High Concentrations Of Heavy Metals Research Articles

Heavy metals and potential health risk assessment of Lactuca sativa and Daucus carrota from soil treated with organic manures and chemical fertilizer

The large-scale production of food crops with heavy application of chemical fertilizers in the effort to meet the astronomical increase in food demands may be counterproductive to the goal of food security. This study investigated the effect of different soil treatments on the levels of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in two types of vegetables Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Daucus carrota (carrot). The potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks from their consumption were also evaluated. Planting experiment was set up in a randomized block design, with different soil treatments of soil + cow dung (CD), soil + sewage sludge (SS), soil + chemical fertilizer (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK)), and untreated soil (UNTRD). The vegetables were harvested at maturity, washed with distilled water, and subjected to an acid digestion process before the levels of heavy metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean concentrations of the metals in the vegetables across all treatments were below the maximum permissible limits. The pattern of heavy metal accumulation by the vegetables suggested that the lettuce from SS treatment accumulated higher concentrations of heavy metals like Cr (0.20 mg/kg), Cu (3.91 mg/kg), Ni (0.33 mg/kg), and Zn (20.44 mg/kg) than carrot, with highest concentrations of Fe (90.89 mg/kg) and Pb (0.16 mg/kg) recorded in lettuce from NPK treatment. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) showed that lettuce, a leafy vegetable, has bioaccumulated more heavy metals than carrot, a root vegetable. The BAF was generally below the threshold value of 1 in both vegetables, except in lettuce from NPK and CD treatments and carrot from NPK treatments, with BAF values of 1.6, 1.69, and 1.39, respectively. The cancer risk assessment factors were well below the unacceptable maximum range of 10−4 suggesting that consuming these vegetables might not expose an individual to potential risk of cancer development. The hazard quotient estimations were below the threshold values of 1 for all heavy metals; however, the hazard index (HI) values of 1.27 and 1.58 for lettuce from NPK and SS treatments indicate a potential non-carcinogenic health risk to consumers from intake of all the heavy metals.

Geophysical and physicochemical assessment of groundwater and the implication on the public health in rural and semi-urban areas of Northern Nigeria

Groundwater resource plays a central role in every sector of life globally. Unfortunately, the roles of groundwater are often unappreciated in many parts of the world, especially in developing nations. The paper applied a combined geo-electrical method and hydrochemical analysis alongside physical surveys to investigate aquifer promising zones, the quality and the source of water supply in the selected regions. The geo-electric resistivity data were used to select the most aquifer-promising zone for groundwater development with a key interest in groundwater potential and aquifer overburden protective capacity overlying the water-bearing unit. Seventeen (17) vertical electrical sounding (VES) acquired in four regions reveals that the regional weathered/fractured unit which constitutes the aquifer unity extends from 13.4 m to 41.3 m in depth with the subsurface resistivity value varying between 53 Ωm–1013 Ωm in terms of resistivity values. The overburdened thickness (protective soil layers) stretches from 2.5 m to 13 m with a resistive layer of resistivity values ranging from 111 Ωm to 2877 Ωm, which could provide high aquifer protective cover for the regional groundwater systems. The computed aquifer transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity range from 0.54 m2/h\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${m}^{2}/h$$\\end{document}–15.85 m2/h\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${m}^{2}/h$$\\end{document}, and 0.95 m/day–9.19 m/day, respectively. The estimated average longitudinal conductance (0.2 moh) reveals that the regional groundwater systems are moderately protective against surface contaminants. In addition, the physicochemical water analysis was examined, which exposes the level of heavy metals (HMs) compositions in the regional groundwater systems and the possible public health risks compared to WHO permissible drinking water limits. The sample water from the Rivers had the highest concentration of HMs (0.089 mg/I–2.012 mg/l), followed by the hand-dug wells (HWDs) (0.033 mg/l–1.555 mg/l) and the lowest in the borehole (0.011 mg/l–0.511 mg/l). In contrast, the borehole water sample shows a moderation where the HMs presence falls within the WHO standard for drinking water. The outcomes of the study show that 63% of the investigated region consumed water with a high concentration of HMs above the WHO permissible standard allowance for drinking water, while only 37% took water that falls within the WHO permissible standard. In conclusion, the study showed significant impacts of anthropogenic activities on the regional water quality, which provides vital information about the regional groundwater systems and the quality of water supply for adequate groundwater development and sustainability.

