High Silica Content Research Articles

Study on strength, durable and flexural behaviour of partial replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash over cement

Tonnes of cement are produced and used due to boom in infrastructure sector. During the process of production of cement, lot of CO2 has been emitted. It is estimated around 4%–8% of CO2 has been emitted from cement production. There is high need for address this issue. Because of its renewable nature and high silica content, Agriculture waste ash is gaining popularity as a viable alternative to traditional cementitious materials. It has been found by (Hernandez et al ) that Sugarcane bagasse ash shows good pozzolanic activity. Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a waste-free renewable energy source made from sugarcane fibres. Many attempts have been made to study the SCBA as partial replacement for cement. The same has been checked in this study with extension for structural members have been done. The results of tests on concrete and concrete containing a partial replacement of cement made from sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) are the most important details in this text. The substitution of 10% SCBA resulted in the greatest increase in compressive strength, followed by a modest increase in split tensile strength maximum strength. The study findings allow for the conclusion that the Concrete that was built has high durability qualities. The flexural behaviour also showed very good performance. The use of Bagasse Ash shows improved performance due to is micro grain size and crystallographic nature. The replacement of 10% SCBA results in overall better performance.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) residue management: Key to sustainable wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the rice-wheat cropping system

Rice straw poses a significant challenge for rice-wheat cropping systems owing to its high silica content, often leading farmers to burn or remove it for seedbed preparation. However, these practices harm the environment. A study spanning the Rabi seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 aimed to address this issue, evaluating diverse rice straw management techniques. The investigation featured seven treatments, including the removal and incorporation of rice straw, to assess their impact on wheat yield and their economics. The experiment followed a randomized block design, ensuring each treatment appeared in every block, maintaining block uniformity. The treatments encompassed variations in recommended Nitrogen doses, straw incorporation, top dressing with nitrogen, and decomposer application. The wheat variety PBW-373 was utilized as the test crop, and various growth and yield attributes were analyzed. Treatment T6 consistently outperformed other approaches over both years. It entailed incorporating 5 t ha-1 of rice straw alongside 125% of recommended nitrogen, 60 kg ha-1 of phosphorus, and 40 kg ha-1 of potassium, with the application of additional top dressing nitrogen. T6 exhibited substantial improvements in wheat yield attributes, including plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf characteristics, tiller count, spike length, grains per spike, and grain weights, and generated superior economic outcomes compared to alternative methods. Incorporating rice straw into the soil emerged as a promising strategy to enhance soil quality and productivity while addressing environmental concerns. This research underscores the potential of sustainable rice straw management, with maximum benefits demonstrated through the integrated application of Crop residues with a decomposer consortium and additional nitrogen fortification (at 125%). This approach provided a proof of concept to bolster the rice-wheat cropping system's viability and promote both agricultural and ecological benefits. This work offers a valuable roadmap for farmers to adopt ecologically sound practices while optimizing wheat production within the context of the intricate rice-wheat cropping system.

Smooth scouringrush (Equisetum laevigatum) control with glyphosate is affected by surfactant choice and application time

AbstractSmooth scouringrush is a creeping perennial with a high silica content in stems that may impede herbicide uptake. Smooth scouringrush has become a troublesome weed in no-till cropping systems across eastern Washington. In previous field studies, glyphosate provided inconsistent control of smooth scouringrush. The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of an organosilicone surfactant to glyphosate would improve the efficacy and consistency of control through stomatal flooding. To test this hypothesis, glyphosate was applied at three field sites at 3.78 kg ae ha–1 alone, with an organosilicone surfactant (OS1 or OS2), an organosilicone plus nonionic surfactant blend, or an alcohol-based surfactant applied during the day or at night. Stem counts were recorded 1 yr after herbicide applications. Five of the six effective treatments observed across the three study sites included organosilicone surfactant or an organosilicone plus nonionic surfactant blend. At two sites, when there was a difference in efficacy between application times; daytime applications were more effective than nighttime applications. These results support the hypothesis of stomatal flooding as a likely mechanism for enhanced efficacy of glyphosate with the addition of an organosilicone surfactant. However, at one site, the treatments containing organosilicone surfactant were more efficacious when applied at night than during the day. At this site, high daytime temperatures and low relative humidity may have resulted in rapid evaporation of spray droplets. The addition of an organosilicone surfactant to glyphosate is recommended for smooth scouringrush control, and daytime treatments are preferred but should be applied when temperatures and humidity are not conducive to rapid droplet drying. Further research is necessary to confirm that stomatal flooding is responsible for improved glyphosate efficacy.

