High Polyphenol Content Research Articles

Health Benefits of Yerba Mate Consumption on Cardiovascular Health

Background: Yerba mate is a Paraguayan kind of herbal tea prepared from the dried and roasted leaves of trees called Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill. It is known for high content of polyphenols, methylxanthines and saponins. According to the studies products rich in those nutrients may have a positive influence on the humans cardiovascular health. Materials and methods: We reviewed publications obtained from PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles were selected based on keywords such “yerba mate’’, “Ilex paraguariensis’’, “cardiovascular diseases’’. For the final analysis, qualified articles were published from 2005 to 2024. Results: Confirming positive impact on serum lipid levels individuals using mate tea. Long – term positive influence on blood pressure. Moreover subjects with obesity took advantages of Yerba beverage by decreasing waist-to-hip ratio. Patients with diabetes were observed to have a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose level and HbA1c concentration. Conclusions: Most of the cited researches support the hypothesis of benefits coming from drinking mate infusions for patients with elevated lipid serum levels, obesity, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes mellitus. All of mentioned health issues can lead to the cardiovascular problems therefore using mate infusions can prevent CVDs. Taking everything into consideration, medical professionals might recommend Yerba mate tea for their patients especially as a replacement of a coffee.

Enhancing composition and functionality of jelly candies through apple and beetroot pomace flour addition

The functionalization of food products with agri-industial residues is of great interest. Apple and beetroot pomace flour, abundant in dietary fiber and antioxidants, were incorporated into jelly candies using agar, pectin, or gelatin. Three functional formulations were devised for each flour type at the pilot scale, resulting in jelly candies with desirable sensory properties and texture. The high content of total polyphenolics, flavonoids, betacyanins, and betaxantines was determined upon in vitro digestion. The influence of different matrices on these bioactives, crucial for exerting antioxidant activity, was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays on both fresh and nine-month stored jelly candies, showcasing good bioavailability and retention. Enrichment with APF and BPF also led to reduced postprandial glucose levels, glycemic index, and load determined in vivo. These findings affirm that compositionally optimized innovative formulations of jelly candies facilitate the efficient delivery of compounds with anti-obesity effect from upcycled raw materials.

Enhancing Broccoli growth by bacillus rhizosphere bacteria

This study examines the enhancement of broccoli growth by Bacillus Rhizosphere. Bacteria Broccoli is a nutrient-rich vegetable known for its high content of polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and low calorie count, making it a recommended daily food. Tropical regions grow broccoli in mountainous areas. Sustainable agriculture emphasizes minimizing chemical fertilizers, and biofertilizers like Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), such as Bacillus, can reduce their use. Bacillus improves plant growth by fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphate and potassium, and producing phytohormones. Understanding Bacillus growth dynamics is vital for optimizing its agricultural application. This study aimed to analyze growth curves of different Bacillus species and investigate their potential role in promoting broccoli growth. This study was carried out in January–April 2024 at the Soil Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, and Bumi Agro Technology Company, Lembang. The research was divided into 3 stages: growth curve determination, Bacillus liquid inoculant preparation, and application of treatment to plants. The findings showed that isolates of B. safensis strain MDL5, B. altitudinis strain RPW2, B. subtilis strain YPS4, and Bacillus sp. strain SZ057 reached the highest point in their growth curves after 4 and 5 days of incubation. After that, the curves slowly went down. Inoculating Bacillus into broccoli plants resulted in an increase in plant height by 43.28–58.75% compared to the control.

In Vitro Mechanistic Studies of a Standardized Sustainable Grape Seed Extract for Potential Application as a Mood-Modulating and Cognition-Enhancing Supplement

Background: Grape seed extract (GSE) from Vitis vinifera L. is rich in polyphenols and oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPCs), and it has shown potential benefits in managing low mood and cognitive function. In this study, we investigated the potential bioactivities of Enovita®, a standardized GSE extract (GSEe herein) rich in OPCs, in key mechanistic pathways related to low mood conditions and cognitive function. Methods: In vitro assays were conducted to assess GSEe’s inhibitory effects on γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), its binding affinity to the GABA site of GABA-A receptors, and its effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Its neuroprotective effects on human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells under oxidative stress (induced by H2O2) were assessed using MTT and LDH release assays. Its antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC, HORAC, total phenolic content, and TAS assays. Its cytotoxicity was also evaluated. Results: GSEe showed significant GABA-T inhibitory activity. It also exhibited MAO-A and AChE inhibition, along with moderate binding affinity to the GABA-A receptor. In neuroprotective assays, GSEe provided significant protection to SH-SY5Y cells against oxidative stress. GSEe demonstrated robust antioxidant activity in all assays, including scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals, high ferric-reducing power, high polyphenolic contents, and a substantial total antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: GSEe exhibits promising bioactivities, highlighting its potential as a supplement for modulating mood and enhancing cognitive function. Overall, the promising results from these in vitro studies provide a strong foundation for the continued exploration and development of GSEe as a viable natural supplement for enhancing mental health and cognitive function.

