High Oleic Acid Content Research Articles

Socio-economic significance of oil crops products

The article reflects the socio-economic importance of oilseeds in the domestic market of consumption, focuses on the indispensability of processing sunflower, soybeans, canola, mustard, flax oil for food and the economic effect of using oilseeds for producers of these products in the agricultural market. . It is established that the production of oilseeds is an integral part of the diet of the population of Ukraine, an important segment of the livestock industry, an important sector of the agricultural economy. It is noted that domestic products of oilseeds processing dominate export markets. It is determined that the innovative direction today is the use of waste from oilseeds processing in the bioenergy industry. The purpose of the article is to to reveal the socio-economic significance of oilseeds in Ukraine and to determine further prospects for development at the present stage of functioning of the domestic agricultural market. Research methods – system generalization, abstract-logical, analysis and synthesis, observation, comparison. Research results. Today, Ukraine in the world market of oilseeds occupies a leading position in terms of their production and exports of processed products. For the last 20 years, the oil and fat industry has dominated the agricultural market of Ukraine in terms of price, profitability, value added, production rates, etc. Production chains have been formed from small farmers to processors of raw materials and exporters of oil and seeds. It is profitable and profitable to produce oilseeds, the resulting products are liquid and in demand in the market. The structure of consumption of sunflower processing products: meal – 25%, oil – 10%; rapeseed: meal – 20%, oil – 0.7%; soy: meal – 35%, oil – 0.3%. So, the vast majority of products are exported. Sunflower is a strategic oil crop in Ukraine, which has "established" itself on production areas as the main oil crop, and the products of its processing are a significant export product. Demand for sunflower oil is growing every year due to increasing demand from importing countries. Rapeseed is gaining momentum in the domestic market of oilseeds due to the growth of its processing. Rapeseed is a crop with a wide range of uses. Sleeveless low-glucosinolate varieties of rapeseed provide high-quality meal, feed improvers. In the agronomic aspect, rapeseed has undeniable advantages in that it provides up to 1.5-2.0 tons of oil from 1 hectare of field. Soybeans are a valuable protein-oil crop that has a wide range of uses: feed production, food, technical purposes, medicine. Soybeans have a fairly high productivity, a wide range of distribution. When growing soybeans, both protein and vegetable oil are obtained. Ukraine consumes about 50 thousand per month. tons of soybean meal and cake. In the general structure of forages soybean meal occupies 23%. Despite the multi-vector application of finished products of oilseed flax, mustard and products of their processing, the dynamics of production of these crops in Ukraine has a downward trend. Mustard seed production in Ukraine is a chaotic phenomenon. Oilseed flax seeds and oil are used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Mustard is of great importance as an oil crop, and mustard oil is not inferior in quality to sunflower. Conclusions. The food industry is shaping the demand for sunflower oil with a high content of oleic acid. The market for high-oleic sunflower is constantly growing and isolating. A promising direction for sunflower is the production of organic sunflower and the emphasis on the quality of the final product. The prospect of expanding the rapeseed market is due to a number of factors: rapeseed is a universal agro-ecological crop that has a beneficial effect on the soil and is an excellent precursor to winter cereals; rapeseed oil is one of the cheapest vegetable oils used in many industries; rapeseed oil is used as the main raw material for biofuel production. Soybean as a unique protein-oil crop with a wide range of uses has the potential to increase production in the domestic agricultural market due to high yields and a wide range. At the same time it is necessary to take into account the leading positions of this culture in terms of production in the world. Regarding oil flax and mustard, we believe that these crops have the potential to increase production. This is due to the fact that oil flax is suitable for growing in all regions of Ukraine, and is also characterized by waste-free production. A similar position on mustard – Ukraine belongs to the traditional world areas of mustard cultivation, and the use of modern technologies of mustard cultivation can give a harvest that is not inferior to the yield of rapeseed.