A TAGUCHI-TOPSIS HYBRID TECHNIQUE TO ENHANCE THE FRETTING WEAR CHARACTERISTICS FOR SiC AND SILICA-ENRICHED BLA-REINFORCED AZ91D Mg ALLOY-BASED MMCs

This investigation intends to come up with a cost-efficient and easily available bamboo leaf ash (BLA) which has high content of Silica, as an effective and complimenting reinforcement for the production of magnesium alloy-based metal matrix composites. By incorporating SiC and BLA reinforcement to AZ91D Mg alloy, the composites were made using the bottom pouring stir casting technique. The ratio between SiC and BLA in the composite, respectively, varied as 0:0, 6:0, 0:6, 4:2, 3:3, 2:4 wt.%. Fretting wear is one of the fundamental modes of wear for any mating parts which have vibration with low amplitude. In this study, an integrated Taguchi-TOPSIS is adapted to make the process variables more optimal for fretting wear of composites. Material composition, load, temperature, time, frequency and stroke length are selected as process parameters. The objective is to minimize the coefficient of friction, volume loss and surface roughness. Using the TOPSIS approach, the multi-criteria optimization approach was reduced to a single-criteria issue. The results revealed AZ91D/2 wt.% SiC/4 wt.% BLA, 10N, room temperature, 30-min, 30 Hz and 0.7 mm stroke as optimal parameters. Microscopic study demonstrates that fretting wear occurs in the partial slip zone for the composite tested at optimal condition. With temperature, the wear regime in composites shifts from partial slip to mixed fretting, whereas in alloys, the wear regime shifts from mixed fretting to gross slip. When the correct set of circumstances are available, hybrid composite can function well as a replacement for traditional materials in machineries vulnerable to fretting wear.

Effect of Silica Content on Cellular Structural and Hygroscopicity of Modified Cassava Starch Foam

AbstractThe growth in polymer production is influenced by the high demand from the packaging sector. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is one of these materials that is widely used in disposable packaging, however, this generates waste that occupies a large volume and is difficult to degrade. Starch, a naturally occurring and biodegradable polysaccharide, may be an alternative in the search for a renewable source material. However, starch foams have some limitations related to their hygroscopicity. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of silica content (1%, 2%, and 3%) on the cell structure and surface hygroscopicity of cassava starch foams. The foams containing starch, glycerol, and water are produced by thermo‐compression molding. Results show that, at lower contents, silica acts predominantly as a nucleating agent, generating smaller cells in the foam. At the higher silica content, it plays a more efficient role in reducing the affinity of the starch for water. The formulation with 2% silica shows the highest density (0.232 g cm−3), impact strength (2067 J m−2), and contact angle (84.8°).

Phase evolutions, microstructure and physico-mechanical properties of ceramics from Meiganga kaolin: effect of Na/K2O and CaO addition

ABSTRACT This paper examines the potential use of pegmatite and marble as additives in amalgamation with Meiganga kaolin to produce stoneware products capable to resist high temperatures as well as enhancement the mechanical characteristics. Two series of ceramic products were formulated by partly replacing kaolin with 0, 3, 5 and 7 wt% of both pegmatite and marble wastes. The specimens were sintered at 1000°C, 1050°C and 1100°C. Fired ceramic samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the microstructure of the products was determined using an environmental scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Also, the physico-mechanical properties were evaluated. Results divulged that, the addition of pegmatite or marble to kaolin enhances the strength of the ceramic body and act as a fluxing agent by promoting vitrification and glassy phase in clay after firing. The highest flexural strength results were observed with 7 wt% of pegmatite added at 1100 °C, with an increase ~ 35% compared to the control sample. High silica and alumina contents in pegmatite fill in voids, providing densification matrices. The incorporation of pegmatite allows to obtain a ceramic with better mechanical properties and energy saving as compared by the conventional ceramic.

