Higher Total Mercury Concentrations Research Articles

Effects of legacy mining on mercury concentrations in conifer needles and mushrooms in northern Palatinate, Germany

Due to integrated pollution prevention and control measures and the reduced burning of coal, air concentrations of mercury (Hg0) are currently levelling off. In the future, however, evasion from land surfaces will probably reverse this trend. Reasons are the rising temperatures and the loss of forest cover caused by calamities, droughts, storms and wildfires. Plant leaves constitute an important matrix for the accumulation of gaseous mercury and uptake and re-volatilisation by plants depends on the species, the vitality and the age and morphology of leaf organs. It has been shown that older conifer needles show higher concentrations than young needles and Hg accumulation is increasing throughout the season.In present study, we collected branches from Norway Spruce (Picea abies) in a former cinnabar mining region in Northern Palatinate, where artisanal and small-scale mining left innumerable waste dumps. While mining, smelting and processing of the ores were terminated during WWII, high total mercury concentrations remained in the top soils locally, with presumably only small fractions being plant available. In the lab, up to seven needle age classes were analysed. 1000 needle weights increased with age and as expected, also the Hg concentrations were elevated in the older needles. Needle concentrations were higher than those reported from other national biomonitoring programs confirming the regional imprint from legacy mercury. To complement our biomonitoring study, we collected edible mushrooms in former mining areas. Hg concentrations in most samples exceeded the EU maximum residue levels (MRL), while only a few broke the existing cadmium and lead limits. Tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for inorganic mercury would be surpassed with the consumption of a small portion of mushrooms. Further studies should be performed on the outgassing of Hg from mine wastes and the incorporation of Hg in the local food web, including its methylation and biomagnification.

Mercury in aquatic ecosystems of two indigenous communities in the Piedmont Ecuadorian Amazon: evidence from fish, water, and sediments

Mercury is a highly toxic element present in water, soil, air, and biota. Anthropogenic activities, such as burning fossil fuels, mining, and deforestation, contribute to the presence and mobilization of mercury between environmental compartments. Although current research on mercury pathways has advanced our understanding of the risks associated with human exposure, limited information exists for remote areas with high diversity of fauna, flora, and indigenous communities. This study aims to deepen our understanding of the presence of total mercury in water, sediments, and fish, within aquatic ecosystems of two indigenous territories: Gomataon (Waorani Nationality) and Sinangoé (Ai´Cofán Nationality) in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Our findings indicate that, for most fish (91.5%), sediment (100%) and water (95.3%) samples, mercury levels fall under international limits. For fish, no significant differences in mercury levels were detected between the two communities. However, eight species exceeded recommended global limits, and one surpassed the threshold according to Ecuadorian legislation. Piscivore and omnivore fish exhibited the highest concentrations of total mercury among trophic guilds. Only one water sample from each community’s territory exceeded these limits. Total mercury in sediments exhibited greater concentrations in Gomataon than Sinangoé. Greater levels of mercury in sediments were associated with the occurrence of total organic carbon. Considering that members of the communities consume the analyzed fish, an interdisciplinary approach, including isotopic analysis, methylmercury sampling in humans, and mercury monitoring over time, is imperative for a detailed risk assessment of mercury exposure in Amazonian communities.

Glacial Erosion Drives High Summer Mercury Exports from the Yukon River, Canada.

Mercury concentrations and yields in the Yukon River are the highest of the world's six largest panarctic drainages. Permafrost thaw has been implicated as the main driver of these high values. Alternative sources include mercury released from glacial melt and erosion, atmospheric mercury pollution, or surface mining. To determine the summer source and speciation of mercury across the Yukon River basin within Canada, we sampled water from 12 tributaries and the mainstem during July 2021. The total (unfiltered) mercury concentration in the glacier-fed White River was 57 ng/L, >10 times higher than all other sampled tributaries. The White River's high total mercury concentrations were driven by suspended sediment and persisted ∼300 km downstream of glacierized headwaters. Total mercury concentrations were lowest (typically <2 ng/L) in tributaries downstream of still-water landscape features (e.g., lakes and settling ponds), suggesting these features are effective sinks for sediment-bound mercury. Low total mercury concentrations (∼2 ng/L) were also observed in five tributaries across diverse thawing permafrost landscapes. These results suggest that glacial erosion and meltwater transport, not permafrost, drive enhanced exports of mercury with suspended sediment. Mercury exports may decline as glacial watersheds pass peak water. Other factors, including mercury released from permafrost thaw, are minor components at present.

