium humate every two months) and Soil application of (5 ml potassium humate every month) of both seasons gave the highest yield (kg) and the differences were being significant among them and the three other treatments. Also Soil application of (10 ml potassium humate every two months) gave the highest fruit weight, length and width and significantly increased compared with the other investigated treatments in most cases, in addition the differences between flesh thickness values were not big enough to be significant between treatments in most cases. According to chemical fruit properties, the highest TSS values were obtained under Soil application of (10 ml potassium humate every two months) and significantly increased compared with the other treatments, also Soil application of (10 ml potassium humate every two months) gave the highest total sugar and significantly increased compared with the other treatments except the difference between Soil application of (10 ml potassium humate every two months) and Soil application of (5 ml potassium humate every month), was slightly not significant. A according to total carotenes, (control) gave the lowest values and significantly decreased compared with the other treatments Conclusively, the obtained results give basis to conclude that, soil applying seedling papaya plant with potassium humate had a positive effect on yield and fruit quality. The most beneficial treatment in this concern is applying with 10 ml potassium humate every two months started from beginning of March to end of August which gave a reasonable yield and high fruit weight and dimensions with high content of TSS and total sugar and could be considered as a recommended treatment under the conditions of this experiment.

Phytochemicals, nutritionals and antioxidant properties of miracle fruit Synsepalum dulcificum

Synsepalum dulcificum, also called the miracle fruit, which has the sweet-inducing activity can be used as additives in food, medicine and cosmetic industries. Some selected chemical properties of miracle fruit including percentage by weight, total anthocyanin, phenolic and antioxidant content of different parts of miracle fruit as well as physicochemical analysis of seed oil, nutritional elements of fruit juice were determined in this study. The results showed that miracle fruit contains a large amount of vitamin C (40.1mg/100g fresh fruit weight (FW)), phenolic content (625.57mg GAE/100g FW), high antioxidant capacity (457.3μmol Trolox/100g FW) and low total sugar content (5.6g/100g FW), suggesting that the fruit is healthy for human consumption. According to its fatty acid composition and Triacylglycerol (TAG) profile, miracle fruit seed oil is rich in oleic and palmitic acid.

The flavor and nutritional characteristic of four strawberry varieties cultured in soilless system.

Strawberry fruits (cv. Benihoppe, Tochiotome, Sachinoka, and Guimeiren) were harvested and evaluated the flavor and nutritional parameters. By principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis, differences were observed based on the volatile compounds composition, sugar and acid concentration, sweetness, and total soluble sugars/total organic acids of the four varieties. A total of 37, 48, 65, and 74 volatile compounds were identified and determined in cv. Benihoppe, Tochiotome, Sachinoka, and Guimeiren strawberry fruits extracted by head‐space solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME), respectively. Esters significantly dominated the chemical composition of the four varieties. Furaneol was detected in cultivars of Sachinoka and Guimeiren, but mesifuran was only found in cv. Tochiotome. Tochiotome and Sachinoka showed higher content of linalool and (E)‐nerolidol. Sachinoka showed the highest content of total sugars and total acids. Guimeiren showed higher sweetness index than the other three cultivars. Firmness of Tochiotome was highest among all the varieties. The highest total soluble solids TSS value was found in cv. Sachinoka, followed by the Guimeiren and Tochiotome varieties. Sachinoka had the highest titratable acidity TA value. The content of ascorbic acid (AsA) of cv. Tochiotome was higher than the others, but there was no significant difference in cultivars of Benihoppe, Tochiotome, and Sachinoka. Fructose and glucose were the major sugars in all cultivars. Citric acid was the major organic acid in cv. Tochiotome, cv. Sachinoka, and cv. Guimeiren. Tochiotome had higher ratios of TSS/TA and total sugars/total organic acids than others, arising from its lower acid content. The order of the comprehensive evaluation score was Sachinoka>Guimeiren>Tochiotome>Benihoppe.