Effects of incorporating silica glass powder as a supplementary cementitious material on selected properties of portland cement mortar

The use of waste glass powder as a partial replacement for cement is an emerging practice for sustainable cement-based construction. Several studies have demonstrated that finely ground-powdered glass could be an interesting supplementary cementitious material (SCM). However, the performance of such material is influenced by the chemical composition of glass and its pozzolanic reactivity. In this context, the goal of this study is to investigate the use of silica-glass powder (SGP), which is characterized by a high content of silica (>96%), as a partial replacement of Portland cement in mortar. In this research work, mortars containing 7.5%, 10, 12.5, 15 and 20% SGP in replacement of an amount of cement, with three different water-to-binder ratios of 0.55, 0.60 and 0.65 are studied. Selected properties have been investigated at both fresh and hardened stages, which include workability, air content, flexural and compressive strengths estimated by destructive and non-destructive methods, water absorption by capillarity, permeability to chlorides and chloride ions diffusion. The experimental results confirm that incorporating SGP improves the mechanical strength of the mortar, notably in the long-term, and can considerably enhance its durability properties, especially by a decrease in sorptivity of the mortar and by an increase of its resistance to chloride ions diffusion. Correlations between selected physical and mechanical properties and certain durability indices are also established and discussed in this study.

Extraction and Characterization of Bio-Silica from Sri Lankan Traditional Rice Husks and Evaluation to TLC Application

Rice husk (RH) is one of the most abundant agricultural wastes, but can be identified as a useful bio resource. Gonabaru, Kahawanu, Patchaperumal, Dahanala and Suwandel are five immerging traditional rice varieties, competing with genetically improved rice in Sri Lankan rice market. Ash content of RHs of traditional rice varieties (>20.0%) was comparatively higher than genetically improved rice. It was identified that additional acid washing step was essential to improve the purity of bio silica. Mineral impurities such as Na, K, Ca, Fe and Mn were determined using atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). High silica content was extracted from RHs of traditional rice varieties (>23.0%) than that of improved variety, BW 364 (~16.2%). The functional groups present in Rice husk ash (RHA) and rice husk silica (RHS) were determined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The potential application of purified RHS was observed by preparing and analyzing the thin layer chromatography (TLC) in comparison with commercial TLC silica.

Characterization of groundnut shell ash as partial replacement of cement for cheaper construction in north-western Nigeria

Groundnut is an important cash crop produced in large quantity in North-Western Nigeria. The production of ground nut reached its peak in Nigeria during the period of 1969 to 1980s, when approximately 1.7 million tonnes of the pods were produced from an area of 1.9 million hectares. This enormous waste is presently not being harnessed productively in other than burning, which is a major air pollution and indiscriminate dumping that cause environmental hazard. Groundnut husk when burnt under controlled temperature has been found to be rich in silica. The benefit of high silica content makes it very useful pozzolanic material and a good possible admixture in concrete production. Conversion of wastes to wealth is the new vogue all over the world; this is not only to reduce environmental degradation and pollution but also to effectively put these wastes into use that would be beneficial to mankind. This paper investigated the suitability and application of Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) from Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara states as pozzolanic and siliceous partial mineral admixture in cement production for cheaper, improved strength and durability of mortar and concrete making in North-Western Nigeria. Six sandcrete blocks using groundnut shell ash (GSA) as partial cement admixture were investigated for each replacement levels of cement to GSA ration of 100/0%, 90/10%, 80/20%, 70/30%, 60/40%, and 50/50% with groundnut shell ash. The results indicated that the strength of the sandcrete decreases with increase of cement above 20% replacement.

Phytoliths analysis in root, culm, leaf and synflorescence of Rostraria cristata (Poaceae).

Phytoliths (siliceous structures) present in the plants have been employed in the fields of taxonomy and archaeology for many decades. Rostraria cristata is an economically important grass species (Poaceae) which accumulates silica in its different organs in the form of phytoliths. In order to understand the pattern of phytolith production and biochemical architecture of silica in R. cristata, leaf epidermis (blade) using the clearing solution method and different organs using the dry ashing method, X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy techniques were analyzed. Both abaxial and adaxial leaf epidermis showed the presence of acute bulbosus, rectangular sinuate and stomata phytolith morphotypes. Leaf including sheath and blade had the highest silica content. Characteristic phytolith morphotypes were present in different organs. A total of 34 phytolith morphotypes were present among which nine (9) were articulated and 25 were isolated forms. The most abundant were elongate scrobiculate (48.20%) in root and rectangular sinuate (26.16%) in leaf part. Other common phytolith morphotypes present in different organs of R. cristata were articulated elongate irregular, articulated elongate scrobiculate, acute bulbosus, and polygonal rondel etc. Leaf and synflorescence had the highest similarity based on presence/absence of phytolith morphotypes (Jaccard's similarity index). XRD studies revealed the presence of cristobalite, quartz, tridymite, zeolite etc. forms of silica in different organs. FTIR spectra showed that inplane stretching vibration of Si-C was unique to root, anti-symmetric stretching vibration of C-H was unique to leaf and Al2O3.SiO2 was found in synflorescence only. Our results show the characteristic pattern of phytoliths production in R. cristata.