Determination and evaluation of the ecological risk of mercury in different granulometric fractions of sediments from a public supply river in Brazil

This work reports the quantification of total mercury in sediments collected in periods with and without rain from the Joanes River, Bahia, Brazil. Determinations were made using Direct Mercury Analysis (DMA), the accuracy of which was confirmed with two certified reference materials. The highest total mercury concentrations were found at the sampling point close to commercial areas and large residential condominiums. On the other hand, the lowest levels were found in the site close to a mangrove region. The geoaccumulation index was applied to the total mercury results, evidencing low contamination in the region studied. The contamination factor showed that of the seven stations investigated, four samples collected in the rainy season showed moderate contamination. The results of the ecological risk assessment were utterly consistent with the contamination factor data. This study showed that the smaller sediment particles concentrate more mercury, corroborating what has been predicted by the adsorption processes.

Total mercury concentrations in sharks, skates and rays along the South African coast.

Global declines in elasmobranch populations resulting from several stressors raises conservation concern. Additionally, apex predators bioaccumulate high concentrations of total mercury (THg), due to biomagnification. Although South Africa is considered one of the top ten contributors of Hg emissions globally, information on Hg concentrations in elasmobranchs is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the THg concentrations in 22 species of elasmobranchs along the South African coastline. Concentrations ranged between 0.22 and 5.8mg/kg in Haploblepharus pictus (dark shysharks) and Rostroraja alba (white skates) on the south coast, respectively. Along the east coast it ranged between 0.21 and 17.8mg/kg in Mobula kuhlii (shortfin devil rays) and Sphyrna lewini (scalloped hammerheads), respectively. Mercury concentrations on the east coast were in the same range or higher compared to the same species sampled between 2005-10 from the same region, with generally higher concentrations compared to the same species sampled globally.

Insights sobre um encalhe em massa de falsas orcas (Pseudorca Crassidens Owen, 1846)

False killer whales (FKWs; Pseudorca crassidens) are found in deep waters of temperate and tropical oceans worldwide. This species is considered near threatened and global populations’ trends are unknown although there is evidence of decline of various populations. The mass stranding of cetaceans remains an intriguing event and often the cause(s) are unclear or poorly investigated. In Brazil, cetacean mass strandings have been recorded yet they have not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to report the epidemiologic features of a mass stranding event involving 30 live FKWs occurred in northeastern Brazil in 2013. Releasing attempts and posterior monitoring data indicated successful outcome for 24 of 30 FKWs. Postmortem pathologic investigations confirmed live-stranding stress response and intestinal (Bolbosoma sp.) and otic (Stenurus sp.) endoparasitism. Toxicologic analyzes detected high concentrations of total mercury in liver correlating with liver damage, as indicated by elevated transaminases. In this mass stranding, key factors were early notification, organizational and operational framework, trained and sufficient personnel, resources and equipment, government support, and strategy and decision making. These results underscore the benefits of a rapid marine mammal network response, the importance of integrative multidisciplinary investigations, and set baseline information for mass strandings of cetaceans in Brazil.

Mercury and methylmercury levels in soils associated with coal-fired power plants in central-northern Chile

Mercury pollution is a worldwide problem, and is associated with a number of natural and anthropogenic processes. The present work, conducted in Chile, a country that has traditionally depended heavily on fossil fuels for power generation, examines total mercury (THg) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) concentrations in soils across different sites exposed to coal fired power plant emissions. Samples from four selected (Renca, Laguna Verde, Las Ventanas, Huasco) and 1 control (Quintay) sites were analyzed using cold vapour and fluorescence spectroscopy (CV-AFS) for THg determination and chromatographic separation with atomic fluorescence detection (DI-GC-AFS) was followed for speciation analysis.From the sites analyzed, Renca and Las Ventanas showed high concentrations of total mercury, exhibiting ranges between 135 – 568 and 94–464 ng g−1 respectively, while Laguna Verde and Huasco exhibited lower values ranged 5–27 and 9–44 ng g−1 respectively. Conversely, analysis of MMHg concentrations showed that only Renca site possessed high values, ranging between 0.1 and 3.0 ng g−1, resulting in this site being considered contaminated. Conversely, other sites showed minimal values comparable to the control site (0.024 ± 0.003 ng g−1) in terms of MMHg concentrations. An analysis of the differences between MMHg and THg concentrations in contaminated sites, suggests an overall absence of methylation in soils of Las Ventanas, probably related to the very high levels of soil heavy metals, especially copper. Moreover, the influence of the composition and physicochemical properties of the different soils on the mobility of the species was assessed. Results obtained (as Log Kd) were 3.5 and 4.1 for Renca and Las Ventanas respectively, suggesting low mobility of mercury species in the environment for both sites.Finally, the data obtained allowed us to establish a first approximation of the differences in concentration and mobility of total and MMHg associated with coal fired power plants emission in central-northern Chile, an area previously understudied in a country heavily dependent on fossil-fuels.

