High Consumption Of Red Meat Research Articles

Measuring the global, regional, and national burden of type 2 diabetes and the attributable risk factors in all 194 countries.

No detailed quantitative global, regional, or national estimates of the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are available. We used data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to estimate the global, regional, and national incidence rates and DALYs of T2DM, as well as the associated risk factors, in all 194 countries and territories by age, sex, and sociodemographic status during the period from 2007 to 2017. Globally, the age-standardized incidence and DALY rates increased by 3.23% and 5.07% during 2007 to 2017, respectively. The age-standardized incidence and DALY rates in 2017 and the corresponding percentage changes during 2007 to 2017 were highest in the low-middle sociodemographic index (SDI) quintile. Regionally, the highest 2017 age-standardized incidence and DALY rates were observed in Oceania, whereas the largest percentage increases in both rates during 2007 to 2017 were observed in Southeast Asia. Nationally, Iran, the United Kingdom, and Indonesia reported the largest percentage increases in the age-standardized incidence rates, whereas Georgia, Czech Republic, and Iran showed the largest percentage increases in the age-standardized DALY rates. Globally, the largest percentage increases in risk-attributable DALYs were associated with a high body mass index, low physical activity level, high fasting plasma glucose level, and high sugar-sweetened beverage and red meat consumption. The global T2DM age-standardized incidence and DALY rates increased globally between 2007 and 2017, especially in the low-middle SDI quintile, Southeast Asia.

Associations between red meat, processed red meat and total red and processed red meat consumption, nutritional adequacy and markers of health and cardio-metabolic diseases in British adults: a cross-sectional analysis using data from UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey

PurposeTo determine the association between red meat (RM), processed red meat (PRM) and total red and processed red meat (TRPRM) consumption on nutritional adequacy and markers of health and cardio-metabolic diseases in British adults.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study of adults (19–64 y) from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) (n = 1758), RM and PRM consumption were assessed from 4 day estimated food diaries. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure (BP), pulse pressure (PP), plasma glucose, HbA1c, C-reactive protein, TAG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C from the NDNS were used.Results43% of adults (men 57% and women 31%) consumed more than the 70 g/d TRPRM guidelines. Fewer adults in the highest tertile of TRPRM intake were below lower reference nutrient intakes (LRNIs), particularly for zinc and iron, respectively. In model 3 (controlled for age, energy intake, socioeconomic classification, number of daily cigarettes, BMI, dietary factors), higher RM consumption was associated with being significantly taller (model 3: P-ANCOVA = 0.006; P-T3/T1 = 0.0004) in men and lower diastolic BP (model 3: P-ANCOVA = 0.004; P-T3/T2 = 0.002) in women. Higher PRM in men was associated with significantly higher plasma ferritin concentration (model 3: P-ANCOVA = 0.0001; P-T2/T1 = 0.0001), being taller (P-ANCOVA = 0.019; P-T1/T2 = 0.047, T1/T3 = 0.044), increased body weight (model 3: P-ANCOVA = 0.001; P-T1/T3 = 0.0001), BMI (model 3: P-ANCOVA = 0.007; P-T1/T3 = 0.006) and smaller hip circumference (model 3: P-ANCOVA = 0.006; P-T3/T1 = 0.024; P-T2/T1 = 0.013) and in women significantly higher TC (model 3: P-ANCOVA = 0.020; P-T3/T2 = 0.016), LDL-C (P-ANCOVA = 0.030; P-T3/T2 = 0.025), HbA1c (model 3: P-ANCOVA = 0.0001; P-T2/T1 = 0.001; P-T3/T2 = 0.001) and higher PP (model 3: P-ANCOVA = 0.022; P-T3/T1 = 0.021).Higher PRM consumption was associated with significantly higher BMI and hip circumference in men, and higher TC, LDL-C, HbA1c and PP in women, which was not observed for RM consumption.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer in the Iranian Population: a Systematic Review.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate its incidence and risk factors in the Iranian population. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, and Magiran from inception until 2019. Studies that reported the incidence rate and risk factors of colorectal cancer were included in this review. Twenty-one articles that reported the incidence rate and 13 that reported the risk factors were included. The incidence rate was different according to the population type, gender, age, and study year in different regions. The main risk factors for colorectal cancer were high consumption of red meat and fried food and low intake of fruits and vegetables, diabetes, a positive family history, and obesity. The incidence of CRC has a marked variation in different parts of Iran, and various risk factors are associated with colorectal cancer. According to incidence rate and various risk factors, precise planning is needed to control colorectal cancer in the future.

