High Oleic Acid Content Research Articles

Evaluation of allergenic protein profiles in three Chinese high-oleic acid peanut cultivars using NanoLC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry

High oleic-acid peanuts are known for their pre-longed shelf-life and health benefit due to high content of oleic fatty acid. However, the allergenicity and allergenic protein profiles in Chinese high-oleic peanuts have yet to be studied. For this purpose, an Orbitrap Fusion mass spectrometry (MS)-based method that is feasible for identification of putative allergenic protein as well as semi-quantitation of five major allergen protein in three different Chinese high-oleic peanut cultivars (JH 13, JH 16 and JH 18) have been reported. Results show that three Chinese high-oleic acid peanut cultivars selected all contained highly allergenic proteins Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3 and Ara h 6. The allergenic protein profiles of Chinese high-oleic acid peanut cultivars were very similar to that of conventional peanuts, but the allergenic protein subunits varied greatly among high-oleic peanuts. Additionally, a comprehensive peptide-filtering pipeline had been developed for identification of potential peptide markers in peanut allergen proteins. Through the peptide-filtering pipeline, three novel peptide markers, IVQIEAKPNTLVLPK, SSNPDIYNPQAGSLR and AQSENYEYLAFK surrogate to Ara h 1, Ara h 3 with high abundance, good MS response and highly reliability were identified, which can be used as candidate peptide markers for the detection of peanut allergens in different food matrices.

Oxidative stability of high oleic palm and hazelnut skin oil blends

AbstractHigh oleic palm oil (HOPO) with high oleic and palmitic acid contents is a new vegetable oil that needs to find further use in food applications, while hazelnut skin oil (HSO) with high oleic acid content is a by‐product of hazelnut oil production and have no commercial value. The aim of the study was to obtain new oil blends for new food formulations with high oxidative stability and low (or reasonable) saturated fatty acid content using HOPO and HSO. For this aim, they were blended in the proportions of 0 to 100% (wt/wt), and fatty acid and tocol compositions, induction period and storage stability of the blends were evaluated. Tocotrienols (560.94 mg/kg) constitute the majority of the tocol content of HOPO, while tocopherols (437.69 mg/kg) were the major tocols of HSO. HOPO has a higher saturated fatty acid composition and lower monounsaturated fatty acids content than HSO. In general, it was determined that increasing the HSO ratio in oil blends reduced their oxidative stabilities, which is most likely because HSO is richer in total unsaturated fatty acids (91.8%) than HOPO (68.4%). In addition, tocotrienols are known to be stronger antioxidants than tocopherols. Although HOPO is rich in γ‐tocotrienol, which has a strong antioxidant activity, it also has some disadvantages such as having a high price and containing significant levels of saturated fatty acids (mainly palmitic acid). The optimum blend ratio was then determined as 50% HOPO:50% HSO considering oxidative stability and fatty acid compositions.

Effect of Olive Pomace Oil on Cardiovascular Health and Associated Pathologies.

Background: olive pomace oil (OPO) is a nutritionally relevant fat due to its high oleic acid content (C18:1) and the presence of a wide range of minor bioactive components. Although numerous in vitro and preclinical studies have been developed to study some of its characteristic components, the health effect of prolonged OPO consumption is unknown. Methods: a randomised, blinded, cross-over, controlled clinical trial was carried out in 31 normocholesterolemic and 37 hypercholesterolemic subjects. Participants consumed 45 g/day of OPO or sunflower oil (SO) for 4 weeks, each preceded by a 3-week run-in/wash-out phase with corn oil (CO). Results: regular consumption of OPO and SO had no statistically significant effect on any of the markers related to lipid profile, blood pressure, and endothelial function in both groups, except for eNOS levels, which were close to statistical significance due to the effect of oil (OPO and SO) (p = 0.083). A decrease in visceral fat (p = 0.028) in both groups was observed after OPO intake, accompanied by an increment of leptin (p = 0.017) in the hypercholesterolemic group. Conclusion: reducing visceral fat after prolonged OPO intake might contribute to improve cardiometabolic status, with a potentially positive effect on the vascular tone. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm the present results.