Mercury in components of ecosystems of Western Spitsbergen fijord in summer, 2017

The total content of mercury was studied in marine water, sediments and benthic organisms in Billefjord, Isfjord and Gronfjord (Western Spitsbergen) in 2017. The samples were collected between 21 and 24 of July 2017 on-board RV “Dalnie Zelentsy” of Murmansk Marine Biological Institute. Total mercury content was measured at chemical-analytical laboratory of the Russian Scientific Center on Spitsbergen in Barentsburg.Total mercury concentration in the water did not exceed 10 ng/l in all fjords. In the surface sediments the highest concentrations of total mercury were found in Isfjord (median 55 ng/g d.w.) while the Billefjord sediments were characterised by the lowest concentrations (median 10.4 ng/g d.w.). This fact might reflect the differences in water circulation and therefore sediment accumulation peculiarities.Total mercury data were obtained for benthic organisms of various feeding modes. Generally mercury levels were comparatively low (median 12.2 ng/g w.w.), however the highest concentrations were measured in the benthic fauna of Isfjord, specifically in polychaetes Maldania sarsi (max. 49.2 ng/g w.w.). Mercury accumulation in benthic organisms predominantly depended on their trophic level in the ecosystem and location in the fjord: benthic detritus feeders accumulate more mercury (median 25.0 ng/gw.w.).

Mercury assessment, macrobenthos diversity and environmental quality conditions in the Salado Estuary (Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador) impacted by anthropogenic influences

Water and sediment quality, macrobenthos diversity and mercury levels were assessed in the Salado Estuary, Gulf of Guayaquil (Ecuador) during 2008, 2009 and 2014. Severe hypoxia, anoxia and large fluctuations of salinity occurred in an impacted sector within Guayaquil city relative to a mangrove area within the Salado Mangroves Faunal Production Reserve. Significant inter-site and temporal differences were observed for dissolved oxygen, salinity, total dissolved solids, percentage of silts and clays, and species diversity. Macrobenthos' species richness for both sectors was greater during 2008. Sediments revealed high concentrations of total mercury (THg) (1.20–2.76 mg kg−1 dw), exceeding Ecuador's SQG (0.1 mg kg−1 dw). Sediment THg were significantly lower in 2014 than 2008/09. Biota sediment sccumulation factor values for mussels (3.0 to 34), indicate high bioaccumulation potential from mercury-contaminated sediments. This work highlights the need to develop stronger environmental policies to protect the Salado Estuary from anthropogenic stressors.

Temporal and spatial variation in the mechanisms used by microorganisms to form methylmercury in the water column of Changshou Lake

The microbiome in artificial lake water and its impact on mercury (Hg) methylation remain largely unknown. We selected the largest artificial lake in southeastern china, Changshou Lake (CSL), which has high background levels of Hg, for our investigation of Hg transformation microorganisms. Five different sections of the water column of CSL were sampled during four seasons. The water samples were subjected to analysis of geochemical parameters, various Hg species and microbiome information. High concentrations of total mercury (THg) were detected in CSL in comparison with those found in natural lakes. Significant differences in microbial community structure and Hg species abundance existed among seasons. High dissolved methyl mercury (DMeHg) formation and high bacterial richness and diversity occurred in the fall. The microbiome was dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus and many unclassified bacteria. Significant correlations were found between seasonal bacterial communities and Hg levels. Hg methylation was strongly linked to the abundance of Cyanobacteria. Methylators, including Syntrophus, Desulfovibrio and Desulfomonile species, were detected only in samples collected in the fall. The results of enzyme functional analyses revealed that many unknown types of bacteria could also be responsible for Hg transformation. This study was the first to investigate the impact of various Hg species on the microbiome of artificial lake water. The findings of this study illuminate the role of seasonal bacteria in Hg transformation.