Breeding of spring turnip rape, Brassica rapa L. var. subsp.campestris (L.) A.R Clapham at All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops

Turnip rape, Brassica rapa L. var. sabsp. Campestris (L.) A.R.Clapham belongs to the large cabbage family (Brassicacea). Spring turnip rape among other oilseeds of the Brassicacea family occupies an important place and can be highly productive in the Northern regions of the European part, in the arid zones of the Lower Volga region, in the northern forest-steppe and subtaiga regions of Western and Eastern Siberia, where the longer growing season sometimes hinders rapeseed to achieve its full potential. Spring turnip rape ripens 13-15 days earlier than rapeseed; it is less heat- and drought-sensitive. However, interest in industrial cultivation of spring turnip rape appeared in the 70s of the last century after the creation of non-erucic and low-glucosinolate varieties, with the oil equivalent to olive oil in its fatty acid composition. Spring turnip rape has been bred at V.S. Pustovoyt All-Russian Research Institute of Oils Crops (VNIIMK) since 1982. The yellow-seeded varieties, Vostochnaya, Yantarnaya, and Zolotistaya, were created. The objective of this research was to find a new promising breeding material for creating varieties of 000-type spring turnip rape from heterogeneous populations of the available VNIIMK varieties. To obtain a new source material, we used the pedigree method, followed by an assessment of the progeny of elite plants isolated from Yantarnaya and Zolotistaya. The result of our six-year efforts was four new promising samples No. 815, 844, 816, and 820, which exceed the standard variety, Zolotistaya, in seed yield by 10-14%. The oil content of seeds of the isolated samples varied from 47.8 to 48.6%, and exceeded the standard variety by 0.3–0.7% in three of them. Promising cultivars either had the same or lower weight of 1000 seeds (2.4-3.0 g), in comparison with Zolotistaya. All selected samples of turnip rape were characterized by a low glucosinolate content in seeds – 13.5–14.5 μmol g-1, and the fatty acid composition corresponded to the requirements for high-quality salad oils with erucic acid levels of 0.04–0.20% and a high content of oleic acid – 65.8–67.4%. After additional assessment, the best variety will be submitted for the State test.

‘Zeitoun Ennour’: A new olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar in Tunisia with high oil quality

An olive breeding program was started in Tunisia in 1993 in order mainly to improve the fatty acid composition of the local cultivar ‘Chemlali Sfax’. ‘Zeitoun Ennour’ is a new cultivar obtained from a cross between ‘Chemlali Sfax’ and the local dual-purpose use cultivar ‘Chemchali Gafsa’. The morphological study of this cultivar showed that eleven characters dealing with fruit and endocarp differed from ‘Chemlali Sfax’, mainly regarding to their respective weights. This new cultivar had the same sensitivity to Verticillium dahliae Kleb and earlier bearing than the original variety. Its olive production was considered as high as for ‘Chemlali Sfax’ but with partial self-compatibility and late maturity. The new cultivar realized a net improvement in comparison with the original cultivar particularly regarding its fatty acid composition with very high oleic acid content (>75 %) and low palmitic and linoleic acid contents (<10 %). The new cultivar was recently released and will be available for growers as soon as possible.

‘Zeitoun Ennour’: A new olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar in Tunisia with high oil quality

An olive breeding program was started in Tunisia in 1993 in order mainly to improve the fatty acid composition of the local cultivar ‘Chemlali Sfax’. ‘Zeitoun Ennour’ is a new cultivar obtained from a cross between ‘Chemlali Sfax’ and the local dual-purpose use cultivar ‘Chemchali Gafsa’. The morphological study of this cultivar showed that eleven characters dealing with fruit and endocarp differed from ‘Chemlali Sfax’, mainly regarding to their respective weights. This new cultivar had the same sensitivity to Verticillium dahliae Kleb and earlier bearing than the original variety. Its olive production was considered as high as for ‘Chemlali Sfax’ but with partial self-compatibility and late maturity. The new cultivar realized a net improvement in comparison with the original cultivar particularly regarding its fatty acid composition with very high oleic acid content (>75 %) and low palmitic and linoleic acid contents (<10 %). The new cultivar was recently released and will be available for growers as soon as possible.