Characterization of High Oleic Gene Pool and Validation of the Identified Genomic Regions Controlling Oleic Acid Content in Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)

The increase of oleic acid content has become one of the major goals of plant breeders to improve sunflower oil quality, as high content of oleic acid increases the oil’s stability to oxidative degradation at high temperatures and as well has been suggested to reduce cholesterol in blood plasma thereby reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. In this study 120 inbred lines of high oleic gene pool were characterized for yield, its attributing traits, oleic content and then validated with two known microsatellite molecular markers linked to oleic acid content. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation as well high heritability and high genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for oleic acid content. This indicated the presence of the additive type of gene action controlling the trait. Further, the two molecular markers under the study exhibited differentiating bands between all the high and low oleic inbred lines. Hence the validated markers from this study, linked to the high oleic acid trait could be further used in marker-assisted selection and would greatly contribute to develop stable high oleic acid breeding lines.

Chemical composition of kabuli and desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars grown in Xinjiang, China.

Chickpeas are a very important legume crop and have abundant protein, carbohydrate, lipid, fiber, isoflavone, and mineral contents. The chemical compositions of the four chickpea species (Muying-1, Keying-1, Desi-1, Desi-2) from Xinjiang, China, were analyzed, and 46 different flavonoids in Muying-1 were detected. The moisture content ranged from 7.64 ± 0.01 to 7.89 ± 0.02 g/100 g, the content of starch in the kabuli chickpeas was greater than that in the desi chickpeas, the total ash content ranged from 2.59 ± 0.05 to 2.69 ± 0.03 g/100 g and the vitamin B1 content of the chickpeas ranged from 0.31 to 0.36 mg/100 g. The lipid content ranged from 6.35 to 9.35 g/100 g and the major fatty acids of chickpeas were linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids. Both kabuli and desi chickpeas have a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs), Muying-1 and Desi-1 contained the highest level of linoleic acid, and Keying-1 had the highest oleic acid content. The protein level ranged from 19.79 ± 2.89 to 23.38 ± 0.30 g/100 g, and the main amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and arginine acid. The four chickpea species had significant amounts of essential amino acids (EAAs). Forty-six varieties of flavonoids in Muying-1 were determined by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS) analysis, and there were higher levels of conjugate flavonoids (55.95%) than free flavonoids (44.05%). Isoflavones were the most abundant flavonoids in Muying-1, and among the isoflavones, daidzin had the highest content, followed by biochanin A and genistin. Muying-1 was rich in daidzin, biochanin A, genistin, troxerutin, isorhamnetin, astilbin, L-epicatechin, astragalin, acacetin, hyperoside, and myricitrin. Information provided in the study will be helpful to further understand the chemical composition of chickpeas and be beneficial to the development of chickpeas.

Low Tree Vigor, Free Palmette Training Form, and High Planting Density Increase Olive and Oil Yield Efficiency in Dry, Sloping Areas of Mediterranean Regions

