High Concentrations Of Fructose Research Articles

Why do understorey Licuala palm fruits turn from red to white and then black when ripe?

Licuala ferruginea Becc., a tropical forest understorey palm, is observed to have fruits that appear red in colour when unripe, turning pink, then white, purple and finally black in colour as they ripen. We monitored 13 fruiting palms in rainforest fragments and recorded the consumption of fruits by animals via camera traps. We also documented the fruiting phenology of two palms in the nursery. In the rainforest fragments, a Cream-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus simplex) was observed plucking a mature purple fruit from a L. ferruginea palm, before flying away with the fruit in its beak. This was the only bird that was observed feeding on the mature fruit. A range of mammals, dominated by edge species such as the Long-tailed Macaque and Wild Boar, were observed to consume L. ferruginea fruits indiscriminately across all five colour stages, thereby limiting the dispersal of the fruits. Forest bulbul gape sizes also matched the fruit size, suggesting that forest bulbuls are the likely dispersers of the palm in the original forest where edge species are not in high densities. We further posit that the initial phase of red fruits, with high contrasting red reflectance against a green foliage background, might be a form of early advertisement to birds. The fruit then turns pink and white, which have high green reflectance and is less contrasting, thereby reducing the conspicuity of the fruit. This allows the fruit to ripen with high fructose and glucose content, and turn purple and black, which are known visual cues for birds. This study provides indicative support for the dispersal syndrome hypothesis and highlights the potential effects of forest fragmentation on plant-frugivore interactions.

Influence of various corn syrup types on the quality and sensory properties of gelatin-based jelly confectionery

AbstractJelly candies are soft confectionery products primarily composed of sucrose, corn syrup and gelling agents. This study investigates the impact of six different corn syrup, all used at constant amount (46.22%), on the physicochemical (moisture content, pH, Colour), texture and sensory properties of gelatin-based jelly samples. The Moisture content, pH, colour, and texture properties of samples were analysed at 0th, 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th day during storage. Before storage moisture content of the candiesranged from21.03 to 22.57% whereas after 60 days, it was found between 19.31 and 20.72%. Sample JF42 exhibited the least moisture rate loss. The type of corn syrup did not significantly affect the pH of the samples. Samples with higher fructose content in the corn syrup had the lowest hardness, whereas the sample with the highest maltose content exhibited the highest hardness. Changes in gumminess and chewiness paralleled variations in hardness results. Hardness and gumminess were found suitable to follow up gelatin-based samples storage using the zero-order kinetics modelling. Corn syrups with high fructose amounts intensified the redness, while those with high glucose levels led to yellowness in the candies. In sensory evaluation, products made with G40, G60, and M50 corn syrups received higher general Understanding how various types of corn syrup impact the candies quality helps producers optimize their formulation. This information enables producers to mitigate quality deterioration during storage, ensuring that their candies maintain at the desired level and appeal to consumers.

Study of the Behavioral Pattern in Type-2 Diabetic Mice Prepared by Introducing 10% and 15% Fructose Solution

An altered behavioral pattern is a deliberate fact in diabetic conditions that could be induced due to the consumption of foods rich in fructose content. The objective of this research was to develop a fructose-induced diabetic mice model to determine the behavioral changes. Swiss albino mice were involved in this study as the animal model which was subdivided into three groups (control, test groups 1 and 2). Diabetes was induced in test groups 1 and 2 by introducing 10% and 15% fructose solution orally for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, behavioral tests including hole board test (HBT), tail suspension test (TST), elevated plus maze test (EMT), and forced swim test (FST) were performed to evaluate the behavioral pattern. Findings indicated that test group 1 showed a considerable increase in body weight but only a minor increase in fasting blood glucose (FBG) level than the control group. Neither the behavioral studies for test group 1 stretch any substantial alteration. Whereas test group 2 showed a considerable increase in FBG level and body weight as well as in the behavioral tests. (HBT: 47.87% lower head dipping than the control group; TST: 90.85% higher immobility time than the control group; EMT: 58% lower exploration to open arm than the control group; FST: 38.64% less mobility time than the control group). The findings of the study illustrate that consumption of high concentrations of fructose for long term could have a positive correlation with the induction of type 2 diabetes along with the altered behavioral pattern. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 27(2): 158-163, 2024 (July)

Exploring formation of turanose in honey via stable isotope labelling and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis

Turanose, an isomer of sucrose, naturally exists in honey. Previous study indicated that turanose content increased gradually in acacia honey as honeybees brewed honey in the hive. However, it is unclear how turanose is generated in honey. We hypothesised that turanose was produced by enzymes from honeybees and performed a series of simulation experiments to prove this hypothesis. We found turanose in honey was produced by honeybees processing sucrose. Furthermore, we determined that sugar composition of simulated nectar influenced the turanose concentration in honey: when sucrose concentration was below 5%, turanose was difficult to form, whereas high concentration of fructose and limited glucose were beneficial in producing turanose. Using 13C-labelled sucrose tests combined with proteomics analysis, we identified that α-glucosidase converted sucrose to turanose through an intermolecular isomerisation process. This study reveals the formation mechanism of turanose in honey and assists in the scientific control and improvement of honey quality.

Preliminary Study: Antimicrobial Permeation and Release Rates of Biocellulose Wound Dressing Produced Using Acetobacter Xylinum 0416 in Pineapple Peel Waste Culture

Modern wound dressings are employed to hasten the healing of damaged skin. Alginate, foam, hydrogel, hydrocolloid and film are contemporary wound dressings. These contemporary wound dressings are effective for treating wounds because they keep moisture in the wound to help the skin of the damaged tissue heal. Another application for biocellulose (BC) is as a material for treating wounds. This is because biocellulose can absorb exudates from skin wounds and has a considerable water-holding capacity. Because pineapple peel waste has a high concentration of glucose and fructose, it can be used as a fermentation medium to make biocellulose. The manufacture of biocellulose also makes use of the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum 0416. The biocellulose fermentation process lasts five days at 30 °C in an incubator with static conditions. Utilising antimicrobial agents such as silver nanoparticle compounds, Moringa oleifera, or Melastoma malabathricum leaf extract will improve the antibacterial capabilities of biocellulose. The growth of A. xylinum 0416 indicates an exponential phase at 48 hours, where the number of bacterial cells increases, and the process of transferring 20% of the inoculum to the fermentation medium is carried out. BC fermentation in 6-well plates with 3 ml of pineapple peel extract volume at 30°C and pH 5.15 recorded the highest BC wet weight reading at 1.740g and an average of 1.393g. Low concentrations of silver nanoparticles and Moringa leaf extract at 0.02mg/ml, 5mg/l and 0.0125mg/l showed a good effect against the pathogen. The water absorption capacity of the raw BC shows a good absorption value of 144.84.

Composite "Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol-Magnetite" as a Stimuli-Responsive Matrix for Optical Methods.

The preparation and application of the composite material "crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol-magnetite" as a sensitive matrix for use in digital colorimetry and optical micrometry methods are discussed. The material was synthesized in the form of spherical granules (for micrometry) and thin films (for digital colorimetry). The obtained composites were characterized by the registration of magnetization curves. It was shown that the amount of grown Fe3O4 particles in the polymer gel is in linear dependence with the iron salt concentrations in the impregnating solutions. The composite granules were applied to determining monosaccharides using optical micrometry. The optimal pH value for the total amount of monosaccharides' determination was 8.6. The study of the analytical response of composite granules and films performed with a low limit of detection (7.9 mmol/dm3) of both glucose and fructose and a possibility of the control of high alcohol contention in water media. The granules were used to determine the total carbohydrate content in samples of natural honey and syrups with high fructose contents, while the films were used to control the alcohol content in hand antiseptics. The results obtained are in good agreement with the data provided by the manufacturers.

Interspecific differences and mechanisms of Lactobacillus-derived anti-inflammatory exopolysaccharides

Accumulating evidence has revealed the anti-inflammatory properties of Lactobacillus-derived exopolysaccharides (EPSs). However, interspecific differences among these Lactobacillus-derived anti-inflammatory EPSs have not been investigated. Cell experiments showed that Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-derived EPSs exhibited excellent anti-inflammatory efficacy in vitro. Subsequently, we used Lactobacillus-derived EPSs to treat colitis in mice. There was no significant difference in EPS's repair of the intestinal barrier from the five Lactobacillus species. However, Ligilactobacillus salivarius-derived EPSs and L. plantarum-derived EPSs more potently reduced proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-γ, and IL-17), increasing IL-10 concentrations in the colon. Lactobacillus-derived EPS moieties from five species regulate intestinal bacteria at the strain level. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that owing to the different infiltration and polarization effects of Lactobacillus-derived EPSs on macrophages, the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus-derived EPSs were inconsistent. The structure-activity relationship showed that Lactobacillus-derived EPSs with high fructose content had excellent anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. The results mentioned above revealed that the anti-inflammatory activity of Lactobacillus-derived EPSs had interspecific variability, and the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action in vitro and in vivo was different.