Polyphenolic Content and Sensory Characteristics of New Zealand Honey Ice Cream

The natural sweetness, unique flavour, and potential health benefits of honey make it a desirable ingredient for ice cream that can increase its appeal for consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate the polyphenolic content and sensory properties of ice cream made using a variety of New Zealand honey (clover, bush, pōhutukawa, rewarewa, kamahi, and thyme honey). The major polyphenols in honey ice cream were quinic acid, pinocembrin, hydroxybenzoic acid, pinobanksin and chrysin. Thyme and clover honey ice cream had the highest concentration of polyphenols. Ice cream sweetened with sucrose, as well as pōhutukawa, rewarewa and kāmahi honey were the most liked ice cream in terms of overall liking.

Radioprotective potential of pomegranate peel extract against gamma irradiation-induced hazards

BackgroundWhile gamma irradiation’s damaging biological effects are well-established, the natural radioprotective agents from agricultural waste remain an underexplored area of significant potential.Aim of studyThis study was to investigate the novel use of pomegranate peel ethanol extract (PE) as a radioprotective agent against gamma radiation damage.MethodsWe pretreated Wistar rats with PE (100 mg/kg) for 14 days prior to 6 Gy gamma irradiation. We analyzed blood biochemicals, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. These included tests of red cell membrane integrity, lipid and protein oxidation, antioxidant enzyme levels, and cytokine profiles.ResultsThe study showed that PE demonstrated remarkable radioprotective effects across multiple parameters. Antioxidants were significantly enhanced, as evidenced by increased glutathione peroxidase activity (87.00 ± 6.11 mg/ml in PE-treated irradiated rats compared to 26.40 ± 1.21 mg/ml in irradiated controls). Oxidative damage was markedly reduced, with MDA levels dropping from 9.59 ± 0.24 nmol/ml in irradiated controls to near-control levels in PE-treated rats. Notably, PE treatment resulted in unprecedented maintenance of red blood cell membrane integrity post-irradiation. Furthermore, PE exhibited novel modulation of inflammatory cytokines, effectively reducing pro-inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-α while simultaneously boosting anti-inflammatory IL-4 and IL-10 levels. These multifaceted protective effects highlight PE’s potential as a comprehensive radioprotective agent.ConclusionThis study presents PE as an effective new natural radioprotective agent. Its protective effect is due to its high polyphenol content, which enhances antioxidant defenses, reduces oxidative damage, and prevents inflammation. The findings open new avenues for sustainable, cost-effective radioprotection strategies and demonstrate the potential for repurposing agricultural byproducts for critical health applications.

Host plant suitability for the biological performance of Tetranychus urticae Koch and its predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot

The life table parameters provide the most extensive information on the biological features of pests and natural enemies, facilitating the potential employment of biological agents in pest management programs. This study investigated how cucumber, strawberry, eggplant, and tomato plants influence the reproduction and life-table parameters of Tetranychus urticae Koch and its predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot under laboratory conditions. It also explored the relationship between these parameters and leaf trichome density and the levels of polyphenol compounds. The mites’ biological properties varied based on the morphological and chemical differences in host plant leaves. Both T. urticae and P. persimilis exhibited higher development and reproduction rates on strawberry and cucumber leaves compared to eggplant and tomato plants. Eggplant leaves had the highest polyphenol content (3826.99 mg/kg), followed by tomato leaves (2406.86 mg/kg). The lowest total amount of polyphenol compounds was (704.34 mg/kg) and (273.743 mg/kg) in strawberry and cucumber leaves, respectively. The life table parameters of P. persimilis significantly differed when it fed on T. urticae that had been reared on strawberry, cucumber, eggplant, and tomato leaves. Overall, the results showed that the net (R0) and gross (GRR) reproductive rates were reduced when the predator preyed T. urticae that had been reared on eggplant and tomato leaves. Consequently, the intrinsic (rm) and finite (λ) rates of increase were affected. As a result, the performance of P. persimilis was negatively affected on these plants. The availability of information on the biological performance of P. persimilis is necessary for promoting biological control implementation.

Polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of fermentation combined with enzymatic hydrolysis modified Astragalus membranaceus stems

Astragalus membranaceus (AM) roots are a well-known homologous medicine and food in China. AM stems, which are discarded and not used effectively, also contain many active compounds and exhibit beneficial effects. It has the potential to be explored as antibiotic alternative. Fermentation combined with enzymatic hydrolysis (FEH) is an effective strategy for extracting polyphenol and improving the usage of AM stems. Therefore, in this study, the conditions of FEH and extraction for polyphenol in AM stems were screened. The antioxidant activity of extract from AM stems without and with FEH (AMSE and FAMSE) was evaluated. The metabolite profiles of phenolic acids and flavonoids in AMSE and FAMSE were characterized by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–ESI-MS/MS). The results showed that the highest polyphenol content from AM stems was obtained with cellulase and pectinase (1:1, 2000 U/g), moisture content 43%, fermentation temperature 30 °C, and fermentation time 7 days. Selected extraction conditions of polyphenol were ethanol concentration 50%, ultrasonic power 500 W, extraction temperature 35 °C, and extraction time 40 min. On this condition, compared with AMSE, the polyphenol and flavonoid contents in FAMSE were significantly higher. FAMSE exhibited stronger DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging rate and reducing power than AMSE. The relative content of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, dihydroferulic acid, isoferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, gentisic acid, sinapic acid, apigenin, tricin, acacetin, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, prunetin, pratensein, rhamnocitrin and galangin were significantly upregulated in FAMSE.Graphical

Polyphenolic characterization, nutritional and microbiological assessment of newly formulated semolina fresh pasta fortified with grape pomace

The application of an innovative patented technology on grape pomace allowed to obtain a food ingredient no matter the seasonality and with a great shelf-life thanks to its high polyphenolic content. Then, fresh pasta samples fortified with 5 and 10 g/100 g of this innovative ingredient were prepared and their polyphenolic content, nutritional and microbiological assessments were investigated. The two levels of fortification led to an increase of polyphenols content before and after pasta cooking, which resulted in an increased antibacterial activity. Only the fortification with 5 g/100 g of grape pomace powder determined a high level of Slowly Digestible Starch and a low predicted Glycaemic Index, highlighting a possible ‘limit effect’ for the fortification of semolina fresh pasta. Overall, results confirmed that the use of this concentration obtained with the employment of the new technology allowed the production of fresh pasta with better polyphenolic profile and nutritional value even after cooking.

Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Biomarkers of Redox Balance and Inflammation in Old Patients Hospitalized in Internal Medicine.

We have previously described that low adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) in elderly patients admitted in internal medicine wards is linked to poorer clinical outcomes. This investigation was designed to explore whether adherence to the MD is related to circulating markers of redox balance and inflammation in this clinical scenario. A cross-sectional study was performed on 306 acute old patients hospitalized in internal medicine wards. Adherence to the MD was estimated by the Italian Mediterranean Index (IMI). The circulating markers of redox balance were assessed in serum and erythrocytes and correlated with inflammatory markers across different MD adherence groups. Compared to the patients with high adherence, those with low adherence to the MD exhibited severely impaired redox balance, as evidenced by a higher GSSG/GSH ratio and increased serum hydroxynonenal/malondialdehyde-protein adducts. No modifications were described in the expression of antioxidant enzymes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Patients with low adherence to the MD exhibited a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and markers of systemic inflammation, as well as raised levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor, compared to those with high MD adherence. A strong association was observed between the circulating markers of redox balance and inflammation/immune response, with the highest regression coefficients found in the low adherence group. Old patients admitted to internal medicine wards with low adherence to the MD display unfavorable profiles of the circulating markers of redox balance and inflammation. It is conceivable that such effects on redox balance can be linked to the high polyphenol content of MD. This study supports the rationale for intervention trials that attest to the effectiveness of MD as a nutritional strategy for disease prevention.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction method of Syzygium cumini leaves based on extraction yield, content of bioactive compound, and inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activity using response surface methodology