Total mercury concentration in two marine fish species, mackerel (Scomberomorus sp.) and snapper (Lutjanus sp.), from several Mexican fishing ports.

Mercury and methylmercury concentrations were evaluated in two marine fish species captured and consumed in Mexico, snapper (Lutjanus sp.) and mackerel (Scomberomorus sp.), obtained from several fish ports on the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Significant differences were found between the median total mercury concentrations in snapper and mackerel, which were 0.187 and 0.125μg/g (ww), respectively. Differences in the total mercury concentration in snapper were observed between the different oceans; snappers from the Gulf of Mexico registered a higher median mercury concentration (0.233μg/g) than those caught in the Pacific Ocean (0.150μg/g). Ninety-three percent of all samples presented had mercury concentrations that did not exceed the maximum limit (0.5μg/g) specified by Mexican regulations, although 21% exceeded the US EPA limit of 0.3μg/g, and three samples had mercury concentrations that were above the FDA recommended limit of 1μg/g. Mackerel and snapper collected in the ports of Tampico and Mazatlan (economically important industrial cities and fishing sites) had the highest concentrations of total mercury, compared with those obtained from Acapulco and Ensenada (important touristic centers), which showed the lowest values. Recommendations should be made for the maximum allowed consumption of these fish in Mexico, especially for populations settled in shorelines where fish is essential for the daily diet.

Hepatic and renal histology and mercury concentrations of North West and North East Greenland narwhals (Monodon monoceros)

ABSTRACTNarwhals (Monodon monoceros) are at the top of the Arctic food web and therefore might biomagnify high total mercury (Hg) concentrations in organs and tissues. The aim of this study was to determine histopathology and Hg concentrations in liver and kidneys from 15 North East Greenland narwhals (3 subadult females, 8 adult females, 3 subadult males, and 1 adult male) and compare data with previous observations of 12 North West Greenland specimens (1 subadult female, 4 adult females, 1 subadult male, and 6 adult males). The zoological length was significantly larger and hepatic and renal concentrations significantly higher in adults compared to subadults. When comparing tissues, the Hg levels were significantly the highest in liver, while a correlation between metal levels in liver and kidneys was positive and significant. Histological examination of renal tissues presented four types of glomerular lesions (capillary dilatation [0–100%], membrane thickening [0–100%], dilatation of space [0–80%], and sclerosis [0–70%]) and two tubular lesions (atrophy/hyalinization [0–40%] and casts [0–60%]). Hepatic tissues exhibited three portal lesions (fibrosis [0–33%], cell infiltrates [0–40%], and bile duct proliferation [0–40%]) and two parenchymal lesions (steatosis [83–100%] and lipid-filled Ito cells [0–33%]). All 12 lesions were found in adult whales from North West Greenland while eight were present in adult whales from North East Greenland. Six lesions were detected in subadults from North East Greenland and four in subadults from North West Greenland. A significantly higher frequency of dilatation and hyalinization of Bowman’s space and capsule and glomerular capillary dilatation was found in adult narwhals from West Greenland. There was no marked difference in Hg concentrations in whales with and without histological lesions. In conclusion, the prevalence of histological changes and Hg levels were the highest in adults and therefore both age and metal are important factors to include when evaluating liver and kidney lesions in narwhals.

Large-scale projects in the amazon and human exposure to mercury: The case-study of the Tucuruí Dam

The Tucuruí Dam is one of the largest dams ever built in the Amazon. The area is not highly influenced by gold mining as a source of mercury contamination. Still, we recently noted that one of the most consumed fishes (Cichla sp.) is possibly contaminated with methylmercury. Therefore, this work evaluated the mercury content in the human population living near the Tucuruí Dam. Strict exclusion/inclusion criteria were applied for the selection of participants avoiding those with altered hepatic and/or renal functions. Methylmercury and total mercury contents were analyzed in hair samples. The median level of total mercury in hair was above the safe limit (10µg/g) recommended by the World Health Organization, with values up to 75µg/g (about 90% as methylmercury). A large percentage of the participants (57% and 30%) showed high concentrations of total mercury (≥ 10µg/g and ≥ 20µg/g, respectively), with a median value of 12.0µg/g. These are among the highest concentrations ever detected in populations living near Amazonian dams. Interestingly, the concentrations are relatively higher than those currently shown for human populations highly influenced by gold mining areas. Although additional studies are needed to confirm the possible biomagnification and bioaccumulation of mercury by the dams in the Amazon, our data already support the importance of adequate impact studies and continuous monitoring. More than 400 hydropower dams are operational or under construction in the Amazon, and an additional 334 dams are presently planned/proposed. Continuous monitoring of the populations will assist in the development of prevention strategies and government actions to face the problem of the impacts caused by the dams.