Influencing Factors, Risk Assessment, and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Purple Soil in the Eastern Region of Guang’an City, Sichuan Province, China

Soil heavy metal contamination poses a significant threat to both environmental health and ecological safety. To investigate the influencing factors, ecological hazards, and sources analysis of heavy metals in purple soil, 27 sets of soil samples were collected from varying genetic horizons within Guang’an City, and the contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed. The results indicated higher concentrations of heavy metals in soil A horizon, compared to that of C horizon. The relevance analysis indicated that the soil’s heavy metals were strongly correlated with the soil’s physicochemical properties. The enrichment factor, pollution load index, and potential risk index highlighted slightly to severely polluted levels of soil Cd and Hg, which significantly contribute to the ecological hazards posed by soil heavy metals. The potential source of heavy metals analyzed using the APCS-MLR model identified both anthropogenic inputs and natural sources as primary contributors to heavy metal presence in soils. The Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents in the samples from different genetic horizons were chiefly influenced by natural sources, such as soil matrix erosion and weathering, while the concentrations of Cd and Hg were largely affected by anthropogenic activities, specifically coal combustion and agriculture. Conversely, the As content was found to be influenced by a combination of both factors. Anthropogenic activities greatly impacted soil heavy metals at various depths within the study area, thereby underscoring the importance of monitoring these heavy metals. The findings gained from this research can give a scientific basis for the potential utilization of purple soil.

Implications of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fish Feed, Water, Sediment, and Different Fish Species in a Polyculture System.

Heavy metal bioaccumulation in organisms is primarily a result of dietary uptake. The current study examines the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu) in fish feed, water, sediment, and three fish species (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cyprinus carpio) from different feeding zones in a polyculture pond system. Furthermore, associated human health risks were also evaluated. The fish samples (n = 25 for each species) were collected from 10 different fish ponds in the Kohat district, Pakistan. Heavy metals were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Results revealed higher concentrations of heavy metals in sediment, followed by water. However, the concentration of heavy metals in fish feed was lower than the standard limits. In the case of fish, the bottom feeder (C. carpio) notably exhibited higher (P < 0.05) levels of heavy metals than the column feeder (L. rohita) and surface feeder (C. catla) fish. Moreover, in the liver of all fish species, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals was higher, followed by the gills. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated a strong correlation of heavy metals in C. carpio gills, flesh, feed, and pond water, while the heavy metals in the liver correlated with the detected metals in sediment. The human health risk analysis shows that bottom feeder fish had higher estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) values (> 1). Consequently, the exposed population may experience adverse health effects. The findings of this study suggest that the bottom feeder (C. carpio) bioaccumulates a higher concentration of heavy metals than column (L. rohita) and surface feeder (C. catla) in the polyculture system.

Co-hydrothermal carbonization as a potential method of utilising digested sludge and screenings from wastewater treatment plants towards energy application

Anaerobic digestion is one of the most recommended methods for utilising sewage sludge produced by wastewater treatment plants. However, the increasing amount of micropollutants in digested sludge can significantly limit its future utilisation. Recent studies suggests that the hydrothermal carbonization process can be used as a complementary method for sludge management, due to the improved quality of solid products - hydrochar. Moreover, this allows for the possibility of reusing liquid by-products in the anaerobic digestion process for biogas production. However, hydrochar generated from hydrothermal carbonization has a higher concentration of heavy metals and low energy value, which limits its use in agriculture and energy sectors. This study highlights a partial resolution to this problem, by mixing digested sludge with screenings in the co-hydrothermal carbonization process. The findings of this study show improvements in the properties of hydrochar including total solids measured according to ISO, inorganic fractions determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and higher calorific values measured by the calorimetric bomb. Biomethane potential tests were conducted on liquid by-products. The results showed an average increase in biomethane potential from liquids obtained from co-hydrothermal carbonization compared to liquids from hydrothermal carbonization of digested sludge without screenings in series 1, 2 and 3 - up to 60 %, 40 % and 26 % for three different sludges with initial total solids content of 2.6 %, 12.5 % and 21.5 % w/w.