Comparison of major taste compounds and antioxidative properties of fruits and flowers of different Sambucus species and interspecific hybrids

Differences in the content of sugars, organic acids, total phenolics and antioxidative activity have been evaluated among three different elderberry species (Sambucus nigra, Sambucus cerulea, Sambucus javanica) and seven interspecific hybrids. The highest content of sugars has been determined in the fruits of JA×CER hybrid and the lowest in fruits of (JA×NI)×cv. Black Beauty hybrid. S. nigra berries contained highest levels of total organic acids. S. nigra and (JA×NI)×CER flower extracts were characterized by 1.3- to 2.8-fold higher content of total sugars compared to other species/hybrids analyzed. Total phenolic content (TPC) in berries ranged from 3687 to 6831mg GAE per kg FW. The highest TPC has been determined in S. nigra fruits and flowers. The ABTS scavenging activity differed significantly among species and hybrids and ranged from 3.2 to 39.59mMtrolox/kgFW in fruits and 44.87–118.26mMtrolox/kgDW in flowers.

Impact of baking time and temperature on nutrient content and sensory quality of sweet potatoes

ABSTRACTSweet potatoes are a valuable economic asset to Louisiana. The impact of baking time and temperature on cook loss, vitamin C content, total sugars content, and sensory quality of sweet potatoes were compared when baked at 325°F, 375°F, and 425°F for 60, 45, and 30 minutes respectively. The 325°F sample had a significantly lower vitamin C content and a significantly higher total sugars content compared to the other two samples. However, the 425°F sample had a significantly lower percent cook loss compared to the other two samples. The 425°F sample had a significantly lower cook loss and total sugars compared to the 325°F samples. Untrained consumer panelists perceived the 425°F sample to be significantly less tender and less liked than the other two samples. These results have important implications for chefs, the food industry, and nutritional feeding programs.

Storage of fresh-cut swede and turnip: Effect of temperature, including sub-zero temperature, and packaging material on sensory attributes, sugars and glucosinolates

Freezing point of fresh-cut swede (Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica Rchb.) and turnip (Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapifera Metzg.) dice was measured by the cooling curve method, and mean equilibrium freezing points were found to be −2.67 and −1.97°C, respectively. This indicates that storage of fresh-cut swede and turnip at temperatures below 0°C is possible. Fresh-cut swede and turnip were packed in pouches made of biaxially oriented polypropylene film, and a film based on polylactic acid, and stored for 10 d at −2, 0, 5 and 10°C. One sample of each vegetable was stored at −2°C for 5 d, followed by 5 d of storage at 5°C. Differences in sensory quality between storage at −2°C and 0°C were found in appearance attributes only. Both swede and turnip had higher evenness of colour at −2°C than at 0°C. Storage at −2°C vs. 0°C gave lower whiteness for swede but higher for turnip, and lower intensity of hue for turnip only. Increased storage temperature from 0°C to 5 or 10°C did not change appearance in swede, but in turnip hue and colour intensity increased, and colour evenness and whiteness decreased. Differences in odour, taste and flavour during storage at 5 or 10°C vs. 0°C were prominent for turnip: decreased sour odour and flavour, green odour and flavour, sulphurous odour and sweet taste, and increased muddy odour and cloying odour and flavour for 5°C or 10°C. For swede, higher storage temperature gave only increased intensity of sulphurous odour and pungent odour. Texture changed for turnip only with decreased juiciness with increased temperature. The lowest temperature (−2°C) gave the highest sucrose content in both swede and turnip, the highest total sugar content in turnip and the lowest glucose content in swede. Higher storage temperature resulted in higher content of total indolic glucosinolates in both fresh-cut swede and turnip, but a lower content of total aliphatic glucosinolates in turnip only. Increased contents with increased storage temperature were found for glucobrassicin and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin in both vegetables, and decreased contents for glucobrassicanapin and gluconapin in turnip and glucoalyssin in swede. Storage in polylactic acid film resulted in higher weight loss than the biaxially oriented polypropylene film in both vegetables.

Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum: Dilute solution and some physicochemical properties

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of various temperatures (25–65°C) on some dilute solution properties of Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum (AHSG) as a novel potential source of hydrocolloid. Monosaccharide composition, FTIR analysis and molecular parameters were determined to provide more structural information. The results indicated that AHSG had a low molecular weight (3.66×105Da), medium intrinsic viscosity (18.34dl/g) at 25°C, relatively flexible chain with a chain flexibility parameter of 618.54, and activation energy of 0.51×107J/kgmol. With rise in temperature from 25 to 55°C, the intrinsic viscosity decreased as well as coil radius and volume of AHSG. The shape factor of AHSG macromolecule was spherical at all temperatures. The electrostatic interaction and particle size of AHSG solution were −25.81mV (at neutral pH) and 225.36nm, respectively. The results revealed that AHSG had high total sugar content (85.33%), small amount of uronic acids (5.63%) and it is likely a galactan-type polysaccharide. The FTIR spectra showed that AHSG behaved like a typical polyelectrolyte because of the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups.

An in vitro analysis of the cariogenic and erosive potential of pediatric liquid analgesics.

Analgesics such as Ibuprofen and Paracetamol, which are clinically used for the treatment of fever and/or pain, are among the most frequently used pediatric medicines. However, the properties of these preparations determine their cariogenic and erosive potential. The main objective of this study was to analyze the pH, viscosity and total sugar content in a variety of Syrian pediatric liquid analgesics (PLA). A total of 16 available liquid analgesics that belong to the Paracetamol and Ibuprofen group were analysed. The endogenous pH was measured using a digital pH meter, the viscosity was measured using a digital rotational viscometer and the total sugar content was performed according to Fehling method. Data were presented by means of descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values). The mean endogenous pH of PLA was 4.63 ± 0.57 ranging between 3.93 and 5.68, and almost all of analgesics (93.8%) had pH values ≤5.5. The mean viscosity of PLA was 243.56 ± 186.6 cP and varied between 20.5 cP and 640.5 cP. Sugars were detected in 11 (68.75%) analgesics, and varied considerably among sugar-containing analgesics from 5.38 to 69.4 (g/100 mL) with a mean concentration of 24.97 ± 23.24 g/100 mL. PLA are potentially cariogenic and erosive because of low pH, high viscosity and high total sugar content. This may increase our concerns about the dental health of children who take liquid analgesics frequently or when long-term treatment is indicated.

Greek-Style Yogurt and Its Application in Cheesecake

The objective of this study was to use Greek-style yogurt as a cream cheese replacement in cheesecake products. Four treatments of Greek-style yogurts with two dried ingredients (skim milk powder: SMP, and sweet whey powder: SWP) and two levels of total solids in milk mixture (TSM: 15 and 25%) were manufactured in triplicate. The mean pH of SWP milk mixtures was lower than SMP milk mixtures. SMP and SWP yogurts had similar pH to CCC, but had higher moisture and lower fat content. Both yogurts at 25% TSM had higher protein content compared to CCC. SWP yogurt at 25% TSM had higher total sugar content as compared to other treatments and CCC. 9-Point hedonic scale was used to monitor sensory evaluation of no-bake cheesecake made with yogurts in comparison to CCC. SMP and SWP cheesecakes had lower smoothness, creaminess, and saltiness scores, while sourness scores were higher as compared to CCC cheesecake. Sweetness scores of SMP and SWP cheesecake at 25% TSM were higher than CCC cheesecake. Although overall acceptance of SMP and SWP cheesecakes were lower than CCC cheesecakes, the scores could still be interpreted as ‘like slightly’ to ‘like moderately’. The results indicate that Greek-style SMP and SWP yogurt could be used instead of cream cheese to make lower-fat cheesecake with acceptable sensory scores. 

Biochemical evaluation of low temperature stress tolerant groundnut genotypes

Sixteen low temperature stress tolerant groundnut genotypes were evaluated for the levels of crude fat, crude protein, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and total sugars from the defatted meals. Out of 16 genotypes, four genotypes viz., NRCG 1613, NRCG 9799, NRCG 12212 and NRCG 2510, germinated at 15°C, and the contents of proline and extracted soluble proteins from leaf material were resolved on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel in order to observe the differences, if any, in banding patterns under stressed condition. The seeds of low temperature stress tolerant genotype ICG 6888 demonstrated the highest fat content of 52.46%, followed by 49% in NRCG 9799. Among the 16 genotypes, ICG 1298 and ICG 6570 recorded the highest crude protein content of 38.5% in their defatted meals followed by 37.62% in ICG 7005. The reducing sugar content in defatted groundnut seeds was also recorded and the genotype ICG 1256 showed the highest reducing sugar content of 1.60%, followed by 1.40% in ICG 3942. The highest total sugar content was recorded in ICG 1298 with 9% followed by 8.10% in ICG 1256.

