High Rutin Content Research Articles

Production of phenolic compounds in hairy root culture of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn)

Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn (tartary buckwheat) is an excellent medicinal and nutrient-rich crop. It has a high content of rutin and other phenolic compounds. An experiment was conducted to investigate in vitro production of phenolic compounds from hairy root culture of tartary buckwheat. Hairy root growth was promoted by increasing culture time in MS medium. The highest hairy root growth reached up to 11.2 g/l dry weight at 18 d after placement. Transformation was confirmed by PCR using rol genes, rol A (304 bp), B (797 bp), C (550 bp), and D (1035 bp) genes which is transferred into hairy roots from the Ri-plasmid in Agrobacterium rhizogenes and is responsible for the induction of hairy root from plant species. Rutin, quercetin, (−) epicatechin, (−) catechin hydrate, gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid were identified both in hairy and wild type roots of tartary buckwheat. The main compound found in the both types of root was epicatechin followed by rutin. The concentration of phenolic compounds in the hairy roots of tartary buckwheat was several-fold higher compared with wild type roots of same species. Our results indicate that hairy root culture of F. tataricum is a valuable alternative approach for the production of phenolic compounds.

Antinociceptive peripheral effect of Achillea millefolium L. and Artemisia vulgaris L.: both plants known popularly by brand names of analgesic drugs

The hydroalcohol extracts of Achillea millefolium L. (AM) and Artemisia vulgaris L. (AV), both belonging to the Asteraceae family, were evaluated by the hot plate, writhing, formalin and intestinal transit tests in an attempt to confirm their folk use as analgesic, antiinflammatory and antispasmodic agents. AM 500 and 1000 mg/kg significantly inhibited abdominal contortions by 65% and 23%, respectively, whereas AV 500 and 1000 mg/kg inhibited them by 48% and 59%, respectively. None of the extracts produced differences in the intestinal transit in mice, nor in the response time in the hot plate or in the immediate or late responses in the formalin test. In HPLC/DAD analyses 'fingerprint', monitored at 360 and 270 nm, both hydroalcohol extracts showed the same flavonoid glycoside as a principal constituent, which was identified as rutin. A high content of caffeic acid derivatives were also found in both extracts. The main differences were observed at 240 nm: AM had a higher content of rutin, while in AV the hydroxybenzoic acid derivative was the major component.

Isolation of polyphenols from the extracts of olive leaves ( Olea europaea L.) by adsorption on silk fibroin

General objective of the present work was to assess the isolation of polyphenols from olive leaves. The effects of extraction conditions on the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of olive leaf extract (OLE) were investigated. An extract with good antioxidant activity (7.52 mmol of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/g olive leaf extract), and a high content of oleuropein (13.4%) and rutin (0.18%) could be obtained using 70% ethanol as extraction solvent. There was a good correlation between the antioxidant activity and the total phenol content. Furthermore, silk fibroin was used as a novel adsorbent to recover the polyphenols from the olive leaf extracts. The adsorbed amounts of rutin and oleuropein were 15 mg rutin/g silk fibroin and 96 mg oleuropein/g silk fibroin. Fraction consisting of mainly oleuropein and fraction rich in rutin, luteolin-7-glucoside, verbascoside, apigenin-7-glucoside were obtained by using silk fibroin filled column. Silk fibroin was found to be a promising adsorbent for the purification of oleuropein and rutin from olive leaf extracts.

Protective effects of ethanolic extracts of buckwheat groats on DNA damage caused by hydroxyl radicals

Buckwheat, including common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moehch) and tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum Tartaricum Gaerth), is widely cultivated in the northwest part of China and its groats is rich in antioxidant compounds. In order to understand its antioxidant activity, the protective effects of the ethanolic extracts from four buckwheat groats on DNA damage caused by hydroxyl radical are examined by two different methods, and the reducing power, chelating activity, and total phenolic contents are also determined. The results show that the buckwheat ethanol extracts (BEE) possess strong capability to protect DNA from being damaged by hydroxyl radical, which may be attributed to their chelating activity on iron and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Among the four buckwheat samples, ethanol extracts from two tartary buckwheat samples show that its DNA protective ability is higher than that from two common buckwheat samples because of their high rutin, quercetin and phenolic content.