Mechanisms of Toxicity of Heavy Metals and the Microbial Strategies for their Mitigation: A Review

Heavy metals toxicity is a major concern worldwide, especially in areas where untreated industrial effluents are released in the environment. Most important heavy metals in this context are arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, cobalt, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. Some of these are also essential trace elements and play crucial roles in different biological processes. Exposure to high concentration of heavy metals is hazardous for life and can lead to various medical conditions including different types of cancers. The remediation strategies to treat these contaminants involve physical, chemical as well as biological techniques, the latter of which is considered most environment friendly and inexpensive. Bioremediation is the process of removal and detoxification of toxic pollutants using microorganisms. Many microorganisms have evolved different strategies to resist and detoxify such heavy metals. This may include excluding the metals out of the cell, binding of the metals to metal binding proteins to sequester it, conversion of metals into less or non-toxic form by enzymes and alternation of cell components to reduce metal sensitivity. Different genes and proteins are involved in these processes which can be explored for biotechnological interventions and practical applications of bioremediation. This review article discusses the mechanisms of heavy metals’ toxicity, different remediation technologies available, and the various strategies that microorganisms employ to detoxify them.

APPLICATION OF BIOREMEDIATION IN MITIGATION OF HEAVY METAL STRESS ON PLANTS

Heavy metals are toxic metals which are persistent in nature due to their nondegradable nature.Due to increase in industrialization and urbanization heavy metals are being added to theenvironment and consequently causing heavy metal pollution of water and soil. These heavy metals cause significant stress on crop plants and effect various parameters such as growth and yield. Manymethods like physical, chemical and biological methods are available to degrade these heavymetals. Recently, bioremediation is being widely used because of its cost-effective andenvironment friendly approach. Bioremediation is a biological process which makes use ofmicroorganisms to remove hazardous substances or environmental pollutants from air, water,soil, industrial effluents etc. Bacteria and fungi are mostly employed for bioremediation.These organisms are genetically engineered for effective use in bioremediation. This not onlydiscussed about the importance of bacteria for bioremediation of heavy metals but alsodiscussed about the challenges and limitations of bacteria for bioremediation. In this chapter, a variety of mechanisms responsible for adaptation of microorganisms to high heavy metal concentrations, e.g. metal sorption, uptake and accumulation, extracellular precipitation and enzymatic oxidation or reduction, will be reported. Moreover, molecular mechanisms responsible for their metal tolerance will be described.

Assessment of water quality and heavy metal contamination in ballast water: Implications for marine ecosystems and human health

The global menace of non-compliance with ballast water management poses a pressing environmental threat, as it facilitates the transfer of harmful organisms and sediment contaminants. This study investigates the environmental impact of ballast water discharged by ships, focusing on water quality and heavy metal concentrations. The release of ballast water, often containing elevated levels of heavy metals like mercury, lead, and cadmium, poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems. The research, involving water sample collection from ten different vessels across various countries, assesses physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations. Results indicate variations in temperature, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH levels among samples. Turbidity values surpassing WHO limits suggest potential anthropogenic pollution. The study identifies significant differences in pH values, potentially influencing microbial populations. Total dissolved solids and total suspended solids values vary, affecting the distribution of potential pathogens. The results reveal varying total concentrations of heavy metals (mg/L) in the following decreasing order: SA&gt;SE&gt;SF&gt;SB&gt;SC&gt;SD&gt;SH&gt;SI&gt;SG&gt;SJ(6.07 &gt;4.95 &gt; 2.07 &gt; 1.59&gt;0.24&gt;1.22&gt;0.09&gt;0.04&gt;0.03&gt;0.01). The highest concentration of heavy metals is recorded for iron (SA= 5.78), zinc (mg/L) (SB = 1.36, SE = 1.30, and SF = 1.35) and lead (Pb) (SE = 2.39). The elevated iron levels in vessels from SA are potentially linked to corrosion processes. Cadmium, lead, and nickel were not detected, except for lead in the sample from SE. Copper concentrations were aligned with EU standards in the vessels. Proper ballast water management is vital for monitoring water qualities, preventing environmental spread of heavy metals, ensuring marine ecosystem health, and developing compliance strategies for ships docking in ports. Highlights Global shipping causes heavy metal pollution, affecting human and ecosystem health Physicochemical parameters variations suggest potential pollution and microbial impact Mercury, lead, and cadmium in ballast water (BW) pose threats to marine ecosystems Increased iron levels could be associated with corrosion processes Effective BW management is crucial for environmental conservation