Efficient regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for recalcitrant indica rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Rice shoot apices have been selected as the potential explant for genetic transformation since lesser time for regeneration and lower incidence of somaclonal variants were reported as compared to embryogenic callus. Utilizing this explant, efficient regeneration and Agrobacterium transformation protocol have been developed for the recalcitrant Malaysian indica rice, MR219. In this study, 4 mg/L of KIN was selected as the suitable cytokinin for multiple shoot formation as compared to TDZ and BAP. KIN was able to produce relatively high number of shoots as well as producing good quality shoots with the highest total chlorophyll content, and moderately high total soluble sugar content. In-vitro shoots were successfully acclimatized in glasshouse without signs of infertility. The optimization of the Agrobacterium-mediated protocols revealed that Agrobacterium supervirulent strain EHA101, shoot apices derived from 4 days old seedlings, excised wounded explants, 30 minutes of bacterial immersion time and 72 hours (3 days) of co-cultivation gave the highest percentage of plant transiently expressing two reporter genes – GFP and GUS. After 30 days of hygromycin selection and PCR verification of the putative transformants, the transformation efficiency was reported to be 5.83%. The established regeneration system and transformation protocol for MR219 rice shoot apices will serve as an essential fundamental platform for the production of transgenic rice with superior traits.

Combining ability and character association of agronomic and biochemical traits in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Information on combining ability and gene action that governs inheritance of yield and quality related traits can help breeders to select suitable parents and devise an appropriate breeding strategy. In the present study ten parents were used in a crossing program in line×tester mating design to study combining ability for sugar composition in pea. Among the parents, HFP94-26, PantP25, DVP1, PantP101, DMR7 and DDR80 were used as lines and DDR27, DDR44, DVP2 and DMR58 were used as testers. Parental lines and their crosses were evaluated for nutritional parameters as well as yield and its components. Lines, tester and crosses together revealed significant differences for all the traits. Biochemical traits in general were not associated with yield component traits. Genotypes DMR7, DDR80 and DVP2 had good general combining ability for high sucrose and total sugar content at green stage while DMR7 had high GCA for these traits at dry stage. These genotypes could serve as potential donors in a vegetable pea breeding programme for enhancing sweetness in elite genotypes. For the total sugar content the two best specific combiner crosses were HFP94-26×DMR58 and PantP101×DDR44. These crosses can be used for isolation of superior lines combining sugar content and high yield in the segregating generations.

흑마늘과 남해특용작물을 혼합 첨가하여 제조한 소시지의 품질특성

Abstract In this paper, we made sausages which included 1% black garlic extracts at 15 °Bx mixed with 0.3% dried powders of Curcuma longa L. (ST1), Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten (ST2), Asparagus ocinals L. (ST3) and Aloe vera (ST4), re spectively, and evaluated the quality of the sausage by instrumental analysis an d sensory evaluation. The sausages were stor ed at 8°C for 4 weeks. In terms of color intensity, ST2 provided the highest lightness (L) and redness (a), while the yellowness (b) was the highest in ST3. In the initial duration, the control group of sausage showed the highest texture measurement. ST4 had the lowest pH level (highest acidity). These outcomes decreased as the storage time became longer. In the initial storage duration, the ST4 had the highest total sugar content (17.64±0.92 mg/100g), and this increased with longer storage duration. Since the contents of TBARS for the proposed sausages had been incremented, the initial contents were generally lower than those of the control sausages. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was performed as 89.11±0.66~99.22±0.09% at the 1000 μg/mL level during the initial day of storage. To conclude, the sausages supplemented the black garlic with the proposed dried powders have a high chance of being a suitable commercial product for both customs and marketing eld.