Physicochemical and bioactive compounds at edible ripeness of eleven varieties of avocado (Persea americana) cultivated in the Andean Region of Peru

SummaryThis work aimed evaluating some physicochemical compounds, hydrophilic (H‐AC) and lipophilic (L‐AC) antioxidant capacity of eleven avocado genotypes grown in the Andes. The results show great variability in physical and chemical properties, dry matter (DM) and lipid contents with ranges of 18.4–39.3% and 10.1–23.2%, respectively. All genotypes had high oleic acid content (50.4–69.9%) and a high unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio (UFA/SFA, from 3.05 to 6.05), while the unsaponifiable fraction contained mainly β‐sitosterol (140.83–235.51 mg/100 g DM) and α‐tocopherol (17.44–71.29 µg/g DM). Total phenolic compounds (TPC), H‐AC and L‐AC ranged from 0.48 to 0.88 mg EAG/g DM, 5.37 to 14.00 and 1.87 to 6.71 μmol ET/g DM, respectively. Although the genotype influences avocado characteristics, climatic conditions in the Andean region seem to be important for the biosynthesis of metabolites of interest and should be considered in future studies.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of soybean acyl-ACP thioesterase gene family reveals the role of GmFAT to improve fatty acid composition in soybean seed.

Soybean acyl-ACP thioesterase gene family have been characterized; GmFATA1A mutants were discovered to confer high oleic acid, while GmFATB mutants presented low palmitic and high oleic acid seed content. Soybean oil stability and quality are primarily determined by the relative proportions of saturated versus unsaturated fatty acids. Commodity soybean typically contains 11% palmitic acid, as the primary saturated fatty acids. Reducing palmitic acid content is the principal approach to minimize the levels of saturated fatty acids in soybean. Though high palmitic acid enhances oxidative stability of soybean oil, it is negatively correlated with oil and oleic acid content and can cause coronary heart diseases for humans. For plants, acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases (TEs) are a group of enzymes to hydrolyze acyl group and release free fatty acid from plastid. Among them, GmFATB1A has become the main target to genetically reduce the palmitic acid content in soybean. However, the role of members in soybean acyl-ACP thioesterase gene family is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized two classes of TEs, GmFATA, and GmFATB in soybean. We also denominated two GmFATA members and discovered six additional members that belong to GmFATB gene family through phylogenetic, syntenic, and in silico analysis. Using TILLING-by-Sequencing+, we identified an allelic series of mutations in five soybean acyl-ACP thioesterase genes, including GmFATA1A, GmFATB1A, GmFATB1B, GmFATB2A, and GmFATB2B. Additionally, we discovered mutations at GmFATA1A to confer high oleic acid (up to 34.5%) content, while mutations at GmFATB presented low palmitic acid (as low as 5.6%) and high oleic acid (up to 36.5%) phenotypes. The obtained soybean mutants with altered fatty acid content can be used in soybean breeding program for improving soybean oil composition traits.

Breeding of sunflower lines resistant to race G of Broomrape

Relevance. Over the past decades, new and extremely virulent races have appeared in the southern regions of the Russian Federation, which overcame the resistance of domestic and foreign sunflower range of varieties. The most effective, long-term, and biologically safe way to protect sunflower from broomrape is to develop varieties and hybrids resistant to new races.Methods. We identified broomrape seeds of race G using internationally accepted differentiator lines: Record 1-3 (C), S-1358 (D), P-1380 (E), LC1093 and P96 (F). We used sunflower lines and hybrids of the breeding of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops as a parent material. We carried out the evaluation of broomrape resistance by the method of A.Ya. Panchenko. To develop an infectious background, we introduced seeds of broomrape race G into boxes with a soil and sand mixture at the rate of 200 mg per 1 kg of the mixture, distributing them evenly. We grew sunflower plants at a temperature of 25-27 °С and a 16-hour photoperiod. In 25-30 days after the emergence if seedlings, we dug up plants and counted the broomrape specimens on their roots by a scale.Results. We developed sunflower lines resistant to races of broomrape from A to G. All of them are of branched form, with different lengths of the period from germination to flowering, they differ in height and oil content. The line L 82 is distinguished by a high content of oleic acid in oil — 91%. The lines have a high combinability. We obtained experimental hybrid combinations using these lines.