Rutin and flavonoid contents in three buckwheat species Fagopyrum esculentum, F. tataricum, and F. homotropicum and their protective effects against lipid peroxidation

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the rutin content of three buckwheat species: Fagopyrum esculentum, Fagopyrum tataricum and Fagopyrum homotropicum, and to evaluate their antioxidant capacity. In total, 11 cultivars/accessions were analyzed. The contents of both rutin and total flavonoids were significantly different depending on species, 0.02% and 0.04% in F. esculentum, 0.10% and 0.35% in F. homotropicum, and 1.67% and 2.04% in F. tataricum, respectively. Three buckwheat species exhibited a dose–response effect in inhibiting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) peroxidation. The antioxidant activity decreased in the order: F. tataricum > F. homotropicum > F. esculentum. Linear regression analysis revealed a correlation between antioxidant activity and rutin content (R2 = 0.98) or total flavonoids content (R2 = 0.77) in all buckwheat cultivars/accessions. This work shows that rutin plays an important role in antioxidant activity of buckwheat seed. It provides useful information for buckwheat breeding to develop high rutin content varieties.

Varietal and year variation of rutin content in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentumMoench)

Five varieties of common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) were tested in field experiments for three years. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the variety and environmental conditions on rutin distribution in the plant. The rutin content was determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in stems, leaves and flowers at flowering stage and in achenes at maturity. The selected varieties differed statistical significantly in the rutin content in leaves, stems and achenes. Krupinka was the variety with the highest rutin content in the aboveground part of a plant. The tetraploid variety did not contained higher rutin level than diploid varieties. Krupinka had the highest rutin content in leaves contrary to the other varieties, which had the highest rutin content in flowers. Weather conditions influenced the rutin content in flowers, stems and achenes. The plant part with the highest rutin content can be different in diverse years.

Varietal Differences of Rutin, Protein and Oil Content of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) Grains in Kyushu Area.

九州で栽培されたソバ遺伝資源の子実の化学成分の特徴を明らかにするため,九州の在来種を含む内外の遺伝資源を2年間栽培し,ルチン,粗蛋白および粗脂肪の含量について調査した.ルチン含量の品種間の変異幅は粗蛋白および粗脂肪の含量と比較して大きかった.ルチンおよび粗脂肪の含量は品種間差異よりも年次間差異が大きかった.ネパールの品種にはルチン含量の高い品種が認められたが,ネパール以外では原産地別の品種の特徴が明らかでなかった.一方,ルチンの蓄積には環境要因として登熟期間中の温度が高いと有利であることが示唆された.子実重とルチン含量の間には両年とも有意な負の相関が,粗蛋白含量と粗脂肪含量の間には両年とも有意な正の相関が認められたが,千粒重や製粉歩留等と各成分含量との関係は明らかでなかった.

Induced Accumulation and Potential Antioxidative Function of Rutin in Two Cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum L.

The rutin (quercetin-3-rhamnosyl-glucoside) content of two tobacco cultivars (Nicotiana tabacum L.) which differ in their ozone-sensitivity was assayed after exposure to various rutininducing stimuli. In the growth-chamber, UV radiation in combination with white light led to the accumulation of similar amounts of rutin in both cultivars. Treatment with radical producing agents (tert-butylhydroperoxide and paraquat) also led to rutin accumulation. In this case, the rutin content was higher in the tolerant cultivar. The rutin content was also higher in the tolerant cultivar upon exposure of the plants on an out-door stand, even when the UV-part of the sun spectrum was excluded by cut-off filters. The potential role of rutin as antioxidant was tested with an ion leakage assay. Plants with relatively high rutin content were less sensitive towards paraquat-induced ion leakage than plants without rutin. Thus, the higher rutin content of the ozone-tolerant cultivar Bel B may well contribute to its tolerance against oxidative stress.

Lipids of the biomass ofRuta graveolens, grownin vivo andin vitro

A lower content of chlorophylls, phospholipids, and linolenic acid and a higher content of rutin, carotenoids, and xanthophylls in the biomass ofRuta graveolens L. obtainedin vitro has been found as compared with these indices from the epigeal part of the plant grownin vivo.

Uncaria elliptica a major source of rutin.

Chromatographie analysis of fresh leafy shoots of Uncaria elliptica revealed that rutin and (–)–epicatechin are the major flavonoids present together with trace amount of one unidentified polyphenol. The leaves of U. elliptica generally contain much more rutin (up to 20.2 g %) then the woody tissues. There is a significant difference between the amounts of rutin and (–)–epicatechin in the young and old leaves. The polyphenols content in the leafy or woody plant materials vary with their physiological age. The high rutin content in the young leaves of U. elliptica makes this plant a very profitable source for commercial supply of rutin.

Factors affecting the rutin contents of dried buckwheat meals

The distribution of rutin in Tartary and Japanese buckwheat was determined at three ages of the plant. Fractional drying and screening produce a leaf meal of high rutin content. Wilting in the sun was evaluated as an ajunct to artificial drying of buckwheat for production of dried meals.