Valorization of biomass bottom ash in alkali-activated GGBFS-fly ash: Impact of biomass bottom ash characteristic, silicate modulus and aluminum-anodizing waste

Growing production of green energy from biomass has led to a surge in biomass bottom ash (BBA) generation, often relegated to landfills due to high leachable heavy metal content. This study proposed solidifying BBA in alkali-activated granulated ground blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and class F fly ash (CFA) blended binders. Investigations into the influence of BBA content, fineness, silicate modulus of activators, and aluminum-anodizing waste (AAW) on solidification performance were conducted, focusing on reaction mechanisms, phase assemblages, mechanical properties and leaching behavior. Results indicate relatively low reactivity of BBA and high leachable chloride (Cl-), sulphate (SO42-), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) contents from BBA. Increased BBA substitution leads to strength deterioration, while ground biomass bottom ash (GBBA) improves the mechanical performance slightly. This improvement is attributed to the increased reactive aluminosilicate content and an enhanced packing system resulting from finer particles. However, GBBA induces an increased heavy metals leaching. Higher silicate modulus activators enhance mechanical properties and reduce the leaching of Mo and Cl-, while lower silicate modulus activator accelerates the reaction process, promoting the formation of hydrotalcite-like phases and reducing the leaching of Cr and SO42-. Incorporating 0.5 wt% aluminum-anodizing waste improves immobilization efficiency of toxic ions, but further increases in dosage lead to higher leaching due to weakened mechanical performance. Overall, hybrid binders with 10 wt% G/BBA exhibit desirable mechanical properties, along with sufficient immobilization of leachable heavy metals, enabling their use as potential construction materials.

In vitro and in vivo screening of bacterial species from contaminated soil for heavy metal biotransformation activity

Heavy metals (HMs) are widely used in various industries. High concentrations of HMs can be severely toxic to plants, animals and humans. Microorganism-based bioremediation has shown significant potential in degrading and detoxifying specific HM contaminants. In this study, we cultivated a range of bacterial strains in liquid and solid nutrient medium containing different concentrations of different HMs to select and analyze bacteria capable of transforming HMs. The bacterial strains most resistant to selected HMs and exhibiting the ability to remove HMs from contaminated soils were identified. Then, the bacterial species capable of utilizing HMs in soil model experiments were selected, and their ability to transform HMs was evaluated. This study has also generated preliminary findings on the use of plants for further removal of HMs from soil after microbial bioremediation. Alcaligenes faecalis, Delftia tsuruhatensis and Stenotrophomonas sp. were selected for their ability to grow in and utilize HM ions at the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) and two times the MPC. Lysinibacillus fusiformis (local microflora) can be used as a universal biotransformation tool for many HM ions. Brevibacillus parabrevis has potential for the removal of lead ions, and Brevibacillus reuszeri and Bacillus safensis have potential for the removal of arsenic ions from the environment. The bacterial species have been selected for bioremediation to remove heavy metal ions from the environment.

Treatment of electroplating wastewater using electrocoagulation and integrated membrane.

Electroplating wastewater contains heavy metal ions and organic matter. These contaminants not only endanger the environment but also pose risks to human health. Despite the development of various treatment processes such as chemical precipitation MBR, electrocoagulation (EC) ceramic membrane (CM), coagulation ultrafiltration (UF) reverse osmosis (RO), and CM RO. These methods are only effective for low concentrations of heavy metals and struggle with high concentrations. To address the challenge of treating electroplating wastewater with high heavy metal content, this study focuses on the wastewater from Dongfang Aviation Machinery Processing Plant. It introduces an EC and integrated membrane (IM) treatment process for electroplating wastewater. The IM comprises microfiltration (MF) membrane, nanofiltration (NF) membrane, and RO membrane. Results indicated that under specific conditions, such as a pH of 8, current density of 5 A/dm2, electrode plate spacing of 2 cm, 35 min of electrolysis time, and influent pH of 10 for the IM, removal rates of Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and TCr in the wastewater exceeded 99%. The removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and petroleum in wastewater exceed 97%. Following a continuous cleaning process, the membrane flux can consistently recover to over 94.3%.

