High Concentrations Of Sodium Chloride Research Articles

Volumetric and Viscometric Properties of Some Sulpha Drugs in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Chloride at T = (288.15 to 318.15) K

The partial molar volumes V2° and viscosity B-coefficient have been measured from density and flow time measurements for sulphanilamide, sulphanilic acid, and sulphosalicylic acid dihydrate in water and in aqueous solutions of (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5) mol·kg−1 sodium chloride at temperatures from (288.15 to 318.15) K, by the use of a vibrating tube digital densimeter and Micro-Ubbelohde type capillary viscometer, respectively. The transfer volumes at infinite dilution calculated from partial molar volumes have both positive and negative values. The overall positive values at higher concentrations of sodium chloride are in the following order: sulphosalicylic acid dihydrate > sulphanilic acid > sulphanilamide, which is also the order of hydrophilicity of these drugs. The interaction coefficients, partial molar expansibilities VE°, and second-order derivative have also been calculated. The transfer B-coefficient values, ΔtrB, are calculated from viscosity B-coefficient data. Transition state theory has bee...

Molecular Dynamics Simulation at High Sodium Chloride Concentration: Toward the Inactive Conformation of the Human Adenosine A2A Receptor

The recently solved crystal structure of the human adenosine A2A receptor (hA2AR) shows the characteristics of a partially activated state. Experimental data suggests that high sodium chloride concentration shifts hA2AR to the inactive state. We found that molecular dynamics simulations at high sodium chloride concentration result in an inactive form of hA2AR reflected in the reformation of the “ionic lock” (Arg102(3.50)−Glu228(6.30)) as well as in the reduction of the αC−αC distance between the intracellular sides of transmembrane helices 3 and 6 (TM3 and TM6). Interestingly, no such stabilization effect was observed at physiological concentrations. Our results suggest that the effect of high sodium chloride concentration might be exploited to generate an inactive state of hA2AR, which is more favorable for identifying pharmacologically relevant antagonists or inverse agonists.

Improvement of soy‐sauce flavour by genome shuffling in Candida versatilis to improve salt stress resistance

SummaryGenome shuffling of Candida versatilis was applied to improve the soy‐sauce flavour by further increasing salt stress resistance. A mutant S3‐5, with a stronger resistance to salt, was isolated after three rounds of genome shuffling. It is found that S3‐5 improved stress tolerance to higher potassium chloride and lithium chloride. S3‐5 not only grew well in the YPD (peptone, yeast extract and dextrose) medium containing high concentrations of sodium chloride with various pH values, but also exhibited improvement of growth ability in soy‐sauce medium. The main aroma compounds in soy sauce were distinctly improved. Notably, S3‐5 produced about 2.78 times as much ethanol as the control strain. Another important aroma compound, 4‐hydroxy‐2 (or 5)‐ethyl‐5 (or 2)‐methyl‐3 (2H)‐furanone (HEMF) was enhanced by up to 80%. Meanwhile, S3‐5 accelerated flavour formation of soy sauce thus decreasing the total time required for the aroma development.

Effects of Salt Concentration on the Reaction Rate of Glc with Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

The reaction between the amino group and the carbonyl group is important in food quality control. Furthermore, advanced glycation end products from foods are considered to relate to aging and diabetes. Thus, it is important to control this reaction. In this study, we investigated the effects of salt concentration on the rates of browning reaction of amino acid, peptides, and proteins. A high concentration of sodium chloride retarded the reaction rate of Glc with amino acids as measured with the absorbance at 470 nm, but did not change the browning rate of Glc with peptides. On the other hand, sodium chloride retarded the browning reaction rate of proteins as measured with polymerization degree or by the loss of Lys. It is hoped that the results of this study will be applied in the control of amino-carbonyl reaction rates in the food industry.

Roles of Thromboxane A2 On High Salt Induced-Fetal Defect.