Genetic incorporation of oil-utilizing ability in Cupriavidus malaysiensis USMAA2-4 for sustainable polyhydroxyalkanoates production from palm olein and 1-pentanol

The sustainability in polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production is drawing increasing attention as the effort to increase the economic feasibility for commercialization pursues. Oleic acid is widely preferred by bacteria but its employment for PHA production makes sustainability rather dubious. This study showed promising poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] content of 68 wt % by lipase genes-harbouring Cupriavidus malaysiensis USMAA2-4 transformant from palm olein and 1-pentanol. High oleic acid content and low oil saturation caused palm olein to outperform crude palm oil, crude palm kernel oil and soybean oil due to its preference for oleic acid shown by previous screening. The transformant showed 8-fold and 40-fold higher lipase activity compared to C. necator H16 and its wild-type respectively. The transformant was unaffected by Co2+ but the growth of C. necator H16 was inversely proportional to Co2+ concentration and the employment of 1-pentanol also ceased its growth and PHA accumulation. Although the inhibitory effect of Fe2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ at high molarity on LipA decreased PHA content of C. malaysiensis USMAA2-4 transformant by 23–24 wt %, the lipase activity was restorable with high molarity of Ca2+, thus resulted in higher PHA content. The transformant enabled the employment of low-cost 1-pentanol as the precursor for cost-effective PHA production and its preference for palm olein contributed to higher sustainability.

Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis and properties of polyol ester biolubricant produced from Rhodotorula glutinis lipid

Biolubricants do not cause the environmental pollution resulting from the manufacturing and use of mineral-based lubricants, but the commonly adopted chemical method of preparing biolubricants using expensive vegetable oils as raw materials is still environmentally and economically unsatisfactory. In this study, R. glutinis lipid with a high oleic-acid content was esterified with trimethylolpropane (TMP) by using the Candida sp. 99–125 enzyme in a solvent-free system, and the effect of the microbial oil with the high oleic-acid content on the performance of resulting biolubricants was investigated. The purpose of this study was to solve the problems of pollution caused by the chemical synthesis of biolubricants and of the uneconomical use of vegetable oils as raw materials. Further, this study aimed to improve the performance of biolubricants by using the microbial lipid with a high oleic-acid content. As a result of optimization of the reaction conditions, the yield of trimethylolpropane fatty acid triester (TFAT) reached 89.5%. The synthesized biolubricants had excellent low-temperature lubrication performance (pour point=−45 °C), and the physicochemical performance reached the ISOVG-46 grade. The results of the high-frequency reciprocating friction test (HRFT) show that the products have better tribological properties than mineral-based lubricants of the same viscosity grade (friction coefficient=0.085; average wear scar diameter=187 µm).

Phase Inversion of Ellipsoid-Stabilized Emulsions.