Red Meat and Cardiovascular Risk, Revisited

High consumption of red meat might be associated with excess risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiac-related mortality, but the evidence has

High Consumption of Red Meat Is Associated with Excess Mortality Among African-American Women

Red meat is a rich source of nutrients but is typically high in saturated fats. Carcinogenic chemicals can be formed during cooking and processing. Little is known about the relation of red meat consumption to mortality in African Americans (AAs), a group with excess mortality and high consumption of red meat relative to whites. Our objective was to assess the association between red meat consumption and mortality in AA women. The Black Women's Health Study (BWHS) is a prospective cohort study of AA women across the USA who completed health questionnaires at enrollment in 1995 (median age 38 y, median BMI 27.9kg/m2) and every 2 y thereafter. The analyses included 56,314 women who completed a validated FFQ and were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline in 1995. Exposures were total red meat, processed red meat, and unprocessed red meat consumption. Outcomes were all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Cox proportional hazards models with control for age, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors, medical history, and dietary factors were used to estimate HRs with 95% CIs. During 22 y of follow-up through to 2017, we identified 5054 deaths, which included 1354 cardiovascular deaths and 1801 cancer deaths. The HR for all-cause mortality was 1.47 (95% CI: 1.33, 1.62) for the highest quintile of total red meat consumption relative to the lowest. Each 1 serving/d increase in red meat consumption was associated with a 7% (95% CI: 5%, 9%) increased risk of all-cause mortality. Red meat consumption was also associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, but not with cancer mortality. Results were similar for the consumption of processed and unprocessed red meat. Red meat consumption is associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among AA women.

Greenhouse gases emissions from the diet and risk of death and chronic diseases in the EPIC-Spain cohort.

Evidence from the scientific literature shows a significant variation in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the diet, according to the type of food consumed. We aim to analyze the relationship between the daily dietary GHG emissions according to red meat, fruit and vegetables consumption and their relationship with risk of total mortality, and incident risk of chronic diseases. We examined data on the EPIC-Spain prospective study, with a sample of 40621 participants. Dietary GHG emission values were calculated for 57 food items of the EPIC study using mean emission data from a systematic review of 369 published studies. Dietary GHG emissions (kgCO2eq/day), per 2000kcal, were 4.7 times higher in those with high red-meat consumption (>140g/day) than those with low consumption (<70g/day). The average dietary GHG emissions were similar in males and females, but it was significantly higher in youngest people and in those individuals with lower educational level, as well as for northern EPIC centers of Spain. We found a significant association with the risk of mortality comparing the third vs. the first tertile of dietary GHG emissions [hazard ratio (HR) 1.095; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.007-1.19; trend test 0.037]. Risk of coronary heart disease (HR 1.26; 95% CI 1.08-1.48; trend test 0.003) and risk of type 2 diabetes (HR 1.24; 95% CI 1.11-1.38; trend test 0.002) showed significant association as well. Decreasing red-meat consumption would lead to reduce GHG emissions from diet and would reduce risk of mortality, coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

The influence of dietary patterns on arterial stiffness, lipid metabolism, and liver and renal function in the population of Greater Poland.