Abstract 5129 IntroductionPreeclampsia is a pregnancy-induced disorder. If a pregnant woman suffered from preeclampsia, her worse developed-placenta might result in growth retardation of the fetus, and in the most severe cases, it would cause fetal and maternal death. Several previous studies showed that circulating thromboxane A2 in preeclampsic women was higher than that of normal pregnant women, and higher thromboxane A2 level might induce thrombosis and hypertension in these patients. Thus, thromboxane A2 was thought to be an important metabolite relevant to the development of preeclampsia. Materials and MethodsIn order to clearly clarify the roles of thromboxane A2 on preeclampsia, wild type and thromboxane A2 synthase knockout pregnant mice were fed with drinking water containing high concentration of sodium chloride. The effect of thromboxane A2 on preeclampsia was observed by measuring blood pressure, urinary protein, systemic edema in pregnant mice, and placenta weight, fetal weight, fetal size and fetal sections were also measured and stained. ResultsIn the groups of pregnant mice fed with high salt, maternal body weight, fetal size and fetal weight were severely decreased in wild type mice as compared to thromboxane A2 synthase knockout mice. Furthermore, abnormal cell degeneration was observed in fetus of wild type pregnant mice, but less in thromboxane A2 synthase knockout fetus. ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that knockout pregnant mice were more resistant to high salt treatment, implying the roles of thromboxane A2 on the development of maternal and fetal defects during high salt treatment. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Effects of Calcium Chloride on Growth, Membrane Permeability and Root Hydraulic Conductivity in Two Atriplex Species Grown at High (Sodium Chloride) Salinity

ABSTRACT Calcium (Ca) has an important role in plant physiology, including involvement in the responses to salt stress, and controls numerous processes. To overcome the negative impact of high salinity, the addition of supplemental Ca to the growth medium as an ameliorative agent could be necessary. Atriplex halimus subsp. schweinfurthii and Atriplex canescens subsp. linearis were grown in hydroponic conditions to investigate the effectiveness of supplementary calcium chloride (CaCl2) applied into nutrient solution on plants grown at high (400 mM) sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration. Treatments were: 1) nutrient solution alone [control (C)]; 2) nutrient solution plus 400 mM sodium chloride (NaCl); and 3) nutrient solution and 400 mM NaCl plus supplementary 40 mM CaCl2 supplied in nutrient solution (NaCl + CaCl2). The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design, consisting of two species (A. halimus and A. canescens), three treatments (control, NaCl, and NaCl + CaCl2), and five replicates. Dry weight and chlorophyll content of plants grown at high NaCl were lower than those at normal nutrient solution. Supplementary CaCl2 ameliorated the negative effects of salinity on plant growth in both species. Root hydraulic conductivity (L 0) decreased with elevated NaCl and increased with supplementary CaCl2 compared to the stressed plants. Membrane permeability increased with high NaCl application and these increases in root membrane permeability decreased with supplementary CaCl2 compared to the NaCl treatment. Sodium (Na) concentration in plant tissues increased in both species in high NaCl level. Application of supplementary CaCl2 lowered Na concentration. Concentrations of calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) were at deficient ranges in the plants grown at high NaCl levels and these deficiencies were corrected by supplementary CaCl2.

MACRO NUTRIENTS UPTAKE OF FORAGE GRASSES AT DIFFERENT SALINITY STRESSES

The high concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) in saline soils has negative effects on the growth ofmost plants. The experiment was designed to evaluate macro nutrient uptake (Nitrogen, Phosphorus andPotassium) of forage grasses at different NaCl concentrations in growth media. The experiment wasconducted in a greenhouse at Forage Crops Laboratory of Animal Agriculture Faculty, Diponegoro University.Split plot design was used to arrange the experiment. The main plot was forage grasses (Elephant grass(Pennisetum purpureum ) and King grass (Pennisetum hybrida)). The sub plot was NaCl concentrationin growth media (0, 150, and 300 mM). The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake in shootand root of plant were measured. The result indicated increasing NaCl concentration in growth mediasignificantly decreased the N, P and K uptake in root and shoot of the elephant grass and king grass. Thepercentage reduction percentage of N, P and K uptake at 150 mM and 300 mM were high in elephant grassand king grass. It can be concluded that based on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake, elephantgrass and king grass are not tolerant to strong and very strong saline soil.