Exploiting biodiversity must be considered today an effective strategy to improve the sustainability of olive production systems. The evaluation of local cultivars, based on their vegetative and fruiting traits, along with an analysis of product quality, may contribute significantly to the development and diffusion of new olive-growing systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate growth, productivity, and olive oil quality of three Sicilian cultivars with different vigor/growth habit grown in four different combinations of training form and planting density. ‘Abunara’, ‘Calatina’, and ‘Nocellara del Belice’ olive trees were planted in four different intensive planting systems: 2 × 5 m trained to central leader (CLx2), 3 × 5 m trained to free palmette (FPx3), 4 × 5 m trained to small globe vase (GVx4), and 5 × 5 m trained to poly-conic vase (PVx5) and evaluated for seven years. Planting systems with low-density showed faster growth (trunk cross section area and canopy volume) than high-density systems. High-density systems had higher yield per hectare but lower yield per tree than low-density systems. ‘Calatina’ was the least vigorous but most productive cultivar. ‘Abunara’ and ‘Nocellara’ were relatively vigorous and suffered the tight spacings of high-density systems. Yield efficiency was generally high in ‘Calatina’, and it showed an increase with time in ‘Abunara’ and ‘Nocellara’ grown under the GVx4 and PVx5 systems. Fruit yield per hectare was highest in ‘Calatina’ grown under high-density systems. Oil yield was lower in ‘Nocellara’ than in ‘Abunara’ and ‘Calatina’. In terms of oil quality, ‘Calatina’ and ‘Abunara’ produced oils with higher oleic acid content than ‘Nocellara’. Generally, ‘Calatina’ has production characteristics of considerable interest, which, combined with low canopy volume and vigor, make it suitable for intensive pedestrian olive orchards with high levels of harvest and pruning mechanization and using different strategies and machines. Overall, for their management flexibility, these planting systems can contribute to improve sustainability of the olive industry even in sloping, dry areas of the Mediterranean.

Comprehensive Nutritional Analysis, Antioxidant Activities, and Bioactive Compound Characterization from Seven Selected Cereals and Pulses by UHPLC-HRMS/MS.

Cereals and pulses comprise the largest proportion in a typical Indian diet plate. This research mainly focuses on determining the nutritional composition, bioactive compound characterization, and antioxidant activities of seven selected cereals and pulses. The total carbohydrate content was high in unripe banana (67.65/100 g) and arrowroot (63.76/100 g). Finger millet (44.55 μmol %), chickpea (53.33 μmol %), and green gram (17.40 μmol %) showed high oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid contents, respectively. The ascorbic acid content was the highest in chickpea and horse gram at 86.83 and 83.76 mg/100 g, respectively. The major phenolics and flavonoids quantified and confirmed using HPLC and UHPLC-HRMS/MS were gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, para-coumaric, ferulic, chlorogenic, sinapic, and trans-cinnamic acids, rutin, and quercetin. The sample extracts showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity to combat the reactive oxygen species. Hence, these serve as an excellent source for the development of functional food formulations for lowering the risk of various diseases.

Effect of the extraction technique on the bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of the Chamaerops humilis L. fruit (pulp and seeds)

Chamaerops humilis L. fruit contains several therapeutic qualities. The effect of soxhlet and cold maceration on the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of the extracts produced was the focus of this investigation. According to the research, the oils had a high oleic acid content (32.55–43.29%). The methanolic extracts prepared by maceration, on the other hand, are the richest in significant chemical families, including total phenolic compounds (TPC) with a content of 281.64±0.23 mg EAG g−1 of extract, total flavonoid compounds (TFC) (74.08±0.71 mg EQ g−1 of extract), and total tannic compounds (TTC) (333.83±0.96 mg EC g−1 of extract), which gives it a highly antiradical character. Moreover, it showed a very interesting antioxidant capacity with an IC50 of 0.99±0.01 µg mL−1, 22.14±0.60 µg mL−1, and 137.55±0.85 µg mL−1, for DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, respectively. Indeed, Pearson's correlation is highly significant (p < 0.05) between all parameters.

Does improved oleic acid content due to marker-assisted introgression of ahFAD2 mutant alleles in peanuts alter its mineral and vitamin composition?

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) with high oleic acid content have extended shelf life and several health benefits. Oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acid contents in peanuts are regulated by ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B mutant alleles. In the present study, ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B mutant alleles from SunOleic 95R were introgressed into two popular peanut cultivars, GG-7 and TKG19A, followed by markers-assisted selection (MAS) and backcrossing (MABC). A total of 22 MAS and three MABC derived lines were developed with increased oleic acid (78–80%) compared to those of GG 7 (40%) and TKG 19A (50%). Peanut kernel mineral and vitamin composition remained unchanged, while potassium content was altered in high oleic ingression lines. Two introgression lines, HOMS Nos. 37 and 113 had over 10% higher pooled pod yield than respective best check varieties. More than 70% recurrent parent genome recovery was observed in HOMS-37 and HOMS-113 through recombination breeding. However, the absence of recombination in the vicinity of the target locus resulted in its precise introgression along with ample background genome recovery. Selected introgression lines could be released for commercial cultivation based on potential pod yield and oleic acid content.