The efficacy of anisotropic particles in Pickering emulsion stabilization, attributed to shape-induced capillary interactions, is well-documented in the literature. In this contribution, we show that the surface of hematite ellipsoids can be modified in situ by the addition of oleic acid to effect transitional phase inversion of Pickering emulsions. Interestingly, incorporation of oleic acid results in the formation of nonspherical emulsion drops. The phase inversion of oil-in-water to water-in-oil and the transition in shape of emulsion drops from spherical to nonspherical is observed in two different particle systems, namely, nanoellipsoids and microellipsoids. The surface of spherical emulsion drops stabilized by particles or particles along with high concentration of oleic acid is found to consist of ellipsoids arranged in a close-packed configuration with their major axis parallel to the interface. In contrast, at intermediate oleic acid concentration, the surface of nonspherical emulsion drops is observed to be covered with loosely packed particle monolayer, with the ellipsoids at the oil/water interface taking up many different orientations. Using contact angle goniometry, the change in the wettability of hematite particles due to adsorption of oleic acid is established to be the mechanism responsible for the phase inversion of Pickering emulsions.

Identification of Branched-Chain Fatty Acid Producing Phenotypes in Holstein Cows

Abstract Objectives Branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) are rumen-derived fatty acids comprising about 2% of bovine milk fatty acids. BCFA possess anti-inflammatory properties and enriching the BCFA content of bovine milk may provide human health benefits of milk consumption. In this work, we determined whether high vs low forage diets impact the BCFA content of milk from Holstein cows and identified fatty acid phenotypes in high vs low BCFA-containing milks. Methods In this study, 62 Holstein cows were fed for 70 days, in a cross-over design fashion, either a high forage: concentrate (HF: C) diet or a low forage: concentrate (LF: C) diet. At the end of the 70-day feeding period, cows were switched to the alternate feeding arm. Milk samples were collected prior to the start of the first feeding period and at the end of each treatment period. Milk fatty acid content was determined by fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Paired t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLSDA) were used to analyze the data. Results The total milk fatty acid concentration at the end of HF: C diet period was greater than that of the LF: C diet (4.2 ± 0.9 g/100 mL vs 3.95 ± 0.9 g/100 mL). sPLSDA demonstrated clear separation of the dietary treatments, with BCFA and odd-chain fatty acids as primary determinants. Total BCFA content was elevated by HF: C intake (1.86 ± 0.13%) vs LF: C intake (1.77 ± 0.14%). Quintile separation of high vs low BCFA milks resulted in 4 groups (n = 12) HF: C/low BCFA, HF: C/high BCFA; LF: C/low BCFA, and LF: C/high BCFA. The total BCFA contents of the low BCFA milks were not different regardless of forage content (1.70 ± 0.06% and 1.61 ± 0.04%) and were lower than the high BFCA milks (2.04 ± 0.11% and 1.98 ± 0.11%). Milks from the high BCFA quintiles had lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) content but higher oleic acid content than milks from the low BCFA quintiles. Of the 62 cows, 5 cows were identified as high BCFA producers and 6 cows as low BCFA producers regardless of the LF: C or HF: C diets. Conclusions The data demonstrate that the BCFA content of milk is diet-sensitive but variation in cow responses suggest factors such as genotype or rumen microbiome composition may play significant roles. The potential to produce milk with high BCFA content and lower SFA content needs further study. Funding Sources USDA-ARS Projects 3062–53000-001–00D, 5090–31000-025–00D, 80–8040-05–01-0000–0000.

Influence of genetic background and dietary oleic acid on gut microbiota composition in Duroc and Iberian pigs.

BackgroundPhenotypic variability for productive and meat quality traits has been largely studied in Iberian pigs, especially in genetic selection and nutritional experiments. Complex interactions among genetic background, diet composition and gut microbiota hinder the correct assessment of each factor’s contribution on phenotypes. In order to disentangle these interactions, we evaluated changes in gut microbiota composition comparing 48 Iberian and Duroc pigs fed diets with different energy source (standard diet with carbohydrates vs sunflower oil-enriched diet with high oleic acid content).ResultsA higher richness was observed for Iberian pigs (p < 0.05) and compositional analysis was applied for beta-diversity, differential abundance and pairwise log-ratio analyses. We found significant differences in overall microbiota composition between breeds, and also between diets inside breeds, to a lesser extent. Differential abundance analysis revealed that Duroc animals have more proportion of Actinobacteria and Prevotella, while Iberian replace those microorganisms with other more variable taxa. According to dietary differences, high-oleic fed animals were richer in Prevotella. We also found microbial ratios capable of separating animals by breeds and diets, mostly related to Actinobacteria.ConclusionThis study reveals that both genetic background and diet composition might have a relevant impact in gut microbiota composition. The application of compositional data analysis has facilitated the identification of microorganisms and ratios as possibly related to metabolic changes due to genetic background and, to a lower extent, to dietary changes. This may lead to a relevant progress in the knowledge of interactions between pig genetics, environment and gut microbiota.