The consumption of breakfast, salty meals, red meat, whole grain products, and dark chocolate are dietary habits that influence health, but the effects on arterial stiffness have not been well-investigated. Aim. To assess the effects of selected dietary patterns on arterial stiffness, liver and renal function, inflammation, and glucose and lipid biochemical parameters. 829 patients completed health and food frequency questionnaires, and underwent anthropometric, arterial stiffness, and blood pressure measurements. Serum concentrations of lipids, glucose, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, creatinine, uric acid, and C-reactive protein were determined. The aspartate aminotransferase serum concentration was lower in the breakfast-consuming group (25.88 ±7.05 U/L) compared to non-consumers (27.75 ±10.67 U/L). A lower concentration of creatinine and alanine aminotransferase and a higher concentration of C-reactive protein was found in whole grain product consumers. Individuals consuming more red meat had higher alanine aminotransferase and low-density lipoprotein serum concentrations. Individuals with greater dark chocolate consumption had higher serum concentrations of uric acid (5.20 ±1.46 vs. 4.72 ±1.18) and more intensified arterial stiffness (peak-to-peak time 213.86 ±54.98 ms vs. 238.70 ±60.83 ms). The investigated dietary patterns had a significant impact on serum lipid concentrations, biochemical markers of liver and renal function and inflammation, and arterial stiffness. High consumption of red meat and dark chocolate intensified cardiovascular risk, contrary to the intake of whole grain products.

Abstract LB-156: Data-driven dietary patterns and their association with metabolic fingerprints and risk of colorectal cancer - a nested case-control study from Northern Sweden

Abstract Background: A diet comprising low fiber intake, high consumption of red meat, and alcohol drinking, are all established risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). Identifying metabolic fingerprints associated with data-driven dietary patterns may provide insight into potential mechanisms linking diet and risk of CRC. Objective: The aim of this study was to first identify robust data-driven dietary factors derived from food frequency data and to assess their relationships with CRC risk. Second, to investigate plasma metabolic profiles in relation to CRC-associated diet factors. Methods: We used self-reported food frequency data and fasting plasma samples from 860 incident CRC cases (median 12 years from sampling to diagnosis) individually matched to controls by cohort, sex, age at diagnosis, year of blood draw and data collection (+/-1yr), fasting status and number of sample freeze thaw cycles from the population-based Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study (NSHDS). Diet factors were identified from combined exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis on random half-splits of the dietary data. Factors that appeared reproducible between repeated half-splits were retained, and their associations with CRC risk were assessed by multivariable conditional logistic regression, adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, education and marital status. Factors associated with CRC risk were related to LC-MS metabolic profiles using random forest regression. Preliminary Results: We identified 12 dietary factors that were robustly associated with CRC risk: red meat, alcohol, snacks, fish, healthy breakfast, fast food, spread, full fat, low-fat, smoked fish/meat, vegetables, and an additional factor consisting of rice and fruit/syrup soup. Both alcohol (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00-1.34, p=0.047, fdr=0.283) and the healthy breakfast factor (OR 0.89, 95%CI 0.80-0.99, p=0.030, fdr=0.283) were associated with CRC in the adjusted model. Of these two factors, alcohol was also weakly associated with the metabolic profile (Q2=0.19). Conclusion: The data-driven factor analysis successfully identified dietary exposures, of which several corresponded to established CRC risk factors. Alcohol and healthy breakfast habits associated with CRC risk after adjustment for potential confounders. We also identified a metabolic profile in plasma potentially linked to alcohol consumption which merits further investigation. Citation Format: Stina Bodén, Rikard Landberg, Sophia Harlid, Ingegerd Johansson, Marc J. Gunter, Richard Palmqvist, Rui Zheng, Bethany Van Guelpen, Carl Brunius. Data-driven dietary patterns and their association with metabolic fingerprints and risk of colorectal cancer - a nested case-control study from Northern Sweden [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-156.

Associations of meat consumption and changes with all-cause mortality in hypertensive patients during 11.4-year follow-up: Findings from a population-based nationwide cohort

Accumulating evidence has linked distinct associations of red/processed and white meat consumption with chronic diseases and longevity among the general population. However, the associations of meat consumption and changes with mortality among hypertensive patients remain unknown. We aimed to assess the associations of red and white meat consumption with all-cause mortality among hypertensive patients in China. We followed 8095 hypertensive patients from the China Health and Nutrition Survey between 1991 and 2015. In each survey year, 3-day 24-h dietary records were used to collect dietary data. Cumulative averages of dietary meat intake after the diagnosis of hypertension were calculated. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality. Overall 927 deaths were documented among these hypertensive patients during an average of 11.4 years of follow-up. Red meat consumption was positively associated with all-cause mortality after multivariable adjustment [HR (95% CI) comparing the highest versus lowest quartile: 1.29 (1.05-1.57), P trend=0.02]. White meat intake was associated with lower all-cause mortality [HR (95% CI) comparing the highest tertile with non-consumers: 0.77 (0.63-0.94), P trend=0.002]. Increasing red meat consumption from before to after hypertension diagnosis was significantly associated with higher all-cause mortality [HR (95% CI): 1.55 (1.05-2.28), P trend=0.04]. Theoretically replacing 1 ounce/day of red meat with the equivalent amount of white meat or eggs was associated with 5% and 10% lower all-cause mortality, respectively. High consumption of red meat, especially after hypertension diagnosis, is associated with higher mortality among hypertensive patients. Our findings suggest replacing red meat consumption with healthy alternative foods for long-term survival among hypertensive patients.

Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Population with Low Red Meat Consumption

Abstract Objectives Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as the most common liver disease, can range from simple steatosis, i.e., non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), to hepatocellular fibrosis (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or NASH). We evaluated the association between meat consumption and the risk of NAFLD in the Golestan Cohort Study (GCS). Methods The GCS enrolled 50,045 participants, aged 40 to 75 years, in Golestan Province, Iran. Dietary information was collected using a 116-item semi-quantitative FFQ at baseline (2004–2008). A random sample of 1612 participants participated in a liver study after a median of 5 years. NAFL were ascertained via ultrasound. We defined NASH as NAFL plus elevated alanine transaminase levels above 45 and 30 IU/L for men and women, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Meat consumption was categorized into quartiles based on the GCS population, with the first quartile as the referent group. Results The median intakes of red and white meat were 17 and 53 grams/day, respectively. During follow-up, 505 individuals (37.7%) were diagnosed with NAFL, and 124 (9.2%) with NASH. High total red meat consumption was associated with higher risk for NAFL (ORQ4 vs Q1 = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.38, p trend = 0.03). The highest quartile of unprocessed meat consumption (OR Q4 vs Q1 = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.66, p trend = 0.16) and organ meat consumption were associated with NAFL (OR Q4 vs Q1 = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.19 to 2.44, p trend = 0.003). High total red meat consumption showed a non-significant association with NASH, but this association was statistically significant for the highest quantile of unprocessed red meat intake (ORQ4 vs Q1 = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.09 to 4.80). Processed meat, total white meat, chicken and fish consumption were not significantly associated with NAFLD. Conclusions This is a population with relatively low consumption of red meat, even so, red meat intake was associated with a higher risk of NAFLD. Furthermore, this is the first study to show a dose-response association between organ meat consumption and NAFL. Funding Sources The Intramural Program of the US National Cancer Institute (NIH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Cancer Research UK, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

10-Year Trends in Dietary Intakes in the High- and Low-Risk Areas for Esophageal Cancer: A Population-Based Ecological Study in Northern Iran.

BACKGROUND We assessed dietary intakes in the high- and low-risk areas for esophageal cancer (EC) in Golestan province, Northern Iran. METHODS Considering the EC rates, Golestan province was divided into high- and low-risk regions. Data on households’ food consumption were obtained from the Statistical Center of Iran. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the relationships between consumption of main food and EC risk. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated. Joint point program was used for time trend analysis and average annual percent changes (AAPC) were reported. RESULTS Overall, 11910 households were recruited during 2006-2015. 4710 (39.5%) households were enrolled from the high-risk region. There were significant positive relationships between high consumption of sweets (aOR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.24-2.10), oil/fat (aOR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.04-1.79), and red meat (aOR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.07-1.65) with EC risk. We found significant negative relationships between high consumption of dairy products (aOR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.46-0.82), vegetables (aOR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.50-0.87) and fruit (aOR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.55-0.95) with the risk of EC. Time trend analysis showed a significant increasing trend in the proportions of households with low consumption of vegetables (AAPC = 4.71, p = 0.01) and dairy products (AAPC = 5.26, p = 0.02) in the low-risk region for EC. CONCLUSION Dietary intakes may be important etiological factors for EC in Northern Iran. Further studies are warranted to assess the role of dietary factors in this high-risk population.