Effects of Dietary Lipid Sources on the Growth, Gonad Development, Fatty Acid Composition and Spawning Performance of Broodstock, and Early Larvae Quality of Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of five formulated feeds with different lipid sources (colza oil (CO), fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO), soybean oil (SO), or palm oil (PO)) and kelp (Laminaria japonica) on the growth, reproductive performance of broodstock, and early larvae quality of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius). The experimental diets were randomly allocated to a total of 48 (eight urchins per experimental group) individually cultured S. intermedius(initial weight 90.51 ± 0.82g) and the feeding period lasted for 12 weeks. The results showed that the weight gain rate of female sea urchins fed kelp was significantly higher than those fed formulated feeds while the gonadosomatic index of spawned female sea urchins fed kelp was significantly lower than those fed formulated feeds.S. intermedius broodstock fed FO showed the largest egg diameter and fecundity, which could be due to the abundant n-3 LC-PUFA deposited in the gonads of this group. Sea urchins fed SO showed the lowest fecundity and hatching rate, and the highest inflammation level. Sea urchins fed CO showed the highest content of oleic acid in the gonads and eggs, but the lowest fertilization rate. The highest hatching rate was observed in the kelp treatment, which was comparable to that in the LO and PO but was significantly higher than that in CO, FO, and SO. Before mouth opening, all prismatic larvae showed no significant differences in survival during the first 2 days post hatchery (DPH). At the 3 DPH, the survival of S. intermedius larvae was highest in the FO group, followed by those in the PO group, with the lowest survival observed in the kelp group. Thus, FO was accepted as the most ideal lipid source based on growth, reproductive performance, and early larval quality. These results could contribute to adopting an efficient feeding strategy to promote the reproductive performance and offspring quality by choosing the optimal lipid source for S. intermedius broodstock.

Synthesis of hydroxyl ether based biolubricant from poultry waste and to evaluate the friction performance with titania nanoparticles

Low-cost chicken waste fat, with a high content of palmitic acid (saturated fatty acid) and oleic acid (unsaturated fatty acid) was used for biolubricant production. The effects of different reaction parameters on the fat transesterification reaction using potassium hydroxide to form fatty acid methyl esters were investigated. In this study, the methyl esters from chicken waste fat were chemically modified to produce hydroxyl ethers (biolubricants) through epoxidation, followed by the ring-opening reaction of the epoxides with isoamyl alcohol in the molar ratio of 3:1 (alcohol:methyl esters) using the acid catalyst p-toluene sulfonic acid. The biolubricant obtained after the ring-opening of the methyl epoxides exhibited higher oxidative stability (OS) (18 h) than that of the biodiesel (3.85 h). The viscosity index of the biolubricant was found to be 295.32. The tribological performance of the biolubricant was enhanced by the addition of TiO2 (0.05% w/v). The biolubricant with 0.05% TiO2 led to a 25% reduction in friction coefficient and also enhanced the viscosity by 1.1-fold. Thus, TiO2 is suggested as a good antifriction property enhancer and viscosity modifier for the chicken waste lubricant. In summary, the chicken waste fat can be considered a feasible alternative to formulate biolubricants that match the physicochemical and low-temperature properties of commercial hydraulic oils.