Syzygium cumini leaves show potential to be developed as herbal medicine products against diabetes mellitus due to their high polyphenol contents. S. cumini was optimized using response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design with solvent solid ratio, solvent concentration, time and temperature, extraction yield, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) enzyme inhibitory activity to obtain an effective and optimal extraction method. The conditions were achieved using a 70% ethanol solvent for the extraction, with a solvent–solid ratio of 21 v/w and run at 20°C for 30 min. The results showed an extraction yield of 83.875%, with TFCs measuring at 3.068 mg QE/g, TPCs of 65.029 mg GAE/g, and DPP-IV enzyme inhibition activity of 66.079%. Further analysis of the phytochemical profile using untargeted liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry showed the presence of amine, amide, and fatty acid derivatives as major constituents. In addition, major flavonoids observed were myricetin and myricitrin, accounting for 0.2%. Ursolic acid and 25-azacholesterol accounted for 1.03% of the phenolics detected.

Comparison of different drying technologies for green tea: Changes in color, non-volatile and volatile compounds

Drying technology plays a pivotal role in tea processing. Herein, the differences in color, non-volatile, and volatile components of green tea under various drying methods were investigated. The results indicated that vacuum freeze-microwave increased the L* and b* values, and decreased the a* values of tea leaves. Moreover, vacuum freeze-microwave drying resulted in higher polyphenol content than the other three drying methods although there was no significant difference. A total of 43 volatile compounds were identified. Of these, 2-propanone, ethanol(D), ethanol(M), ethyl acetate(M), 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-methylthiophene were found to play an important role in the above discrimination (VIP >1.5). Dry extraction showed a higher content of volatile components than wet extraction. Regardless of the extraction conditions, vacuum freeze-microwave drying exhibited a stronger signal intensity and more volatile components than other drying methods. This study provides a reference for analyzing the quality differences of green tea by different drying methods.

Metabolite concentrations and the expression profiles of the corresponding metabolic pathway genes in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) fruits of contrasting colors.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) ranks fifth in importance among vegetable crops of the Solanaceae family, in part due to the high antioxidant properties and polyphenol content of the fruit. Along with the popular purple-fruited varieties of S. melongena, there are cultivars, the fruits of which are rich in phenolic compounds, but are white-colored due to the lack of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Determination of the amount of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds, as well as carotenoids and sugars, is included in the assessment of the quality of eggplant fruits of commercial (technical) ripeness. In addition to antioxidant and taste properties, these metabolites are associated with fruit resistance to various stress factors. In this study, a comparative analysis of the content of anthocyanins, carotenoids and soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose) in the peel and pulp of the fruit of both technical and biological ripeness was carried out in purple-fruited (cv. Vlas) and white-fruited (cv. Snezhny) eggplant accessions of domestic selection. The peel and pulp of biologically ripe fruits of the cvs Vlas and Snezhny were used for comparative transcriptomic analysis. The key genes of the flavonoid and carotenoid metabolism, sucrose hydrolysis, and soluble sugar transport were shown to be differentially expressed between fruit tissues, both within each cultivar and between them. It has been confirmed that the purple color of the peel of the cv. Vlas fruit is due to substantial amounts of anthocyanins. Flavonoid biosynthesis genes showed a significantly lower expression level in the ripe fruit of the cv. Vlas in comparison with the cv. Snezhny. However, in both cultivars, transcripts of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (DFR, ANS, UFGT) were not detected. Additionally, the purple fruit of the cv. Vlas accumulated more carotenoids and sucrose and less glucose and fructose than the white fruit of the cv. Snezhny. Biochemical data corresponded to the differential expression pattern of the key genes encoding the structural proteins of metabolism and transport of the compounds analyzed.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of honeys from wild colony and bee culture from five regions of the ivory coast

Honeys have a very complex biological activity due to their composition of phenolic compounds which are very useful for the treatment of certain conditions. The objective of this study is to analyze the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of honeys from wild colonies and beekeeping on the Ivory Coast. This study was carried out in five regions of Côte d’Ivoire (Poro, Tchologo, Hambol, Bélier and N’zi). Twenty (20) samples from honey from wild colonies and beekeeping were collected and analyzed. The polyphenol content was quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method. The aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) method was used to quantify the flavonoids in the extracts. The quantitative evaluation of the antioxidant potential of honeys was carried out by the DPPH test. The tests revealed the presence of polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids. High polyphenol contents were obtained with MSP (4.32 ± 0.02 mgEAG/g), MSH (3.7 ± 0.01 mg EAG/g), MAIPH (3.16 ± 0.02 mgEAG/g) honeys. g), MST (2.95 ± 0.01 mgEAG/g) and MSB (2.74± 0.02 mgEAG/g). MSH honey samples (1.48 ±0.05 mg QE/100 g); MSP (1.36 ± 0.03 mg QE/100 g) recorded the highest flavonoid values. The MAPIH sample (2.56 ± 0.04 mg EQ/g) recorded the highest tannin value. Significant antioxidant capacities were observed in honeys from wild Poro MSP colonies (82.384% at 80 mg/ml) IC50= (44.86 mg/ml).