Cancer Risk and Barbeque Trend in Indonesia: Efforts to Reduce Cancer Burden

In the last decades, concerns have been raised about the shift in the dietary patterns towards a high energy dense diet, mainly higher red meat consumption. The amount of meat consumption per person has almost doubled between 1961 and 2013 from 23 kilograms to 43 kilograms per year worldwide.

Diet in colonic diverticulosis: is it useful?

Diverticulosis of the colon is the most common anatomic alteration of the human colon. Diet may be important in the management of diverticular disease (DD). It is known that high‑fiber diet does not prevent diverticulosis, and there are conflicting data on the prevention and treatment of DD and acute diverticulitis. No association has been reported between nut, corn, or popcorn consumption and the development of diverticulosis, DD, and acute diverticulitis. However, there seems to be a mild association between high alcohol intake and diverticulosis, whereas alcohol dependence seems to be related to a lower risk of in‑hospital mortality due to acute diverticulitis. Higher consumption of red meat was associated with a mild increase in the risk of acute diverticulitis, especially when consumed as unprocessed red meat (defined as consumption of "beef or lamb as main dish," "pork as main dish," "hamburger," and "beef, pork or lamb as a sandwich or mixed dish"). On the other hand, higher consumption of poultry (white meat) was not associated with the risk of acute diverticulitis. Finally, higher fish intake was associated with a reduced risk of diverticulitis in an age‑adjusted model but not after adjustment for other potential confounders.

Influence of Alcohol and Red Meat Consumption on Life Expectancy: Results of 164 Countries from 1992 to 2013

Background: High consumption of red meat, which is carcinogenic to humans, and misuse or abuse of alcohol drinking increase premature death and shortened life expectancy. The aim of this study was to examine the association of alcohol and red meat consumption with life expectancy (LE) by analyzing data from 164 countries using an ecological approach. Design: This was a longitudinal ecological study using data from the United Nation’s (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for 164 countries over the period 1992–2013. In regression analysis, the relationship of alcohol and red meat consumption with LE was estimated using a pooled ordinary least squares regression model. Alcohol and red meat consumption were measured every 5 years. Results: The consumption of alcohol and red meat in high-income countries (HIC) was about 4 times (36.8–143.0 kcal/capita/day) and 5 times (11.2–51.9 kcal/capita/day) higher than that in low-income countries (LIC). Red meat and alcohol consumption had a negative estimated effect on LE in HIC (b = −1.616 p = < 0.001 and b = −0.615, p = 0.003). Alcohol consumption was negatively associated with LE for all income groups, while positive relationships were found for all estimates associated with gross national income (GNI). Conclusions: Red meat and alcohol consumption appeared to have a negative impact on LE in high-income countries (HIC) and upper-middle-income countries (UMIC), although it had no significant association with LE in low-income countries (LIC) or lower-middle-income countries (LMIC). This study suggests reviewing the policies on the gradual reduction of alcohol abuse and the high consumption of red meat, particularly HIC and UMIC.

RIESGO DE CÁNCER DE COLON EN DOCENTES UNIVERSITARIOS DE SALUD Y HUMANIDADES, UN ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introducción:&lt;/strong&gt; En México, el cáncer de colon ocupa el cuarto lugar de morbi-mortalidad con referencia a otros tipos de cáncer. Los factores de riesgo relacionados a la patología son: dieta hiperlipídica, sedentarismo, estrés, toxicomanías, enfermedades inflamatorias gastrointestinales; entre otros. La identificación de poblaciones expuestas, permite extender los alcances de la prevención primaria contra el cáncer de colon. La presente investigación, tuvo como O&lt;strong&gt;bjetivo:&lt;/strong&gt; comparar el nivel de riesgo para desarrollar cáncer de colon en profesores de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-I), con formación en ciencias de la salud y profesores de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Acatlán (FES-A), dedicados a ciencias sociales y humanidades. &lt;strong&gt;Metodología:&lt;/strong&gt; Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, comparativo transversal, con muestra probabilística de 92 académicos de FES-A y 93 de FES-I. Se aplicó un instrumento de 40 ítems, fundamentado en los principales elementos que propician la aparición de cáncer de colon. &lt;strong&gt;Resultados: &lt;/strong&gt;el análisis de datos, revela mayor porcentaje de obesidad, alto consumo de alcohol, tabaco y carnes rojas, así como menor conocimiento sobre factores predisponentes a la enfermedad, en docentes de FES-A. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusiones:&lt;/strong&gt; los académicos de FES-A presentan más factores de riesgo que los profesores de FES-I. Es necesario difundir conocimiento de calidad sobre ésta patología para concientizar sobre hábitos inadecuados en la dieta, así como el consumo de alimentos protectores dentro de ella, para la prevención de esta neoplasia.&lt;/p&gt;