Registration of two peanut recombinant inbred lines (TifGP‐5 and TifGP‐6) resistant to late leaf spot disease

AbstractLate leaf spot (LLS) disease is an omnipresent peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) foliar disease that causes significant yield loss. Integrating host resistance to reduce yield loss and management costs from this disease is highly desirable. In addition to disease resistance, market demand for high‐oleic peanut is on the rise due to its improved oxidative stability and health benefits. Previously, a recombinant inbred population from Florida‐07 × GP‐NC WS 16 (crossing number C1801) segregating for both LLS resistance and high oleic traits was used to perform genetic mapping for LLS resistance by quantitative trait loci (QTL)‐seq analysis. Three QTL regions on chromosomes B03, A05, and B05 were identified, and Kompetitive allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction markers flanking these regions were validated through a field test on genotypically selected sister lines. Two recombinant inbred lines, TifGP‐5 (Reg. no. GP‐246, PI 700330) and TifGP‐6 (Reg. no. GP‐247, PI 700331), with top levels of field resistance to LLS, were selected from this population for release. Both lines possess the resistance alleles of all the genetic markers. One line has high oleic acid content, and the other is normal oleic. Releasing these recombinant inbred lines packaged with molecular markers provides the peanut‐breeding community with genetic resources that can be utilized through marker‐assisted breeding.

Selection indices for oil content and oil yield improvement in low and high oleic acid content populations in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

A F2 population was partitioned into low oleic and high oleic acid content groups using a high oleic allele-specific marker.&nbsp; These low and high oleic acid content groups and pooled groups were subjected to variability and association analyses.&nbsp; The variability parameters were similar in both high oleic and low oleic populations.&nbsp; Traits viz., plant height, head diameter, 100-seed weight, seed yield and oil content are considered as selection indices for improving oil yield.&nbsp;&nbsp; These selection indices can be followed to improve oil yield in both high oleic and low oleic populations.&nbsp;&nbsp; However, separate selection indices to improve oil content viz., volume weight, plant height and head diameter for high oleic acid populations and volume weight, days to flowering and 100-seed weight for a low oleic populations may be followed.&nbsp;&nbsp; These results indicated that similar selection indices could not be adopted to improve a trait in all populations. Keywords: Sunflower, high oleic acid content, oil yield, variability, correlation.

Признак высокоолеиновости в сортах подсолнечника селекции ВНИИМК

The stages of development of highly oleic varieties of sunflower bred at V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops are presented. The development of highly oleic sunflower varieties such as Pervenets, Kruiz and the new promising sample S. 849 is distinguished. Due to the results of a competitive trial, the sample S. 849 exceeded the variety Kruiz in yield by 14%, and oleic acid content in oil in average is equal 88–90% in a population. The demand for the highly oleic sunflower varieties is growing up. Therefore, we developed initial germplasm of confectionary type with high content of oleic acid in oil of seeds. The conducted breeding work allowed increasing meanings of traits of high oleic acid content and 1000 seeds weight (one of the most important for the confectionary sunflower) in all stages of breeding process.

Base Editing in Peanut Using CRISPR/nCas9.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), an allotetraploid legume of the Fabaceae family, is able to thrive in tropical and subtropical regions and is considered as a promising oil seed crop worldwide. Increasing the content of oleic acid has become one of the major goals in peanut breeding because of health benefits such as reduced blood cholesterol level, antioxidant properties and industrial benefits such as longer shelf life. Genomic sequencing of peanut has provided evidence of homeologous AhFAD2A and AhFAD2B genes encoding Fatty Acid Desaturase2 (FAD2), which are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of monounsaturated oleic acid into polyunsaturated linoleic acid. Research studies demonstrate that mutations resulting in a frameshift or stop codon in an FAD2 gene leads to higher oleic acid content in oil. In this study, two expression vectors, pDW3873 and pDW3876, were constructed using Cas9 fused to different deaminases, which were tested as tools to induce point mutations in the promoter and the coding sequences of peanut AhFAD2 genes. Both constructs harbor the single nuclease null variant, nCas9 D10A, to which the PmCDA1 cytosine deaminase was fused to the C-terminal (pDW3873) while rAPOBEC1 deaminase and an uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) were fused to the N-terminal and the C-terminal respectively (pDW3876). Three gRNAs were cloned independently into both constructs and the functionality and efficiency were tested at three target sites in the AhFAD2 genes. Both constructs displayed base editing activity in which cytosine was replaced by thymine or other bases in the targeted editing window. pDW3873 showed higher efficiency compared to pDW3876 suggesting that the former is a better base editor in peanut. This is an important step forward considering introgression of existing mutations into elite varieties can take up to 15 years making this tool a benefit for peanut breeders, farmers, industry and ultimately for consumers.