MalT knockout mutation invokes a stringent type gene-expression profile in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in bronchoalveolar fluid

BackgroundActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes contagious pleuropneumonia, an economically important disease of commercially reared pigs throughout the world. To cause this disease, A. pleuropneumoniae must rapidly overcome porcine pulmonary innate immune defenses. Since bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) contains many of the innate immune and other components found in the lungs, we examined the gene expression of a virulent serovar 1 strain of A. pleuropneumoniae after exposure to concentrated BALF for 30 min.ResultsIn reverse transcription PCR differential display (RT-PCR DD) experiments, A. pleuropneumoniae CM5 exposed to BALF up-regulated, among other genes, a gene predicted to encode LamB, an outer-membrane transport protein of the maltose regulon. To determine the role of the lamB and other genes of the maltose regulon in the pathogenesis of A. pleuropneumoniae, knockout mutations were created in the lamB and malT genes, the latter being the positive transcriptional regulator of the maltose regulon. Relative to the lamB mutant and the wild type, the malT mutant had a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in growth rate and an increased sensitivity to fresh porcine serum and high concentrations (more than 0.5 M) of sodium chloride. In DNA microarray experiments, the BALF-exposed malT mutant exhibited a gene-expression profile resembling that of a stringent type gene-expression profile seen in bacteria facing amino acid or carbon starvation. Genes encoding proteins for protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and DNA replication were down-regulated, while genes involved in stringent response (e.g., relA), amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis, biofilm formation, DNA transformation, and stress response were up-regulated.ConclusionThese results suggest that MalT may be involved in protection against some stressors and in the transport of one or more essential nutrients in BALF. Moreover, if MalT is directly or indirectly linked to the stringent response, an important global mechanism of bacterial persistence and virulence in many bacterial pathogens, it might play a role in A. pleuropneumoniae pathogenesis.

Effects of NaCl and Supplementary Potassium on Gas Exchange, Ionic Content, and Growth of Salt-Stressed Strawberry Plants

ABSTRACT Strawberry cultivar ‘Selva’ was grown in a hydroponic culture in a heated greenhouse to study the effects of supplementary potassium (K) added to nutrient solution and applied to the plants grown at high sodium chloride (35 mmol/L) concentration. Treatments were: (1) nutrient solution alone (N); (2) N + sodium chloride (NaCl) (35 mmol/L) (NS); (3) N + NaCl + potassium sulfate (K2SO4; 5 mmol/L) (NSK1); (4) N + NaCl + K2SO4 (10 mmol/L) (NSK2). Leaf area, biomass production, and gas exchange variables (Pn, E, gs, Ci) negatively affected by salinity. In addition, ionic concentrations (sodium, chlorine, and potassium) increased by salinity treatments. Supplementary potassium had positive effects to ameliorate the harmful effects of NaCl on leaf area. Shoot growing was decreased by potassium (K) application. Ionic concentrations of this cultivar show contradictory results. Although supplementary potassium increased K accumulation, but sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) concentrations of plant parts was increased. These results show that potassium can be applied for this cultivar in salinity conditions.

Influence of Salt on the Aqueous Lubrication Properties of End-Grafted, Ethylene Glycol-Based Self-Assembled Monolayers

We have investigated the influence of a high-concentration salt solution (1 M NaCl) on the aqueous lubrication properties of ethylene glycol-based molecules, namely, alpha-methoxy-omega-mercaptopoly(ethylene glycol) (MW 5000 Da) and alpha-methoxy-omega-mercaptoheptakis(ethylene glycol) (MW 356 Da), which have been end-grafted onto polycrystalline gold surfaces at high surface density. Macroscopic-scale, yet nondestructive, pin-on-disk tribometry experiments revealed that a high concentration of sodium chloride is deleterious to the aqueous lubricating properties of both films under low-sliding-speed conditions. This behavior was observed to be closely associated with the more collapsed conformation of surface-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) polymer chains in concentrated salt solutions, as confirmed by quartz-crystal microbalance measurements.