Implicit attitudes and explicit cognitions jointly predict a reduced red meat intake: a three-wave longitudinal study

ABSTRACT Background: Despite nutritional benefits, a high consumption of red meat is not without risks as it is linked to the development of certain types of cancer as well as to other non-communicable diseases, such as type II diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the production of meat has negative effects on the environment. Therefore, a transition to a less meat-based diet could be beneficial. It is unclear how explicit cognitions towards red meat consumption and implicit attitudes jointly influence intention and consumption. We tested the additive pattern (both types of cognitions explain unique variance) and interactive pattern (both types interact in the prediction). Method: At baseline (T0; N = 1790) and one (T1; n = 980) and three months thereafter (T2; n = 556), explicit cognitions, red meat consumption, and implicit attitudes were assessed among a Dutch sample. Results: Only explicit cognitions were associated with red meat consumption. Implicit attitudes moderated the effect of self-efficacy on T0-RMC; negative implicit attitudes strengthened this effect. T0-intention was associated with explicit cognitions and implicit attitudes. Additionally, negative implicit attitudes strengthened the effect of social norms on T0 and T2-intention. Regarding red meat consumption, support for the interactive pattern was found. For intention there was support for the interactive and additive pattern. Conclusion: Interventions aiming to reduce red meat consumption in the general public might profit from changing implicit attitudes in addition to explicit cognitions.

Cardiometabolic disease costs associated with suboptimal diet in the United States: A cost analysis based on a microsimulation model.

BackgroundPoor diet is a leading risk factor for cardiometabolic disease (CMD) in the United States, but its economic costs are unknown. We sought to estimate the cost associated with suboptimal diet in the US.Methods and findingsA validated microsimulation model (Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model for Risk, Events, Detection, Interventions, Costs, and Trends [CVD PREDICT]) was used to estimate annual cardiovascular disease (fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, angina, and stroke) and type 2 diabetes costs associated with suboptimal intake of 10 food groups (fruits, vegetables, nuts/seeds, whole grains, unprocessed red meats, processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages, polyunsaturated fats, seafood omega-3 fats, sodium). A representative US population sample of individuals aged 35–85 years was created using weighted sampling from National Health And Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2009–2012 cycles. Estimates were stratified by cost type (acute, chronic, drug), sex, age, race, education, BMI, and health insurance. Annual diet-related CMD costs were $301/person (95% CI $287–$316). This translates to $50.4 billion in CMD costs (18.2% of total) for the whole population, of which 84.3% are attributed to acute care ($42.6 billion). The largest annual per capita costs are attributed to low consumption of nuts/seeds ($81; 95% CI $74–$86) and seafood omega-3 fats ($76; 95% CI $70–$83), and the lowest are attributed to high consumption of red meat ($3; 95% CI $2.8–$3.5) and polyunsaturated fats ($20; 95% CI $19–$22). Individual costs are highest for men ($380), those aged ≥65 years ($408), blacks ($320), the less educated ($392), and those with Medicare ($481) or dual-eligible ($536) insurance coverage. A limitation of our study is that dietary intake data were assessed from 24-hour dietary recall, which may not fully capture a diet over a person's life span and is subject to measurement errors.ConclusionsSuboptimal diet of 10 dietary factors accounts for 18.2% of all ischemic heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes costs in the US, highlighting that timely implementation of diet policies could address these health and economic burdens.

The association of food consumption and nutrient intake with endometriosis risk in Iranian women: A case-control study.