Single cell oil production by Trichosporon sp.: Effects of fermentation conditions on fatty acid composition and applications in synthesis of structured triacylglycerols

Effects of various fermentation conditions on fatty acid composition of single cell oil (SCO) from Trichosporon sp. F1-2 were investigated. Ten carbon sources clustered into two groups using hierarchical clustering algorithm and principal component analysis. Xylose and soluble starch from each group were further studied. SCO using xylose had a high oleic acid content, while the linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid content increased significantly in SCO using soluble starch especially at the sn-2 position. 20 and 31 triacylglycerol (TAG) types were detected, respectively. The increased types were rich in linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. The effect of C/N ratios was the weakest (distance threshold 3.05), followed by inoculation amounts (3.08), fermentation time (4.30) and nitrogen sources (5.64). The optimum nitrogen source, C/N ratio, inoculation amount and fermentation time for SCO accumulation were ammonium sulfate, 60, 6% and 120 h, respectively. Two different SCOs were produced using xylose and soluble starch under optimum conditions, which were demonstrated to be potential substrates for synthesis of 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (a cocoa butter improver) and MLM-type TAG (the dietary TAG with low caloric value) respectively. Therefore, changing the carbon source can help broaden application fields of SCOs and increase feedstock sources of structured TAG synthesis.

Characteristics of Metabolites by Seed-Specific Inhibition of FAD2 in Brassica napus L

Fatty acid desaturase-2 (FAD2) is a key enzyme in the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants. RNAi technology can reduce the expression of FAD2 genes in Brassica napus seeds and acquire transgenic B. napus plants with a high oleic acid content, but the effect of seed-specific inhibition of FAD2 expression on B. napus seed metabolites is not clear. Here we use widely targeted metabolomics to investigate the metabolites of normal-oleic-acid rapeseed (OA) and high-oleic-acid rapeseed (HOA) seeds, resulting in a total of 726 metabolites being detected. Among them, 24 differential metabolites were significantly downregulated and 88 differential metabolites were significantly upregulated in HOA rapeseed. In further lipid profile experiments, more lipids in B. napus seeds were accurately quantified. The contents of glycolipids and phospholipids that contain C18:1 increased significantly and C18:2 decreased because FAD2 expression was inhibited. The changes in the expression of key genes in related pathways were also consistent with the changes in metabolites. The insertion site of the ihpRNA plant expression vector was reconfirmed through genomewide resequencing, and the transgenic event did not change the sequence of FAD2 genes. There was no significant difference in the germination rate and germination potential between OA and HOA rapeseed seeds because the seed-specific ihpRNA plant expression vector did not affect other stages of plant growth. This work provides a theoretical and practical guidance for subsequent molecular breeding of high OA B. napus.