Co-Digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Refined Glycerin Wash Water for Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal and Methane Production

Problem statement: Refined Glycerin Wash Water (RGWW) from the oleochemical industry contains high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and requires proper treatment before disposal. Unfortunately the wash water also contains high concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) that could cause inhibition to the normal biological treatment process. However, there is feasibility of co-digesting the RGWW and Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) for its treatment and methane recovery. Approach: A large 500 m3 semi-commercial closed digester tank was used to study the effect of co-digesting POME and RGWW under mesophilic condition at different RGWW percentage. The digester performance in terms of COD removal efficiency and methane production rate and stability based on total Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) accumulation, Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solid (MLVSS) and pH were evaluated. Results: At 1.0% of RGWW co-digested, both COD removal efficiency and methane production rate showed satisfactory results with higher than 90% and 505 m3 day-1, respectively. However, once the percentage was increased to a maximum of 5.25%, COD removal efficiency remains high but the methane production rate reduced significantly down to 307 m3 day-1. At this stage, the digester was already unstable with high total VFA recorded of 913 mg L-1 and low cells concentration of 8.58 g L-1. This was probably due to the effect of plasmolysis on the methanogens at high concentration of NaCl in the digester of nearly 4000 mg L-1. Conclusion: Co-digesting of RGWW with high NaCl content and POME is satisfactory for COD removal but not for increasing the methane production.

Optimization of ELP-intein mediated protein purification by salt substitution

In this paper we discuss improvements to our previously reported ELP-intein purification system described by Banki et al. [M.R. Banki, L. Feng, D.W. Wood, Simple bioseparations using self-cleaving elastin-like polypeptide tags, Nat. Methods 2 (2005) 659–661; W.Y. Wu, C. Mee, F. Califano, R. Banki, D.W. Wood, Recombinant protein purification by self-cleaving aggregation tag, Nat. Protoc. 1 (2006) 2257–2262]. This method is based on the selective and reversible precipitation of ELP-tagged target proteins by gentle heating in the presence of high concentrations of sodium chloride. A critical aspect of this system is that the ELP tag is induced to self-cleave by a mild pH shift after purification. An examination of the Hofmeister series of ions suggested that salts other than sodium chloride may be more efficient for ELP precipitation. Specifically, by replacing sodium chloride with ammonium sulfate to induce ELP aggregation, we were able to reduce the required salt concentration by almost 4-fold, and the precipitation steps could be conducted at room temperature instead of 37°C. This results in a cheaper, gentler, and more scaleable purification method. To demonstrate these advantages, green fluorescent protein and β-lactamase were purified using the newly optimized conditions in side-by-side comparisons to the previous method. The results indicate that both specific activity and yield were improved with the new conditions. These improvements thus significantly increase the attractiveness of this highly general and economical method for recombinant protein purification.

Treatment of modified starch wastewater with high sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration using an anaerobic hybrid reactor

This work was designed to investigate the potential of an anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR) in treating modified starch wastewater (MSW) containing high salt concentration. The AHR was started up by feeding native starch wastewater (NSW) until reaching a steady state at an organic loading rate of 4 kg COD/m 3 /d and hydraulic retention time of 3 d. After that the MSW, to which was added a NaCl concentration of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g/l, was fed into the AHR. The result was that the AHR yielded a high efficiency in treating the SMSW containing 5.0 g/l of NaCl. After increasing the NaCl to 7.5 g/l, the total volatile acid (TVA) was increased from 1,070 mg/l to 2,620 mg/l, whereas the alkalinity decreased from 1,950 mg/l to 705 mg/l. The TVA/alkalinity ratio was increased from 0.5 to 3.7, whereas the pH was reduced to 4.45. The amount of attached biomass and suspended biomass in the AHR was reduced from 71.1 and 90.7 g/reactor to 67.4 and 60.4 g/reactor, respectively. Moreover, the NaCl negatively affected the microbial activities inside the reactor, especially methanogenic activity. Contrarily, no inhibition was found when the 5.0 g/l of NaCl added. These results showed that the AHR was able to treat the modified starch wastewater containing 5.0 g/l of NaCl.

Characterization of fly ash from a hazardous waste incinerator in Medellin, Colombia

Bag filter (BF) fly ash from a hazardous waste incinerator located in Medellín, Colombia was characterized. Particle size distribution, chemical composition, metal loading, surface area, morphology, and chemical environment were assessed before and after fly ash extraction with toluene. Fly ash consists of low surface area platelets of SiO 2 smaller than 0.5 μm agglomerated in spheres between 20 and 100 μm. High concentration of sodium chloride, carbon, and heavy metals such as Cu, Fe, Pb, Hg, Cd, Co and Mn are deposited over the fly ash surface. The carbon is oxidized and forms different structures such as amorphous carbon black, nano balls and more crystalline fullerenes like nano onions. The high concentration of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs (superior to 185 ng WHO-TEQ/g) is favored by oxidized carbon, chlorine and metals such as Cu and Fe on the shell of the particles. Before and after toluene extraction, fly ash samples presented similar morphology. However, after extraction their particle size increased while their surface area decreased by 35% and the carbon and metal contents decreased by 35% and 50%, respectively.