Post anthesis stages moisture deficit stress and grain nutritional quality in wheat genotypes

Impact of post anthesis moisture stress imposed for 10, 17 and 24 days on nutritional quality was investigated in ten leading wheat varieties, viz., RSP-566, RSP-561, PBW-396, HD-2687, C-306, PBW-175, RSP-81, PBW-550, DBW-17 and WH-542. PBW-175 and RSP-561 were found highly drought stress tolerant genotypes, possessing highest values and lowest reduction in relative water content under all duration of water stress. As an impact on grain quality, a declining trend in starch levels and raising trends in total protein and total sugar levels were recorded with increasing intensity of moisture stress. Under normal irrigated condition, both starch and total protein contents were highest in HD-2687 and RSP-561, whereas PBW-175 carried highest total sugar content with low level of starch content. However, under moisture stress condition drought sensitive HD-2687 and RSP-566 showed higher increase in levels of total protein and sugar with maximum decay in starch level under all moisture stress conditions, whereas moisture stress tolerant RSP-561, PBW-396 and PBW-175 were able to maintain highest starch content with less increase in total protein and total sugar levels.

눈개승마 지상부의 항혈전 활성

The oriental traditional medicine, Aruncus dioicus var kamtschaticus (ADK) is used for hemostasis (blood stopping) and the promotion of blood circulation. Recently, the demands of the aerial part of ADK as edible mountain herbs are rapidly increased due to its unique fragrance and bioactivity. In this study, to evaluate the anti-thrombosis activity of ADK, ethanol extract and organic solvent fractions were prepared from aerial parts of ADK, and their anticoagulation and anti-platelet aggregation activities were determined. In an anticoagulation activity assay, the ethanol extract of ADK increased the thrombin time, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 1.4–2.3 times at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. Among the fractions, the ethylacetate fraction showed strong inhibitory effects against blood clotting factors, as shown in an extension of the aPTT. In contrast, the butanol fraction strongly promoted blood clotting. In an anti-platelet aggregation assay, the activity of the ethanol extract was comparable to that of aspirin, a commercial anti-platelet aggregation agent, and the butanol fraction showed 2-fold higher aggregation inhibitory activity than aspirin. The aforementioned ethanol extract and active fractions have ignorable hemolytic activity against human red blood cells up to a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Considering the high content of total polyphenol, total flavonoid, and total sugar of the ethylacetate and butanol fractions, the purified active substances have potential as safe and novel anti-thrombosis agents. This report provides the first evidence of anti-thrombosis activity of ADK.

국내 외식 식품 중 밥류 및 찬류의 당 함량 분석에 관한 연구

The objective of this study was to investigate the total sugar content of cooked rice (e.g. Bokkeumbap, Deopbap,Bibimbap, Gimbap, Chobap) and side dishes (Jjigae, Kimchi, Jangajji) by using HPLC analysis. Samples were col-lected from six regions in Korea (Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, Gangwon-do, Jeonla-do, Gyeongsangdo).In cooked rice, the total sugar content in Bibimbap (8.537g/100g), Jangeo-deopbap (3.207g/100g), and Saladgim-bap (2.394g/100g) was higher than that of other cooked rice. Also the analysis results showed that the total sugarcontent of cooked rice with spice and sauce added was a little higher than that of other kinds of cooked rice. Fromthe analysis of Jjigae, it was shown that Doenjang-jjigae (1.805g/100g) from the Jeonla-do region had the highesttotal sugar content while there was no difference in total sugar content from the other regions. In case of Kimchi,that from Jeonla-do and Gyeongsang-do was very sweet, salty, and spicy, and the total sugar content was higherthan that from the other regions. The highest total sugar content among the analyzed Kimchi was in Godeulppaegi-kimchi with a value of 8.188g/100g. In addition, the total sugar content in Jangajjie, as a pickle among side dishes,was shown to be higher than that of the other side dishes with the highest range among Jangajjie of 32.865g/100gto 41.846g/100g being found in Maesil-jangajji.