Assessment of the Nutritional Benefits and Aflatoxin B1 Adsorption Properties of Blackberry Seed Cold-Pressed Oil By-Product.

This study explores the potential valorization of blackberry seed oil cake (BBSOC), a by-product of cold-pressed blackberry seed oil (Rubus fruticosus L.), as a nutritionally valuable material with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) adsorption properties. The chemical and mineral composition, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity of BBSOC flour were assessed. BBSOC was found to be a significant source of fiber (62.09% dry weight) and essential minerals such as Fe (123.48 mg/kg), Mg (1281.40 mg/kg), K (3087.61 mg/kg), and Ca (1568.41 mg/kg). The high polyphenol content, especially ellagic acid, highlighted its biologically active potential. Moreover, BBSOC demonstrated effective biosorption of AFB1 under in vitro conditions at 37 °C, with adsorption efficiencies of 85.36% and 87.01% at pH 3 and 7, respectively. Characterization techniques including SEM, FTIR analysis, Boehm titration, and pH zero charge determination confirmed its AFB1 adsorbing properties. This valorization process reintroduces a secondary product into the food chain, supporting the circular economy and zero-waste concepts. Thus, BBSOC is nutritionally rich and effective in AFB1 biosorption, presenting potential applications as a food or feed additive.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Six Allium Extracts Using Protein-Based Biomimetic Methods.

Medicinal plants are a valuable reservoir of novel pharmacologically active compounds. ROS and free radicals are primary contributors to oxidative stress, a condition associated with the onset of degenerative diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease, and vascular disease. In this study, we used different spectrophotometry methods to demonstrate the antioxidant properties of 6 Allium extracts: Allium fistulosum; Allium ursinum; Allium cepa: Arieș red cultivar of A. cepa, and white variety of A. cepa; Allium sativum; and Allium senescens subsp. montanum. HPLC-MS determined the chemical composition of the extracts. Among the tested extracts, the Arieș red cultivar of A. cepa stands out as having the best antioxidant activity, probably due to the high content of polyphenols and alliin (12.67 µg/mL and 3565 ng/mL, respectively). The results obtained in this study show that Allium extracts have antioxidant activity, but also free radical scavenging capabilities. Also, their interactions with cytochrome c and hemoglobin can be the basis of future studies to create treatments for oxidative stress-related diseases.

Effects of bio-insecticide formulated from M. charantia leaves extract in association with gum Arabic/kaolinite composite on mortality of Callosobruchus maculatus and nutritional composition of cowpea (Vignaunguilata)

The preservation of post-harvest losses of cowpeas constitutes a major challenge for producers worldwide. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the nutritional qualities of cowpea seeds treated with a bio-insecticide formulated from M. charantia leaves extract in association with gum arabic/kaolinite composite. Three bio-insecticides were formulated using different ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol solvents. These bio-insecticides were obtained by introducing each into a bottle, 10 g of composite in 10 mL of a solution (1 mg/L of extract each extract). However, 5 doses of each formulation (1 %–5 %) were prepared. Each dose of insecticide powders received 20 g of cowpea seeds and then infested with 10 C. maculatus previously starved for 48 h. Then, the biochemical parameters of untreated and treated cowpea seeds using the methanol formulation were evaluated. The obtained results showed that insecticide formulated at 5 % with methanol induced 100 % mortality rate on the second day of treatment with a lethal dose of 0.10 % which is related to its high content of triterpenes and polyphenols. The untreated (UWH) and treated (TWH) seeds without husk have the same contents of ash (2.19 %), proteins (29.14 %), fibers (2.69 %), vitamin C (147.32 mg/100 g) and carbohydrates (53.20 %), while untreated and treated seeds with husk showed the same values in these nutrients even for minerals content. Hence, biochemical analyzes of cowpea seeds treated with the formulated insecticide showed no change in nutritional quality and M. charantia leaves extract in association with gum arabic/kaolinite composite could be used as insect repellent.