Identification and integrated analysis of mRNAs, lncRNAs, and microRNAs of developing seeds in high oleic acid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

High unsaturated fatty acid content of sunflower seed is desirable for human-healthy high oleic acid oil production. Knowledge of lipid metabolic regulatory mechanisms is key to improving oil content and quality. This study is expected to explore regulatory mechanisms of lipid metabolism in high oleic acid seeds. First, we analyzed the oil contents and detected the fatty acid compositions in developing sunflower seeds with high oleic acid content. Next, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of seed RNA samples from three key seed developmental stages relevant to oil content and quality was performed. Pairwise comparisons of differentially expressed mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) yielded respective differentially expressed transcripts as follows: 52293, 120625, 95 (L7d vs L22d); 57398, 123485, 127 (L7 vs L37d); 15417, 9554, 77 (L22d vs L37d). 15652 novel mRNAs, 123888 novel lncRNAs, and 98 novel miRNAs were identified, which enriched the RNA library of sunflower. Furthermore, gene functions were predicted using GO and KEGG analyses. These prediction analysis revealed that differentially expressed ncRNAs and mRNAs were mainly included in fatty acid metabolism and oil accumulation. Moreover, 9072 pairs of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) relationships comprised of interacting lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. Pathway network analysis of differentially expressed lipid metabolism-associated ceRNAs revealed several important enzymes including glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase, linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase, acyl-CoA oxidase, and others that were enriched in fatty acid synthesis and oil accumulation, which highlighted competitive interactions in lipid metabolism. This study will elucidate potential regulatory mechanisms of lipid metabolism in sunflower seeds.

Safe and Fast Fingerprint Aroma Detection in Adulterated Extra Virgin Olive Oil Using Gas Chromatography–Olfactometry-Mass Spectrometry Combined with Chemometrics

The undeclared blending of extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) with refined pomace olive oils (RPOO) is a well-known fraudulent practice. Despite the efforts made, it still remains a highly challenging authenticity issue to deal with. The present paper presents a fast fingerprint aroma technique, namely gas chromatography–olfactometry-mass spectrometry, which were tested as rapid screening tools for the detection of this adulteration.To overcome the lack of real adulterated samples was used to prepare EVOO mixtures with RPOO at different percentages. Besides, the quality indices was used as good markers to detect the illicit blends from the authentic oils such as K232 with 4% RPOO, K270 with 3% RPOO, and the variation of specific extinction (ΔK) of the adulterated EVOO with 10% RPOO. The addition of > 20% RPOO to EVOO would not be detected by the amount of TC18:1, fatty acids, and peroxide value. Moreover, using the sum of octadecadienoic and octadecatrienoic TFA isomers (TC18:2 + TC18:3) was confirmed to be good purity indices for the adulteration with 10 and 20% of RPOO. However, the main triglyceride found in oils samples were SOL + POO, OOL + LnPP, and OOO + PoPP as expected from the high oleic acid and low contents in linoleic and linoleic acid. Regarding volatile composition, thirty-four relevant aroma compounds and twenty-one key odorants were quantified in EVOO, RPOO, and EVOO adulterated with 1–20% of RPOO.

Nutritional Value of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Meat

The purpose of this study was to figure out catfish meat's chemical composition, mineral content, amino acid composition, and fatty acid profile. Moisture, protein, lipid, and ash content were measured at 71.30%, 19.03%, 8.10%, and 1.5%, respectively. Catfish meat had higher levels of calcium, phosphorus, and iron, with 304.82, 279.45 and 17.03 mg/100 g, respectively. The essential amino acid content was 41.81 g/100g protein. Oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids were the most common fatty acids present in catfish meat. Oleic acid made up more than a third of the fatty acid content in catfish meat. Because of its high oleic acid content, catfish meat should be considered because it has been linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

Short-term changes in plasma and milk fatty acid profiles in cows fed chopped elephant grass-based diets containing two types of sunflower oil associated with two methods of concentrate feeding