Recycling of Woven Fabric Dyeing Wastewater Practiced in Perundurai Common Effluent Treatment Plant

Textile dyeing industries in Erode and Tirupur district of Tamilnadu (India) discharge effluents ranging between 100 and 200m³/t of production. Dyeing is performed by Jigger or advanced Soft Flow reactor process. Coloring of hosiery fabric takes place in the presence of high concentration of sodium sulphate or sodium chloride (30 – 75 kg/m³) in dye solutions. Wash water and dye bath waste water are the process effluents of dyeing industry which are collected separately and follow the advanced treatment for maximum recycling of recovered waters.Wash water is treated using a sequence of physicochemical and biological unit process, the waste water is passed into ultrafiltration (UF), two stages reverse osmosis (RO) membrane system where the permeate is reused for processes. The rejects about 10 – 12 % of the inlet volume is subject to reverse osmosis for sent to evaporators. Dye bath water after treating, the permeate is used in process for dye bath preparation and the reject of about 20 – 25% is sent to multi effect evaporator / solar evaporation pond (SEP). The final rejects from reverse osmosis system is directed to multi effect evaporator system where condensed waters are recovered. The removal of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride are in the range of 82 – 97%, 90 – 97% and 78 – 97% respectively. This study was carrier out Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP), Perundurai, SIPCOT, Erode district.

Desalination of soy sauce by nanofiltration

Soy sauce is a traditional Chinese food condiment, normally containing a high concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl, 18–20%, w/v). To meet people's demand for healthy foods, part of NaCl needs to be removed from the raw soy sauce. In this study, nanofiltration was employed for the removal of salt and the recovery of nutritional components such as amino acid and fragrance from raw soy sauce, using four commercial NF membranes (NF270, NF-, NF90, Desal-5 DL). NF270 was found to be most suitable for the purpose. It was used to further study the effect of operation modes on desalination performance. The combination mode that concentration of the diluted soy sauce to its original volume, followed by diafiltration, was found to be most suitable one in terms of amino nitrogen (AN) and NaCl rejection, water consumption and operating pressure. Moreover, it was found that the rejection of AN was constant under the experimental conditions examined while NaCl rejection showed a linear relation with the concentration ratio of AN to NaCl. Based on mass balance and rejection equations, mathematical models were developed for predicting the concentration of solutes in retentate during desalination process, the simulation results agreed well with the experimental data.

A Comprehensive Model for Packing and Hydration for Amyloid Fibrils of β2-Microglobulin

Volume can provide informative structural descriptions of macromolecules such as proteins in solution because a final volumetric outcome accompanies the exquisite equipoise of packing effects between residues, and residues and waters inside and outside proteins. Here we performed systematic investigations on the volumetric nature of the amyloidogenic conformations of beta2-microglobulin (beta2-m) and its amyloidogenic core peptide, K3, using a high precision densitometer. The transition from the acid-denatured beta2-m to the mature amyloid fibrils was accompanied by a positive change in the partial specific volume, which was larger than that observed for the transition from the acid-denatured beta2-m to the native structure. The data imply that the mature amyloid fibrils are more voluminous than the native structure because of a sparse packing density of side chains. In contrast, the formation of the mature amyloid-like fibrils of the K3 from the random coil was followed by a considerable decrease in the partial specific volume, suggesting a highly compact core structure. Interestingly, the immature amyloid-like fibrils of beta2-m exhibited a volume intermediate between those of the mature fibrils of beta2-m and K3, because of the core structure at their center and the relatively noncompact region around the core with much hydration. These volumetric differences would result from the nature of main-chain-dominated fibrillogenesis. We suggest comprehensive models for these three types of fibrils illustrating packing and hydrational states.