Blood mercury concentrations in common bottlenose dolphins from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida: Patterns of social distribution

AbstractSocial network analysis has been shown to be effective in studying the social structure of cetacean populations. Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, have among the highest concentrations of total mercury (THg) in blood reported worldwide. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between THg concentrations in IRL dolphins and their social affiliations. Whole blood samples from 98 dolphins with photo‐identification sighting histories were collected between 2003–2007 and 2010–2012. Dolphins were categorized into approximate tertiles of low (mean 199.7 μg/L), medium (mean 366.8 μg/L), and high (mean 990.5 μg/L) THg exposure. Social associations between individual dolphins were defined by the proportion of sightings documented with another known individual. Social network measures of individuals and associations between dyads were examined to determine differences among THg categories. Strong social affiliations of individuals within the highest category of THg were found (P = 0.04), suggesting shared exposures among dolphins foraging in specific areas of the estuary. Network measures of strength and affinity were significantly higher in the highest exposure category. This report used social network analysis as a novel way to examine patterns of exposure to an environmental contaminant in a cetacean population.

Low total mercury in Caiman yacare (Alligatoridae) as compared to carnivorous, and non-carnivorous fish consumed by Amazonian indigenous communities

Mercury contamination in the River Beni basin is an important health risk factor, primarily for indigenous communities that live along the river. Among them are the Tacana, living in their original territory with sustainable use of their natural resources, consuming fish, Caiman yacare, and other riverine resources as their main source of protein. To assess mercury exposure to Tacana people, total mercury (THg) was evaluated in the muscle of seven commercial fish, and Caiman yacare (yacare caiman) during 2007 and 2008. THg was extracted by acid digestion and concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean mercury concentrations in C. yacare was 0.21 ± 0.22 μg g−1Hg w.w. (wet weight), which is lower than expected given its high trophic level, and its long life-span. It is possible that mercury in C. yacare is accumulated in other organs, not included in this study; but it is also possible that physiological mechanisms are involved that help caimans get rid of ingested mercury, or simply that C. yacare’s diverse diet reduces THg accumulation. Carnivorous fishes (Pygocentrus nattereri, Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum, Zungaro zungaro, Plagioscion squamosissimus, and Leiarius marmoratus) had the highest total mercury concentrations, ranging from 0.35 to 1.27 μg g−1Hg w.w. moreover, most were above the limit recommended by WHO (0.5 μg g−1Hg w.w.); except for Leiarius marmuratus, which presented a mean of 0.353 ± 0.322 μg g−1Hg w.w. The two non-carnivorous fish species (Prochilodus nigricans, and Piaractus brachypomus) present mean concentrations of 0.099 ± 0.027, and 0.041 ± 0.019 μg g−1Hg w.w., respectively. Finally, recommendations on the consumption habits of Tacana communities are discussed.

Morphological alterations in the liver of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from a biological mercury hotspot

Mercury (Hg) contamination is a global issue due to its anthropogenic release, long-range transport, and deposition in remote areas. In Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site, Nova Scotia, Canada, high concentrations of total mercury (THg) were found in tissues of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible relationship between THg concentrations and the morphology of perch liver as a main site of metal storage and toxicity. Yellow perch were sampled from five lakes known to contain fish representing a wide range in Hg concentrations in fall 2013. The ultrastructure of hepatocytes and the distribution of Hg within the liver parenchyma were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS). The relative area of macrophage aggregates (MAs) in the liver was determined using image analysis software and fluorescence microscopy. No relation between general health indicators (Fulton's condition index) and THg was observed. In line with this, TEM examination of the liver ultrastructure revealed no prominent pathologies related to THg accumulation. However, a morphological parameter that appeared to increase with muscle THg was the relative area of MAs in the liver. The hepatic lysosomes appeared to be enlarged in samples with the highest THg concentrations. Interestingly, EELS analysis revealed that the MAs and hepatic lysosomes contained Hg.