Concentration-dependent change in hypothalamic neuronal transcriptome by the dietary fatty acids: oleic and palmitic acids

Prenatal high-fat diet exposure increases hypothalamic neurogenesis events in embryos and programs offspring to be obesity-prone. The molecular mechanism involved in these dietary effects of neurogenesis is unknown. This study investigated the effects of oleic and palmitic acids, which are abundant in a high-fat diet, on the hypothalamic neuronal transcriptome and how these changes impact neurogenesis events. The results show the differential effects of low and high concentrations of oleic or palmitic acid treatment on differential gene transcription. Gene ontology analysis uncovered significant gene enrichment in several cellular pathways involved in gene regulation and protein production, particularly with proliferation, migration, and cell survival. The enriched signaling pathways include Wnt, integrin, PDGF, and apoptosis, in addition to endocrine function signaling pathways CCKR and GnRH. Further examination of proliferation and migration shows low concentrations of oleic acid to stimulate proliferation and high concentrations of both oleic and palmitic acid to stimulate apoptosis. Oleic acid also reduces hypothalamic neuronal migration, with little effect from palmitic acid. The results show the two most abundant fatty acids in a high-fat diet impact hypothalamic neuronal proliferation and migration. The results also uncovered potential signaling pathways affected by oleic and palmitic acid and suggest one mechanism of prenatal high-fat diet-induced neurogenesis events may be through these two abundant fatty acids.

Chromosome-level genome of Camellia lanceoleosa provides a valuable resource for understanding genome evolution and self-incompatibility.

The section Oleifera (Theaceae) has attracted attention for the high levels of unsaturated fatty acids found in its seeds. Here, we report the chromosome-scale genome of the sect. Oleifera using diploid wild Camellia lanceoleosa with a final size of 3.00 Gb and an N50 scaffold size of 186.43 Mb. Repetitive sequences accounted for 80.63% and were distributed unevenly across the genome. Camellia lanceoleosa underwent a whole-genome duplication event approximately 65 million years ago (65 Mya), prior to the divergence of C. lanceoleosa and Camellia sinensis (approx. 6-7 Mya). Syntenic comparisons of these two species elucidated the genomic rearrangement, appearing to be driven in part by the activity of transposable elements. The expanded and positively selected genes in C. lanceoleosa were significantly enriched in oil biosynthesis, and the expansion of homomeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) genes and the seed-biased expression of genes encoding heteromeric ACCase, diacylglycerol acyltransferase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and stearoyl-ACP desaturase could be of primary importance for the high oil and oleic acid content found in C. lanceoleosa. Theanine and catechins were present in the leaves of C. lanceoleosa. However, caffeine can not be dectected in the leaves but was abundant in the seeds and roots. The functional and transcriptional divergence of genes encoding SAM-dependent N-methyltransferases may be associated with caffeine accumulation and distribution. Gene expression profiles, structural composition and chromosomal location suggest that the late-acting self-incompatibility of C. lanceoleosa is likely to have favoured a novel mechanism co-occurring with gametophytic self-incompatibility. This study provides valuable resources for quantitative and qualitative improvements and genome assembly of polyploid plants in sect. Oleifera.

Vegetable Butters and Oils as Therapeutically and Cosmetically Active Ingredients for Dermal Use: A Review of Clinical Studies.