Bioremoval and Resistance of Some Heavy Metals by Bacterial Isolates from the Sediments of the Diyala River

Background:Heavy metals are pollutants that do not decompose, but enter the food chain, and thus form toxic compounds that have a harmful effect on biological functions. There are an unlimited number of organisms in various environments, including bacteria, that are able to degrade and reduce the high levels of many pollutants, most of which have not been as important to researchers as they are interested in pathological microorganisms. Objective: This research sheds light on a number of bacterial isolates that were isolated and identified, one of which showed its high ability to grow in culture environments with high concentrations of heavy metals. Materials and Methods: Twelve sediment samples were collected from the Diyala River within the boundaries of the study area, which included four main sites. Fifteen bacterial isolates capable of resisting heavy metals were recognized at a concentration of (50 mg / L), and then five isolates were selected as the best isolates to grow and resistance of cobalt between (400-750 mg/L), chromium between (1600-2600 mg/L), nickel between (1200-1600 mg/L) and lead between (1200 - 2200 mg/liter). One of these isolates, (iso 4) showed a high ability to remove heavy metals (chromium, cobalt, nickel, and lead) after the test, with concentrations of (25, 50, and 100 mg/L), and the removal rate for 5 days of chromium was (36, 55, 68, 73 and 77%) respectively, and the removal rate of cobalt was (22, 34, 44, 54 and 59%) and the removal rate of nickel was (23, 40, 56, 68 and 80%) and the removal rate for lead is (58, 68, 74, 80 and 86%). The same isolate also showed high efficiency in removing lead due to the ability to resist high concentrations with a 100% percentage of lead removal at a concentration of 25 mg/L from the first day until the fifth day. The biochemical diagnosis of the selected bacterial isolates was adopted and the diagnosis was made using the VITEK-2 system for isolate No. 4, as the results showed that it belongs to the genus Klebsiella pneumonia. Conclusions: These environmental isolates can be applied in many bioremediations techniques to remove many toxic compounds cheaply and safely.

Heavy metals in soil, finger millet and weeds due to nutrient management practices under a 43-year-old long term fertilizer experiment

Chemical fertilizers contain traces of heavy metals and long-term use of fertilizers in agriculture could lead to the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil. Specific amounts of fertilizers and manure have been consistently applied for the past 43 years. Soil and plant samples were collected and quantified for heavy metals. The results revealed that the application of FYM and inorganic fertilizers led to a higher concentration of heavy metals in surface soil and decreased with soil depth. The application of 100% RDF resulted in higher concentrations of metals in samples of finger millet and all the heavy metals were below toxic limits. The PLI of heavy metals was found to have a value &lt;10, indicating that soils are less polluted. Cd and Pb had BCF values of &lt;1 for grain and straw, which indicates a lower concentration of metals in soil than those taken up by plants, while &gt;1 for As and Cr indicates a higher uptake in grain and straw than in soil.

Bioconcentration of Heavy Metals in Milkfish Reared in Stick-Net Pens System: Implications for Open Water Environmental Contamination and Food Safety

The coast of Tanjung Mas, Semarang City, is an industrial area used by the community to cultivate milkfish using stick-net pens. Furthermore, heavy metal contamination such as Cr, Cd, Cu, and Pb potentially disrupts milkfish meat's growth, quality, and safety. This study aims to determine heavy metals concentration in the waters and milkfish meat in stick-net pens cultivation in Tanjung Mas, Semarang City. The study was conducted using exploration, with five observation sites representing household waste disposal flow, industrial discharge, open sea, and intermediate areas. The observation sites were selected based on the milkfish cultivation activity. The sample and data, including water, milkfish, and environmental factors (temperature, pH, salinity, water current, and dissolved oxygen), were collected three times every two weeks. The heavy metals were detected using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The highest heavy metal concentration is Cr, which ranges from 1.70 ± 0.32 ppm to 2.36 ± 0.63 ppm in milkfish and 2.77 ± 0.65 ppm to 3.05 ± 0.58 ppm in the environment. The heavy metals contamination in Semarang City’s water areas is still relatively low and has no impact on milkfish growth. Industrial waste, mainly heavy metals, potentially threatens the stick-net pens cultivation model developed by the community in Semarang City. This study can be used as an input for mitigation and adaptive action in anticipating future environmental changes and maintaining their business sustainability.