Monosaccharide-Mediated Glycoxidation of Bovine Serum Albumin and Its Prevention by Nigella sativa.

The substantial rise in metabolic illnesses that has occurred in both developed and developing countries over the last three decades has been linked to an increase in sugar-added foods and sweetened beverage intake. The significance of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases related to modern nutrition is an emerging issue. Spices and herbs can potentially be potent AGE production inhibitors due to their high polyphenol content. The inhibitory activity of an aqueous extract of Nigella sativa seeds (NS) on glucose- and fructose-mediated glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated. The glycation of proteins and its prevention using NS were assessed using spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometrics, and electrophoretic techniques. Additionally, the NBT assay, DNPH assay, Ellman assay, and thioflavin T assay were used to observe the biochemical alterations caused by glycated BSA. Molecular docking was employed to dock the BSA active site residues with inhibitors. Our data showed that NS protects against glucose- and fructose-mediated glycation and aggregation in vitro by inhibiting the formation of fructosamine, protein carbonyl content, free sulfhydryl groups, and fluorescent AGEs. Furthermore, NS also inhibited the production of β-cross-amyloid aggregates in proteins. It was interesting to note that the inhibition was found to be significantly higher in the Glu-BSA system, although the glycation product formed in the Fru-BSA system was higher compared to the Glu-induced protein system. It can be concluded that, by inhibiting AGE production, oxidation, and aggregation of the protein, NS may be an effective antiglycation drug for the prevention of diabetes complications.

Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum extracted with natural deep eutectic solvents

Polyphenols and flavonoid compounds are known to have antioxidant activity and can reduce blood glucose levels. Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum is one of the plants with high polyphenol content. This study aimed to extract phenolic and flavonoid compounds from this plant with various solvents primarily natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), namely 70% ethanol, NADES1 [citric acid: sucrose (1:1)], NADES2 [sucrose: glucose: fructose (1:1:1)], NADES3 [choline chloride: glycerol (1:2)], and NADES4 [glycerol: urea (1:1)]. The phenolic and flavonoid levels were determined using spectrophotometer, the antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) methods, while the antidiabetic activity was evaluated using enzymatic assay of α -amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The findings indicated that all NADES outperformed 70% ethanol in extracting phenols, with NADES1 showing the highest phenolic content. Meanwhile, the highest flavonoid content was observed in extracts with 70% ethanol and NADES1. The results of antioxidant activity analysis using DPPH revealed that extracts with 70% ethanol, NADES1, and NADES4 exhibited considerable strength (IC50: 45-49 µg/mL), with the average values of the three solvents being not significantly different. From the results of the FRAP assay, NADES3 demonstrated the highest strength Antioxidants Activity Index (AAI: 29.24±3.08 mmol/g), whereas 70% ethanol showed the lowest strength (AAI: 22.76±5.23 mmol/g). The average AAI values for all solvents indicated no significant differences. Among the solvents, NADES1 exhibited very strong inhibitory activity against α-amylase (19.62±0.20 µg/mL), while for α-glucosidase, NADES1 was stronger (IC50: 57.36±6.08 µg/mL) than other solvents. In conclusion, NADES can be a promising tool for extracting secondary metabolites from Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum as it shows both antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

Enhanced bioactive component recovery from Sohiong via optimized enzyme-assisted microwave extraction and its stability in freeze-dried premix

In the process of juice preparation, a significant portion of bioactive constituents remains unextracted, leading to wastage and reduced nutritional value. In this study, an Enzyme-assisted microwave extraction methodology was optimized for Sohiong. The optimized condition showed high total polyphenolic content (TPC) of 118.5 mg GAE/g, total anthocyanin content (TAC) to 2133.5 mg/L, and DPPH antioxidant activity to 72.5%. The optimized protocol yielded a substantial increase in juice output (55.6%) under specific parameters (394.8W microwave power, 0.04% enzyme concentration, 63.07 min enzyme incubation, 253.4 s microwave treatment). The Freeze Dried Sohiong Premix produced thereafter retained these phytochemicals over six months, evidenced by UPLC analysis while demonstrating superior hydrosolubility (95.1 s) and minimal water activity (0.32), indicative of enhanced microbial stability. This research highlights Enzyme-assisted microwave extraction's efficacy in the food industry for augmenting the nutritional and bioactive profile of juice products, positioning Freeze Dried Sohiong Premix as a nutritionally superior alternative to traditional juice offerings.