SINTESIS SILIKA GEL DARI LIMBAH SEKAM PADI (Oryza Sativa) DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI JENIS ASAM

Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is a material that has the potential to be used in Indonesia because of its high production with sampling results during the rice milling process which produces quite a lot of waste, which is equal to 20% of the grain weight with the characteristics of rice husk which is coarse, has low nutritional value, has a high density. low and high ash content. The high content of silica in rice husk can be a reference for its use as a raw material for making silica. Through this research the authors did this to determine variations in the concentration of acid types on the quality of the water content (%) of the resulting silica gel and to determine the characteristics of acid type silica gel. After conducting research using quantitative methods through data collection and data processing, it was found that the concentration of various types of hydrochloric acid (HCl) had a higher level of water content than the type of citric acid (C6H8O7), obtained the concentration of 9 M, while the FTIR test results showed that silica in the type of acid used contained OH groups which identified silanol (SI-OH) absorption range 3450 - 3550 cm-1 and siloxane functional groups (Si-O) absorption ranges of Si-O functional groups, namely 1075 - 1095 cm-1.

The use of rice husk in the substrate composition increases Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom production and quality

Rice husk is a waste generated in large quantities in various countries, although its reuse is limited due to low nutritional quality and high silica content. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate using raw or carbonized rice husks to partially substitute eucalyptus sawdust in substrates to produce the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. The substrates were formulated with proportions of 0 to 100% of eucalyptus sawdust and raw or carbonized rice husks. P. ostreatus was grown for 90 days on the substrates to evaluate mycelial growth, fresh mass production, biological efficiency, and protein and fat content. The organoleptic quality of the mushrooms produced was evaluated by sensory analysis. The substrates’ moisture, pH, and C and N contents were evaluated before and after cultivation. The substrates with 25 and 50% of raw or carbonized rice husk in a mixture with sawdust provided nitrogen and water more adequately to the fungus, improving the fresh mass production, the protein content of mushrooms, and biological efficiency (75–83%) compared to the reference substrate (100% eucalyptus sawdust), without altering the sensory quality. Given the environmental issues caused by carbonization, using raw rice husk in a mixture of up to 50% eucalyptus sawdust is recommended for P. ostreatus production.

Adsorption of Cu (II) from Cu Standard Solution Using Expanded Perlite

The research aimed to determine the ability of expanded perlite to adsorb or remove Cu (II) metal ions in the solution. Furthermore can be used to reduce Cu levels in the aquatic environment caused by industrial and mining waste. Expanded perlite is a product of perlite resulting from heating at temperatures above 1000°C. Perlite is a volcanic product contains high silica content and a lot of water content so when heating occurs will increase the porosity and surface area that can cause adsorption. Expanded perlite sized < 1 mm can be utilized in the remediation process of mining waste because it is effective in the adsorption of ions such as Cu so as not to be in aquatic environtment. Expanded perlites, effectively used in the adsorption process, have a grain size of < 1 mm with a dose of 60 g/l. An experimental batch test method was carried out with the parameters of pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time to determine the ability of expanded perlite to adsorb Cu (II). The optimum pH in the Cu (II) metal ion adsorption process was 7 and reached equilibrium within 240 minutes. The adsorption equilibrium (chemical adsorption due to cation exchange) that can be absorbed by 1 gram of expanded perlite is 6.11 mg Cu (II), while the maximum adsorption capacity (physical adsorption due to the hydroxyl group bonded to silica has a high electronegativity value so that it can attract positively charged ions) that can be absorbed by 1 gram of expanded perlite is 1.47 mg Cu (II).