This study was carried out in a randomized block design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with the aim of evaluating the short-term changes in the plasma and milk fatty acid (FA) profiles of Holstein x Gyr cows (444±84 kg; 75±31 days in milk; 15.4±4.8 kg day-1 of milk) fed 600 g kg-1 DM chopped elephant grass-based diets supplemented with 45 g kg-1 DM sunflower oil (SO) for 21 days. Two types of SO were evaluated: high oleic/low linoleic acid (HO) and medium oleic/medium linoleic acid (MO). The concentrates containing SO were supplied separately from forage twice a day (TAD) or as part of a total mixed ration (TMR). Temporal changes were analyzed by mixed models (P &lt; 0.05) using six, four and seven repeated measures over time for FA intake and the plasma and milk FA compositions, respectively. There was higher oleic acid intake in HO SO-fed cows, while higher linoleic and α-linolenic acid intake were observed in MO SO-fed cows. TADfed cows had a higher plasma vaccenic acid content than TMR-fed cows, while MO SO-fed cows had higher plasma vaccenic and rumenic acid contents than HO SO-fed cows. As a function of day, there were linear increases in oleic and linoleic acid intake; plasma contents of oleic, vaccenic and linoleic acids; and the milk fat content of linoleic acid, while quadratic effects were adjusted for the milk fat contents of palmitic, oleic, vaccenic and rumenic acids. In comparison with TMR-fed cows, the milk fat of TAD-fed cows produced between days 13 and 17 showed an FA profile that was more nutritionally desirable for human health, with lower contents of hypercholesterolemic FAs and higher contents of oleic, rumenic and vaccenic acids. Between days 15 and 16, the vaccenic and rumenic acid contents in the milk fat of MO SO-fed cows were 81% higher than those obtained from HO SO-fed cows, which on the 14th day had a 14% higher oleic acid content in milk fat. Lower milk fat levels of hypercholesterolemic FAs were produced between days 13 and 14 by cows fed both types of SO.

Feeding a high oleic acid (C18:1) diet improves pleasing flavor attributes in pork

One of the main drivers in consumer meat choice is flavor with some pleasing flavor attributes associated with high oleic acid (C18:1) content in the intramuscular fat. This project aimed to produce pork with a distinctively pleasant bouquet by feeding C18:1 rich macadamia oil compared to corn oil. The project also tested three feed formulations based on cereals and pulses representing different pork producing areas: corn/soy (CS), sorghum-lupins (SL), or wheat/canola (WC). Compared to corn oil, feeding macadamia oil resulted in a significant increase in the C18:1 content in pork loin (longissimus dorsi) with the CS showing a higher impact than the WC diets. Pork loins from the two CS-based groups (CS-Corn and CS-Macadamia) were selected for a consumer sensory study involving 82 panelists (39 of Chinese background). Across ethnic backgrounds the taste of high C18:1 pork resulted in the highest hedonic values.

Assessment of the genetic diversity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for kernel yield, oil and fodder quantity and quality under drought conditions

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine drought tolerance, kernel (KY) and fodder yield and quality amongst diverse groundnut genotypes for direct production or breeding. Hundred genotypes were evaluated at ICRISAT, India during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 under drought‐stressed (DS) and nonstressed (NS) conditions. Data were collected on KY; oil content (OC); oil yield (OY); protein content; palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid contents; haulm yield (HY); and fodder quality parameters such as the contents of dry matter, ash, nitrogen (NC), neutral detergent fiber (NDFDM), acid detergent fiber (ADFDM), acid detergent lignin (ADLDM), in vitro digestibility, and metabolizable energy. Data were subjected to parametric and nonparametric statistical analyses. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant (P &lt; .05) genotype differences for all assessed traits. Genotype × water regime interaction effects were significant for KY, OC, ash, NC, NDFDM, and ADLDM. Kernel yield positively and significantly (P &lt; .05) correlated with OY (r = .99), LAC (r = .13), ash (r = .32), and NDFDM (r = .54) under DS condition. Haulm yield was positively and significantly (P &lt; .05) correlated with OC (r = .24), NDFDM (r = .19), ADFDM (r = .18), and ADLDM (r = .17) under DS condition. The study identified four genotypes with high kernel and haulm yields, and six genotypes with high oleic acid content. Further, 10 genotypes were selected with relatively better drought tolerance. The selected genotypes are recommended for further breeding and variety release adapted to drought conditions.