Association of Acidotolerant Cyanobacteria to Microbial Mats below pH 1 in Acidic Mineral Precipitates in Río Tinto River in Spain.

This report describes acidic microbial mats containing cyanobacteria that are strongly associated to precipitated minerals in the source area of Río Tinto. Río Tinto (Huelva, Southwestern Spain) is an extreme acidic environment where iron and sulfur cycles play a fundamental role in sustaining the extremely low pH and the high concentration of heavy metals, while maintaining a high level of microbial diversity. These multi-layered mineral deposits are stable all year round and are characterized by a succession of thick greenish-blue and brownish layers mainly composed of natrojarosite. The temperature and absorbance above and below the mineral precipitates were followed and stable conditions were detected inside the mineral precipitates. Different methodologies, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, immunological detection, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and metagenomic analysis were used to describe the biodiversity existing in these microbial mats, demonstrating, for the first time, the existence of acid-tolerant cyanobacteria in a hyperacidic environment of below pH 1. Up to 0.46% of the classified sequences belong to cyanobacterial microorganisms, and 1.47% of the aligned DNA reads belong to the Cyanobacteria clade.

Heavy metal leaching from wood ash before and after hydration and carbonation

AbstractWood ashes can be used, e.g., as soil fertilizer or in construction materials; however, it is important to ensure that such use will not cause spreading of heavy metals and subsequent harm to the environment. Wood fly ashes (WFAs) generally have higher concentrations of heavy metals than wood bottom ashes. This paper focuses on the leaching of heavy metals from WFA, specifically identifying WFA characteristics that influence the leaching and changes in leaching caused by hydration and carbonation in ambient air. Chemometric modeling based on characteristics for eight different WFAs suggested that the leaching of Cr and Zn was associated with the concentration of K and the leaching of SO42−, indicating a connection to the soluble K2(SO4) commonly found in WFAs. During the aging, both pH and conductivity of the WFAs decreased showing the formation of new phases. The leaching of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb was low initially and decreased to non-measurable after the aging. So did the leaching of Zn except from one of the WFAs. Thus, the part of the heavy metals, which were leaching originally, was built into the newly formed phases. The Cr leaching also showed a general decrease during the aging, however, not to similarly low levels. This means that the leaching Cr fraction was either not influenced by the aging processes or the formed phases contained water-soluble Cr. The continued leaching of Cr needs more attention as it may be the toxic and carcinogenic Cr(IV). As the chemistry and mineralogy of WFAs, inclusive of the mobility of the heavy metals, are subject to changes, increased knowledge on the chemistry determining these changes is needed to choose environmentally sound recycling options.

Ex-situ phytoextraction using Pteris vittata as a sustainable way to protect soil resource

Chemical industrial sites are potential land resources for urban construction, but the high concentration of heavy metals in soil restricts their timely redevelopment. Remediation treatment must be performed before the reutilization of these sites. Aiming to investigate the potential of Pteris vittata to remove arsenic (As) from an As-contaminated chemical industrial site, a 16-month ex-situ field experiment was conducted to monitor the dynamics of growth and As uptake of P. vittata. The shoot (pinnae and petiole) biomass increased linearly with the extension of time, and reached 1342 g m−2 at the time of ∼16 months after transplantation. The shoot As concentration in pinnae showed a “large increase followed by small decrease” tendency and reached its highest value of 2550 mg kg−1 at the time of ∼10 months after transplantation. Compared with the control that removed 5.1 kg As ha −1, the addition of potassium dihydrogen phosphate at the dose of 600 mg (P2O5) kg−1 or ammonium dihydrogen phosphate at the dose of 300 mg (P2O5) kg−1 increased the As removal by P. vittata to ∼13.0 kg ha−1. The total cost of ex-situ phytoremediation was 41.6 US$ t−1, being ∼67% lower than that of common site remediation technologies such as soil washing. Ex-situ phytoremediation is suggested to enable a timely re-development of land resource and a sustainable protection of soil resource.