Hydration, Microstructure, and Properties of Fly Ash–Based Geopolymer: A Review

Abstract Geopolymers have gained attention as a potential eco-friendly alternative to Portland cement, primarily due to their reduced carbon dioxide emissions and the opportunity to repurpose industrial waste materials. Fly ash (FA), a byproduct of coal combustion, has been favored as a raw material for geopolymer concrete owing to its widespread availability and high concentrations of alumina and silica. The development and application of fly ash–based geopolymer concrete can contribute significantly to production of sustainable construction materials. An in-depth analysis of fly ash–based geopolymer concrete has been conducted to explore its potential as a substitute for traditional concrete. This review encompasses the underlying reaction mechanism, strength, long-term durability, and microstructural characteristics of geopolymer concrete. The present review paper shows that adding the optimal quantity of fly ash improves the performance of fly ash–based geopolymer when exposed to extreme durability conditions, as well as improving strength properties. The microstructural analysis shows that when fly ash is added, the microstructure of the concrete matrix would be dense and packed. However, challenges remain in adopting fly ash–based geopolymer concrete for large-scale construction projects, as the existing literature presents inconsistencies in the reported strength, durability, and test results. Further research is necessary to consolidate knowledge on the behavior and mechanism of fly ash–based geopolymer concrete and to ultimately provide comprehensive data to support its widespread implementation in the construction industry.

Progress on Separation and Hydrothermal Carbonization of Rice Husk Toward Environmental Applications.

Owing to the increasing global demand for carbon resources, pressure on finite materials, including petroleum and inorganic resources, is expected to increase in the future. Efficient utilization of waste resources has become crucial for sustainable resource acquisition for creating the next generation of industries. Rice husks, which are abundant worldwide as agricultural waste, are a rich carbon source with a high silica content and have the potential to be an effective raw material for energy-related and environmental purification materials such as battery, catalyst, and adsorbent. Converting these into valuable resources often requires separation and carbonization; however, these processes incur significant energy losses, which may offset the benefits of using biomass resources in the process steps. This review summarizes and discusses the high value of RHs, which are abundant as agricultural waste. Technologies for separating and converting RHs into valuable resources by hydrothermal carbonization are summarized based on the energy efficiency of the process.

Applicability of Rice Husk Residue Generated by the Silica Extraction Process to Anaerobic Digestion for Methane Production

Rice husks are a feedstock of biogenic silica because of their high silica content. After silica extraction, a solid residue comprising mostly carbohydrates is present. Solid residue valorization is important for closed-loop systems using rice husk and has minimal negative environmental impacts. In this study, we used solid rice husk that was generated by silica extractionto anaerobic digestion for producing biomethane. The rice husk residue was characterized in terms of total solids, volatile solids, pH, composition, and particle size. Changing the characteristics increased biogas production by 2.48-fold compared to that of raw rice husk. The residue produced 166.4 mL-biogas g−1 vs. and 100.4 mL CH 4 g−1 VS, much more than previously reported. Microbial community analysis, which was conducted to investigate the biological reasons for increased biogas and methane, found increased Bacteroidetes levels in the rice husk samples. Among archaeal communities, Bathyarchaeota was more abundant in all rice husk samples than in the inoculum. The rice husk residue contained more operational taxonomic units than other samples. These changes in the microbial community significantly influenced the anaerobic digestion of the rice husk residue and improved methane production. Our findings provide a basis for the cleaner utilization of rice husk residue to produce renewable energy.

From transparent to structural white: Modulating nanoscale self-assembly in silica and nanocellulose composites

The opaque white and glossy structural color of composite films made of cellulose nanorod crystals (CNC) and silica (SiO2) nanospheres is elucidated by the formation of nanoscale self-assembled domains. Films of pure CNC and SiO2 made by evaporation induced self-assembling are transparent. Surprisingly, composite films of CNC-SiO2 (50:50) with high silica content are opaque, white and glossy. High photon flux SAXS combined with SEM reveal the formation of CNC and SiO2 self-assembled domains having different interparticle interactions and distances. The opaqueness, white color and transparency of the films are all explained by the multiple scattering and diffuse reflection of the incident light from the structural domains of CNC, SiO2 and CNC-SiO2. Understanding the self-assembly mechanisms of nanostructures enable efficiently engineer composites of functional optical properties for applications such as in sensors and bio-diagnostics.