Background Endometriosis, defined as the attendance of endometrial-like lesions in extra uterine locations, causes pain, infertility, and reduced quality of life.ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between food consumption and nutrient intake with risk of endometriosis.Materials and MethodsOf the 156 women approached for the study, 78 women had endometriosis and 78 healthy women were included in the control group. Dietary data were collected using a validated 147-item semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) with the standard serving size. A logistic regression model was used to determine the association of macronutrients and energy intake with the risk of endometriosis.ResultsIn women with higher intake of protein, especially animal protein, monounsaturated fatty acids, soluble and insoluble fiber, oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid endometriosis is less common (p< 0.05). High consumption of vegetables, fruits, red meat, yellow vegetables, potatoes, legumes, dairy products, liquid oil, and low intake of fried potatoes was associated with a lower risk of endometriosis (p< 0.05).ConclusionRegarding the association of dietary intake on endometriosis risk, counseling about improving the dietary structure can contribute toward the prevention and control of endometriosis.

Consumption of red and processed meat, insulin resistance, and diabetes in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)Consumo de carnes rojas y de carne procesada, resistencia a la insulina y diabetes en el estudio longitudinal de salud del adulto (ELSA-Brasil)

RESUMOObjetivo.Investigar a associação entre consumo de carne vermelha e processada e a ocorrência de novos casos de resistência insulínica (RI) e diabetes mellitus (DM) em participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil).Métodos.Estudo de coorte com 15 105 servidores públicos (idade: 35 a 74 anos). Dados bioquímicos, antropométricos, socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida foram coletados na linha de base (2008–2010) e na segunda onda (2012–2014). O consumo de carnes (g/dia) foi estimado por questionário de frequência alimentar. Para categorizar baixo, médio e alto consumo as variáveis independentes foram divididas em tercis. DM foi diagnosticado como glicemia de jejum ≥ 126 mg/dL, glicose pós-sobrecarga ≥ 200 mg/dL ou hemoglobina glicada ≥ 6,5. RI foi determinada pelo índice HOMA-IR com pontos de corte construídos a partir do percentil 75 da amostra.Resultados.Homens e participantes com menor renda e escolaridade relataram maior consumo de carne vermelha e processada. Maior consumo de carne processada (último tercil, > 27,1 g/dia) associou-se a novos casos de RI em homens (OR = 1,68; IC95%: 1,31 a 2,16) e mulheres (OR = 1,23; IC95%: 1,00 a 1,52). Alto consumo de carne vermelha aumentou em 40% (IC95%: 1,04 a 1,96) a chance de novos casos de DM em homens.Conclusões.O consumo elevado de carne vermelha e processada teve impacto negativo na saúde dos participantes. O consumo moderado de carnes pode ser recomendado para a população em geral e para prevenção do DM.

Influence of Alcohol and Red Meat Consumption on Life Expectancy: Results of 164 Countries from 1992 to 2013

Background: High consumption of red meat which is carcinogenic to humans and drinking alcohol are major causes of premature death and shortened life expectancy. The aim of this study was to examine the association between alcohol and red meat consumption on life expectancy (LE) by analyzing data from 164 countries using an ecological approach. Design: This was a longitudinal ecological study and the data that was used was from the United Nation's (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on 164 countries over the period 1992-2013. In the regression analysis, the relationship between alcohol and red meat consumption with LE was estimated using a pooled ordinary least squares regression model, measure of alcohol ingestion and red meat consumption by five each 5 years. Results: The consumption of alcohol and red meat between HIC was about four times (36.8 -143.0 kcal/capita/day) and five times (11.2 -51.9 kcal/capita/day) higher in comparison with low income countries. Red meat and alcohol consumption had a negative estimated effect on LE in HIC (b= -1.616 p= <0.001 and b = -0.615, p = 0.003). Alcohol consumption was negatively associated with LE for all income groups, while positive relationships were found in all estimates associated with GNI. Conclusion: Red meat consumption and alcohol use appear to have a negative impact on LE in HIC and UMIC and no significant association for in LIC or LMIC. So, HIC and UMIC should control consumption of meat and alcohol adopting specific policy. Funding: This research was supported by a grant (2017R1A5A2015369) from the Medical Research Center Program and also by a research grant from Pai Chai University in 2018. Declaration of Interest: None. Ethical Approval: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This article does not contain any studies conducted by any of the authors with human participants or animals. Therefore, ethical approval was not necessary.