Isolation and Characterization of Heavy Metal-Tolerant Bacterial Isolates from Industrial Effluents in Uttar Pradesh, India

Industrial activities over the past century have significantly increased human exposure to pollutants such as heavy metals. Industrial emissions of heavy metals, which are carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic, contaminate natural water supplies and the agricultural environment. Due to the high concentration of heavy metals in industrial effluents, the bacteria present there naturally develop resistance to heavy metals. The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize bacteria resistant to heavy metal, lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) from sites contaminated by industrial effluents in Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 58 bacterial isolates were isolated from 9 samples according to their various morphological parameters and 32 isolates were found positive for all heavy metals, which revealed that samples contained metal-resistant bacterial diversity. Two isolates were identified up to species level based on their physiological, biochemical and molecular characterization as Comamonas testosteroni (S4C1) and Bacillus cereus (S5C3). Both isolates are highly resistant to lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) and they show different MICs against the above heavy metals at different levels. A growth experiment showed that the presence of heavy metals concentration had no discernible impact on the growth rate among the isolates. Gel analysis showed interesting patterns of protein expression were observed in the presence of various heavy metals. MALDI-TOF analysis found that specific proteins (S layer protein, F0F1ATP synthase subunit b, Flagellin, 50S ribosomal protein L4, Molecular chaperone) were overexpressed in the presence of heavy metals. As a result, identifying the heavy metal resistance bacteria and their proteins study could be useful as a preliminary investigation for the development of prospective bioremediation agents of potentially hazardous waste treatment technology.

Quantifying the mitigating effect of organic matter on heavy metal availability in soils with different manure applications: A geochemical modelling study

Manure is one of the main sources of heavy metal (HM) pollution on farmlands. It has become the focus of global ecological research because of its potential threat to human health and the sustainability of food systems. Soil pH and organic matter are improved by manure and play pivotal roles in determining soil HM behavior. Geochemical modeling has been widely used to assess and predict the behavior of soil HMs; however, there remains a research gap in manure applications. In this study, a geochemical model (LeachXS) coupled with a pH-dependent leaching test with continuously simulations over a broad pH range was used to determine the effects and pollution risks of pig or cattle manure separate application on soil HMs distribution. Both pig and cattle manure applications led to soil pH reduction in alkaline soils and increased organic matter content. Pig manure application resulted in a potential 90.5–156.0 % increase in soil HM content. Cattle manure did not cause significant HM contamination. The leaching trend of soil HMs across treatments exhibited a V-shaped change, with the lowest concentration at pH = 7, gradually increasing toward strong acids and bases. The dissolved organic matter-bound HM content directly increased the HM availability, especially for Cu (up to 8.4 %) after pig manure application. However, more HMs (Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni) were in the particulate organic matter-bound state than in other solid phases (e.g., Fe-Al(hydr) oxides, clay minerals), which inhibited the HMs leaching by more than 19.3 % after cattle manure application. Despite these variations, high HM concentrations introduced by pig manure raised the soil contamination risk, potentially exceeding 40 times at pH ±1. When manure is returned to the field, reducing its HM content and mitigating possible pollution is necessary to realize the healthy and sustainable development of circular agriculture.

Evaluation of Metal Partitioning across Humboldt Penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) Egg Components.

Humboldt Penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) population declines are attributable to several multifaceted anthropogenic impacts. At present, the exposure of Humboldt Penguins to high concentrations of heavy metals in the marine environment is a preeminent concern, due to mining along the Peruvian coast near key rookery sites. Metal and selenium concentrations were determined in eggs collected from September 2020 to April 2021 from a managed-care penguin population at the Brookfield Zoo to establish reference values for health indices conducted on wild populations. Concentrations of 16 elements, with emphasis on those found in mine efflux-arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, and zinc-were assessed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in yolk, albumen, and eggshell. Data analyses indicate a clear delineation between egg constituents, with lipid-rich yolk displaying notably higher concentrations (μg/g) of arsenic (0.20 ± 0.064), chromium (0.086 ± 0.03), cobalt (0.01 ± 0.003), iron (238.65 ± 54.72), lead (0.32 ± 0.97), manganese (2.71 ± 0.66), molybdenum (0.57 ± 0.14), tin (3.29 ± 0.99), and zinc (64.03 ± 13.01) than other components (albumen and eggshell). These data confirm that heavy metals are partitioned differently across Humboldt Penguin egg components, which provides insight into the potential connection between embryonic nutrient source contamination and subsequent chick viability.