Itaconic Anhydride as a Bio-Based Compatibilizer for a Tung Oil-Based Thermosetting Resin Reinforced with Sand and Algae Biomass

In this work, renewable composites were prepared by the association of a thermosetting resin synthesized via free-radical polymerization, using a mixture of tung oil, n-butyl methacrylate, and divinylbenzene, with silica-rich fillers, namely an algae biomass with high silica content, and a well-sorted sand. Furthermore, to investigate if the interaction between the non-polar resin and polar reinforcements could be improved, enhancing the materials’ mechanical properties, itaconic anhydride, a bio-derived molecule obtained from itaconic acid, was introduced to the resin composition. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) suggested that the thermal stability of the composites was overall not changed with the addition of itaconic anhydride. The mechanical properties of the sand composites, however, did improve, as the storage modulus at room temperature, measured by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), almost doubled in the presence of itaconic anhydride. The glass transition temperatures of the materials increased by approximately 30 °C when sand was used as a reinforcement. Water absorption experiments validated an increase in the polarity of the unreinforced resin by the addition of itaconic anhydride to its formulation. The composites, however, did not exhibit a significant difference in polarity in the presence of itaconic anhydride. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), demonstrated better matrix–filler adhesion in the presence of itaconic anhydride for high-silica algae composites.

Pengaruh Abu Sekam terhadap Populasi dan Serangan Lalat Kacang (Ophiomyia phaseoli) pada Tanaman Kedelai

&lt;p&gt;The bean fly (&lt;em&gt;Ophiomyia phaseoli)&lt;/em&gt; is a major pest of soybean in Indonesia which causes the plants to die early in growth. Most farmers use insecticide synthetics to control this pest. Therefore the alternative control of bean flies is needed to reduce reliance on farmer's usage of chemical pesticides. One of the alternative control is with application of husk ash that has a high silica content. This study examined husk ash to know the effect of husk ash to population and proportion of bean flies attacks. This research conducted in Pengkok Village, Kedawung, Sragen from June - September 2019. The method used was field experiment with a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with one factor, namely the dose of husk ash five levels (0 tons ha-1, 1.25 tons ha-1, 2.5 tons ha-1, 3.75 tons ha-1, and 5 tons ha-1) and five replications. The results showed that the application of husk ash not affected significantly on the adults of the bean fly population, but affected significantly the percentage of attacks only in the cotyledons. The application of rice husk ash can reduce the percentage of attack on the cotyledons by 2.11-3.04% than without husk ash application. The number of plant deaths apparently followed the populations of bean flies. Furthermore, the height of soybean with application looked taller than without application.&lt;/p&gt;

Freeze-thaw cycle and abrasion resistance of alkali-activated FA and POFA-based mortars: Role of high volume GBFS incorporation

Alkali-activated binders made from various waste products can appreciably reduce the emission of CO2 and enhance the waste recycling efficiency, thus making them viable substitutes to ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-based binders. Waste materials including fly ash (FA), palm oil fuel ash (POFA), and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) reveal favorable effects when applied to alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) that are mainly related to the high contents of silica, alumina, and calcium. Therefore, fifteen AAM mixes enclosing FA, POFA with high volume of GBFS were designed. The obtained GBFS/FA/POFA-based AAMs were subjected wet/dry and freeze/thaw cycles. The impact of various GBFS contents on the microstructures, freeze-thaw cycle, abrasion resistance, mechanical and durability features of the proposed AAMs were evaluated. The results showed that presence of Ca can significantly affect the AAMs durability features and long-term performance. The abrasion resistance of the AAMs was decreased with the decrease of CaO contents. Furthermore, the abrasion depth of 70% AAMs (0.8 mm) was lower in comparison to the mix made by replacing 50 wt% of FA with GBFS (1.4 mm). Generally, increase in the GBFS contents from 50 to 70% could largely impact the AAMs properties under aggressive environmental exposure. The expansion and physical impacts during the freezing-thawing cycles was argued to destroy the bonds in C–S–H and paste-aggregates, causing the formation of large cracks. It is asserted that the AAM mixes made from FA, POFA and high volume of GBFS may offer definitive mechanical, durable, and environmental benefits with their enhanced performance under aggressive environments.