Mercury in Caribbean dolphins (Stenella longirostris and Stenella frontalis) caught for human consumption off St. Vincent, West Indies

The island of St. Vincent in the Lesser Antilles supports an ongoing, legal cetacean hunt, which targets several species for human consumption. Little is known regarding the healthfulness and potential health risks of these foods in this setting. Following established methodologies we analyzed 39 raw muscle tissue samples and 38 raw blubber samples from two cetacean species for total mercury and methyl-mercury. We also analyzed samples of muscle tissue from an unknown cetacean species prepared for consumption. We report high concentrations of total mercury and methyl-mercury in these tissues as compared to published data for other seafood products. Further, our findings indicate that the traditional preparation method most often used locally in St. Vincent yields a finished food product with a much higher mercury concentration than the unprocessed tissue. Our results highlight the potential for negative human health effects related to the consumption of these food products in St. Vincent.

Hair mercury concentrations and fish consumption patterns in Florida residents.

Mercury exposure through the consumption of fish and shellfish represents a significant public health concern in the United States. Recent research has demonstrated higher seafood consumption and subsequent increased risk of methylmercury exposure among subpopulations living in coastal areas. The identification of high concentrations of total mercury in blood and skin among resident Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), a coastal estuary in Florida, alerted us to a potential public health hazard in the contiguous human population. Therefore, we analyzed hair mercury concentrations of residents living along the IRL and ascertained their sources and patterns of seafood consumption. The total mean mercury concentration for 135 residents was 1.53 ± 1.89 µg/g. The concentration of hair mercury among males (2.02 ± 2.38 µg/g) was significantly higher than that for females (0.96 ± 0.74 µg/g) (p < 0.01). Log transformed hair mercury concentration was significantly associated with the frequency of total seafood consumption (p < 0.01). Individuals who reported consuming seafood once a day or more were 3.71 (95% CI 0.84–16.38) times more likely to have a total hair mercury concentration over 1.0 µg/g, which corresponds approximately to the U.S. EPA reference dose, compared to those who consumed seafood once a week or less. Hair mercury concentration was also significantly higher among individuals who obtained all or most of their seafood from local recreational sources (p < 0.01). The elevated human mercury concentrations mirror the elevated concentrations observed in resident dolphins in the same geographical region. The current study is one of the first to apply the concept of a sentinel animal to a contiguous human population.

Mercury speciation in fish muscles from major Czech rivers and assessment of health risks

The aim of this work was to determine the mercury and methylmercury content in muscle tissue of chub (Leuciscus cephalus L.), to assess the health risks of eating the fish and to determine the number of fish meat servings that are suitable for weekly consumption. Total mercury concentrations were determined using a single-purpose atomic absorption spectrophotometer AMA 254. Methylmercury concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. The location where the highest total mercury concentrations in fish muscle tissues were found was the Vltava – Vraňany (0.236±0.1001mg/kg−1), and the highest methylmercury concentration was found at the Labe – Obříství (0.231±0.1056mg/kg−1). The conclusion based on the data ascertained is that the locations from which the lowest number of fish meat servings can be eaten are the Vltava – Vraňany and the Labe – Obříství. The results of this study helped evaluate contamination levels of rivers that flow out of the Czech Republic.

Mercury Pollution in La Libertad, a Gold Mining Town in Central Nicaragua. Uncontrolled Mining, Economic Crisis, and Climate Effects—A Dangerous Mixture

PP-31-159 Background/Aims: Mercury is a global pollutant with serious implications at the local and regional level, and is widely used through gold mining communities, especially in developing countries, as Nicaragua where the gold mining activity represents one of the major income sources. Methods: Mercury pollution emitted by small scale mining activities was evaluated in the mining town “La Libertad” in Chontales, central Nicaragua. The crushing/amalgamation centers “Rastras” where most mercury is released were georeferenced and monitored during 2008 and 2009. Furthermore, the concentration of mercury was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the environment (water and soil) and in blood samples from 124 miners and non-miners grouped in miners and non-miners families from the same town. Results: The crushing/amalgamation centers as an indicator of the mining activity were located all around the town and their numbers were almost doubled in 2009. High concentrations of total mercury were found in water samples (range concentration: 1.56–235.9 μg/L) where water level in creeks and rivers were reduced by drought and season. Concentrations of mercury in the total sample exceeded 15.36 μg/L of total mercury, which might represents a risk for health. Comparing total mercury in blood samples from miners and non-miners families, there was no significant difference between median groups (5.31 vs. 5.145 μg/L; R > 0.005) detonating environmental exposure more important than working exposure in agreement with the short distance between crushing/amalgamation centers and houses. Conclusion: Mercury used in gold mining represents a risk for general population in the mining town La Libertad.