Hypernatremia secondary to soluble paracetamol use in an elderly man: a case report

IntroductionSoluble (effervescent) paracetamol is routinely given to elderly patients for convenience. A daily dose of 4 gm in this soluble formulation can contain up to 8.7 gm of sodium chloride, which exceeds the threshold recommended by the World Health Organization. Hypernatremia secondary to soluble paracetamol has rarely been reported. We describe an elderly patient who developed hypernatremia shortly after taking soluble paracetamol.Case presentationA confused 89-year-old man with back pain secondary to metastatic prostatic carcinoma was prescribed soluble paracetamol. Ten days later, his serum sodium concentration had increased from 142 mmol/L to 165 mmol/L. Soluble paracetamol was withdrawn shortly before he died, and was believed to have contributed to his hypernatremia.ConclusionHypernatremia is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Clinicians should be aware of the high sodium chloride content in soluble paracetamol, which can precipitate hypernatremia in elderly patients with impaired renal function.

Dendritic Star Polymers for Efficient DNA Binding and Stimulus-Dependent DNA Release

Water-soluble core-shell star polymers consisting of a dendritic polyphenylene core and an outer shell containing a defined number of amino groups have been synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). All macromolecules efficiently interacted with a diverse set of DNA fragments, and stable complexes were formed and visualized by atomic force microscopy. The observed tight binding of DNA, which was found in the sub-nanomolar range, was mainly attributed to strong electrostatic interactions. Complex stoichiometries between the polyelectrolytes were controlled via the number of amino groups of the star polymers, and well-defined nanoscopic architectures were formed. DNA was released from the complexes after treatment with high concentrations of sodium chloride in aqueous solution. Such star polymers, which allow the binding and release of DNA, represent attractive candidates for the development of novel anion-exchange resins for DNA purification or as nonviral vector systems for gene delivery.

Dye Destruction and Simultaneous Generation of Sodium Hydroxide Using a Divided Electrochemical Reactor

Textile dye bath effluent contains high concentrations of organic dye, sodium chloride, and other chemicals which inhibit the activity of microorganisms during biological oxidation. Hence high concentrations of organic dye and total dissolved solids have to be removed considerably before biological treatment. In this paper, degradation of dye effluent and simultaneous generation of caustic soda in an electrochemical membrane cell was investigated. Experiments were carried out at different current densities and different flow rates using Ti/RuO2/IrO2 as anode and stainless steel as cathode. In the present study of dye effluent treatment the results showed that the electrochemical process could effectively remove COD and color by anodic oxidation (92.16% and 100%) and concentrate caustic soda from 40 to 210.28 g L -1 . Textile processing industries are widespread sectors in developing countries. Among the various processes in the textile industry, the dyeing process uses large volumes of water for dyeing, fixing, and washing. Thus, the wastewaters generated from the textile processing industries contain suspended solids, high amounts of dissolved solids, unreacted dyestuffs (color), and other auxiliary chemicals that are used in the various stages of dyeing and processing. The conventional method of textile wastewater treatment consists of chemical coagulation, and biological treatment followed by activated carbon adsorption. The conventional coagulation process generates a huge volume of hazardous sludge and poses a problem of sludge disposal. The biological treatment of textile wastewater shows low degradation efficiency because of the presence of biologically inert high molecular weight dyestuffs. 1,2 Hence many investigators are studying alternative oxidation methods such as ozonation, photocatalytic oxidation, and electrochemical oxidation. The photocatalytic oxidation experiments were conducted for Acid Blue 80, Acid Orange 7, Brilliant Orange K-R, and Reactive Orange 16. 3‐6 Electrochemically assisted photochemical degradation was also conducted to improve the degradation efficiency of the dye. 7 The ozonation process was studied for the removal of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD), however; this process showed less COD removal. 8,9 Researchers also investigated electrocoagulation methods for textile dye removal using aluminum or iron electrodes. 10‐14 Several researchers have studied the feasibility of electrochemical degradation of textile dyes using various electrode materials for wastewater treatment. Electrochemical degradation of different dye compounds was studied using titaniumbased DSA (dimensionally stable anodes) electrodes, platinum electrodes, diamond and metal alloy electrodes, and boron-doped diamond electrodes. 5‐18 The membrane processes can meet the requirements of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis (RO), which retain not only relatively small organic molecules but also ions from dye wastewater. Removal of auxiliary chemicals, salt, and color from dye wastewater can