While the chemical composition of vegetable butters and oils has been studied in detail, there is limited knowledge about their mechanisms of action after application on the skin. To understand their dermal effects better, 27 clinical studies evaluating 17 vegetable oils (almond, argan, avocado, borage, coconut, evening primrose, kukui, marula, mustard, neem, olive, rapeseed, sacha inchi, safflower, shea butter, soybean and sunflower oils) were reviewed in this research. The reviewed studies focused on non-affected skin, infant skin, psoriasis, xerosis, UVB-induced erythema, atopic dermatitis, molluscum contagiosum, tungiasis, scars, striae and striae gravidarum. We conclude that in inflammation-affected skin, vegetable oils with a high content of oleic acid, together with the lack of or a low linoleic acid content, may cause additional structural damage of the stratum corneum, while oils high in linoleic acid and saturated fatty acids may express positive effects. Non-affected skin, in contrast, may not react negatively to oils high in oleic acid. However, the frequency and duration of an oil’s use must be considered an important factor that may accelerate or enhance the negative effects on the skin’s structural integrity.

Promising Novel Method of Acetylation Modification for Regulating Fatty Acid Metabolism in Brassica napus L.

Simple SummaryThe quality of rapeseed (Brassica napus) oil depends mainly on the degree of hydrocarbon chain saturation of fatty acids. In previous studies, seeds of the B. napus near-isogenic lines were used as raw materials by iTRAQ analysis at 20–35 days after pollination, and three differential proteins related to oleic acid metabolisms were found to be related to acetylation modification. Thus, we analyzed lysine acetylation using the same raw materials. The function of the corresponding genes of fatty acid metabolisms-related differential proteins was verified by identifying the overexpression of BnACP363K, BnACP363R, and BnACP363 in Arabidopsis thaliana. The results show that the acetylation modification of BnaACP3 may have a selective effect on oleic acid and slow down the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid. This is the first report of oleic acid synthesis regulation by acetylation. In this study, lysine acetylation analysis was conducted using two Brassica napus near-isogenic lines, HOCR and LOCR, containing high and low oleic acid contents, respectively, to explore this relationship. Proteins showing differences in quantitative information between the B. napus lines were identified in lysine acetylation analysis, and KEGG pathways were analyzed, yielding 45 enriched proteins, most of which are involved in carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, photosynthesis, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, and glycolysis. Potential key genes related to fatty acid metabolisms were determined. To further explore the effect of acetylation modification on fatty acid metabolisms, the acyl-ACP3 related gene BnaACP363K was cloned, and a base mutation at No.63 was changed via overlapping primer PCR method. This study is the first to demonstrate that acetylation modification can regulate oleic acid metabolisms, which provides a promising approach for the study of the molecular mechanism of oleic acid in rapeseed.

Characterisation of two novel genes encoding Δ9 fatty acid desaturases (CeSADs) for oleic acid accumulation in the oil-rich tuber of Cyperus esculentus

Cyperus esculentus is considered one of the most promising oil crops due to its oil-rich tuber, wide adaptability and large biomass production. Preferable triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, especially high oleic acid content, makes tuber oil suitable for human consumption and biodiesel production. However, the mechanism underlying oleic acid enrichment in the tuber remains unknown. Plastidial stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) catalyses the formation of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), which may function crucially for high accumulation of oleic acid in C. esculentus tubers. In this study, two full-length cDNAs encoding SAD were isolated from the developing tubers of C. esculentus, namely, CeSAD1 and CeSAD2, with ORFs of 1194 bp and 1161 bp, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that CeSAD genes were highly expressed in tubers. The expression pattern during tuber formation was also significantly correlated with fatty acid and oil accumulation dynamics. Overexpression of each CeSAD gene could restore the normal growth of the defective yeast BY4389, indicating that both CeSADs had fatty acid desaturase activity to catalyse MUFA biosynthesis. A tobacco genetic transformation assay demonstrated that both CeSAD enzymes had high enzyme activity. Exogenous addition of exogenous fatty acids to feed yeast revealed that CeSAD1 has a more substantial substrate preference ratio for C18:0 than CeSAD2 did. Moreover, the overexpression of CeSAD1 significantly increased host tolerance against low-temperature stress. Our data add new insights into the deep elucidation of oleic acid-enriched oils in Cyperus esculentus tubers, showing CeSAD, especially CeSAD1, as the target gene in genetic modification to increase oil and oleic yields in oil crops as well as stress tolerance.