아임계 추출법을 이용한 해조류 추출물의 특성

This study was performed in order to investigate the functional components of 5 kinds of marine algae. We have collected 5 samples of marine algae, such as the sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida), sea tangle (Laminaria iaponice), sea weed fusiforme (Hizikia fusiforme), green laver (Entetomotpha), laver (Phophyratenera), which have been harvested in Jeollanam-do. In order to examine the functional effects, 5 kinds of marine algae were extracted with hot water (80°C, 4 hr), ethanol and methanol (R.T., 4 hr), and subcritical water extract (SWE, 3 MPa, 90°C, 150°C, 210°C). A higher yield of extract was obtained through SWE method (3 MPa, 210°C) in all of the samples obtained. The highest total sugar content was 427.4 mg/g in green laver extracted with SWE (3 MPa, 210°C). The content of the SWE total phenolic compounds was higher than that of the water and solvent (methanol, ethanol) extracts. The anti-oxidative activities of the extracts from 5 kinds of marine algae were examined through the DPPH radical scavenging activity test. The SWE (3 MPa, 150°C and 210°C) of the marine algae was the highest among all of the extracts. As per the results, the SWE of the marine algae contained more functional components and it had a higher antioxidant activity than those of the other extracts. The IC50 value of tyrosinase in seaweed fusiforme and laver were higher than those of the other samples. These results strongly support the possible use of marine algae as functional materials.

Evaluation of plum cultivars grafted on ‘Wangenheim Prune’ rootstock in the northeast of Poland

ABSTRACT The study was conducted in the years 2007-2012 at the Didactic and Experimental Station of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn in order to select plum cultivars suitable for growing on ‘Wangenheim Prune’ rootstock in northeastern Poland. The study encompassed the following plum cultivars: ‘Herman’, ‘Čačanska Rana’, ‘Dąbrowicka Prune’, ‘Promis’, ‘Elena’ ‘Tolar’, ‘Bluefre’, ‘Top’, ‘President’ and ‘Valor’. The measurements taken included: trunk growth, yield, weight of one fruit, size of fruit, the content of dry matter, ascorbic acid, total and simple sugars and organic acids. We found that the ‘Valor’ and ‘Herman’ trees grew the best and ‘Top’ grew the most poorly. The highest yields were gathered from the ‘President’, ‘Valor’ and ‘Bluefre’ trees. ‘Bluefre’ had the largest fruit size. The highest content of dry matter was found in the fruit of ‘Tolar’, ‘Valor’ and ‘Promis’. The fruit of ‘Bluefre’, ‘Tolar’ and ‘Top’ had the highest concentration of ascorbic acid. The highest content of total sugars and simple sugars was detected in the fruit of ‘Tolar’, while the highest concentrations of organic acids were found in the fruit of ‘Čačanska Rana’, ‘Dąbrowicka Prune’ and ‘Top’. ‘Promis’, ‘Herman’, ‘Valor’, ‘Top’ and ‘Tolar’ had the highest sugar/acid indexes.

Erosive and cariogenicity potential of pediatric drugs: study of physicochemical parameters

BackgroundPediatric medications may possess a high erosive potential to dental tissues due to the existence of acid components in their formulations. The purpose was to determine the erosive and cariogenic potential of pediatric oral liquid medications through the analysis of their physicochemical properties in vitro.MethodsA total of 59 substances were selected from the drug reference list of the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), which belong to 11 therapeutic classes, as follows: analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, corticosteroids, antihistamines, antitussives, bronchodilators, antibacterials, antiparasitics, antiemetics, anticonvulsants and antipsychotics. Measurement of pH was performed by potentiometry, using a digital pH meter. For the Total Titratable Acidity (TTA) chemical assay, a 0.1 N NaOH standard solution was used, which was titrated until drug pH was neutralized. The Total Soluble Solids Contents (TSSC) quantification was carried out by refractometry using Brix scale and the analysis of Total Sugar Content was performed according to Fehling’s method. In addition, it was analyzed the information contained in the drug inserts with regard to the presence of sucrose and type of acid and sweetener added to the formulations.ResultsAll drug classes showed acidic pH, and the lowest mean was found for antipsychotics (2.61 ± 0.08). There was a large variation in the TTA (0.1% - 1.18%) and SST (10.44% - 57.08%) values. High total sugar contents were identified in the antitussives (53.25%) and anticonvulsants (51.75%). As described in the drug inserts, sucrose was added in 47.5% of the formulations, as well as citric acid (39.0%), sodium saccharin (36.4%) and sorbitol (34.8%).ConclusionThe drugs analyzed herein showed physicochemical characteristics indicative of a cariogenic and erosive potential on dental tissues. Competent bodies’ strategies should be implemented in order to broaden the knowledge of health professionals, drug manufacturers and general consuming public about the risks from the consumption of medicines potentially harmful to dental tissues.