Characterization of Italian honeys: integrating volatile and physico-chemical data

This article focuses on the comprehensive characterization of Italian honeys using various physico-chemical analyses and their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) fingerprint obtained through the PTR-ToF-MS technology. Honey characteristics, including pH, electrical conductivity, moisture content, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and sugar content, were analyzed to assess their quality and origin. Honey samples from different flowers, including acacia, chestnut, citrus, linden, and multifloral, were collected and investigated. Furthermore, a few aged honeys were collected and analyzed and compared with the fresh ones. Physico-chemical analysis revealed that chestnut honey is characterized by high pH and EC values. Acacia honey has a higher fructose content, while aging appears to influence HMF levels, a vital indicator of honey quality, with aged samples exhibiting significant increases in HMF content. The VOC profiles have been found to vary among different honey types, suggesting that VOCs could be used as indicators of honey origin. Multivariate statistical analyses, such as partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), have been applied to the VOCs data to differentiate honey types based on their volatile profiles. Acacia honey exhibited different physicochemical parameters but on the contrary, in the VOCs analysis, it displayed similarities with the linden honey due to their shared low emissions of volatile compounds. Citrus honey had similar chemical parameters to linden and multifloral honeys, but its distinctive VOCs emission allowed for a more accurate identification. In conclusion, the analysis performed with the PTR-ToF-MS was successful in obtaining specific volatile fingerprints of those samples and was effective for improving the characterization of honeys.

High-yield synthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid from fructose via a two-step strategy without 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural isolation using dioxane as a bridging solvent

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a crucial bio-platform molecule for renewable polymers and fine chemicals. Here, a two-step method including fructose dehydration and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation has been reported as an effective strategy to produce FDCA with high yield from fructose directly. In this method, for fructose dehydration over CH3SO3H, tetramethylammonium chloride (TmaCl) was first used as phase modifier and co-solvent in a H2O-dioxane biphasic-solvent system, affording HMF yield up to 90.6 % under mild condition (383 K) with relatively high fructose concentration (e.g. 5–10 wt %). Detailed 13C NMR studies verified the interaction between TmaCl and fructose, which significantly promoted the proportion of fructofuranoses and helped to improve the fructose dehydration activity and HMF yield. After dehydration step, more than 97.8 % of CH3SO3H were recovered in reaction phase for catalyst reuse, while the dioxane solution of extracted HMF was separated via simple phase separation. Followed by water commixing, this HMF dioxane solution (with the HMF concentration of 6.3 wt %) was directly oxidized over Ru/C (393 K, 1 MPa O2) to produce FDCA without HMF isolation and alkali addition, affording FDCA yield near 90 %. This study integrates the fructose dehydration and HMF oxidation rationally via dioxane as the bridging solvent to achieve high FDCA yield without complex HMF purification steps, and thus proposes an applicable model for high-efficient production of FDCA in practice.

The effect of evening primrose oil on some biochemical parameters in brain tissue in a model of metabolic syndrome induced with fructose in rats

Objective: Metabolic syndrome is a disease characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and constitutes an important risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. The effect of evening primrose oil (EPO) on insülin, adiponectin and resistin levels in brain tissue was investigated in a fructose-related metabolic syndrome model. 
 Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into 4 groups as control, evening primrose oil (orally at a dose of 0.1 ml/rat/day), fructose (20% fructose added), fructose+evening primrose oil for 57 days. At the end of the experiment, brain samples were taken and homogenized. Then, insülin, adiponectin and resistin levels were determined by ELISA. 
 Results: Plasma insulin and resistin levels of the fructose group increased (p≤0.05 ) compared to the controls, on the contrary, adiponectin levels were significantly decreased (p≤0.05 ) in the fructose group. When EPO was given to rats given fructose, increased insulin and resistin levels decreased, while decreased adiponectin levels were increased. 
 Conclusion: Fructose-induced impaired metabolic changes in brain tissue were partially ameliorated when EPO was administered. Accordingly, the use of EPO in the medical setting may be recommended by clinicians to reduce the harmful effects on the brain, since metabolic changes in the brains of rat fed with high fructose content can also occur with the intake of fructose from various foods in humans.

Study on the accumulation pattern of anthocyanins, sugars and organic acids in medicinal Vitis vinifera ‘SuoSuo’ during ripening

In this study, targeted metabolomics technology was used to accurately and quantitatively analyze the metabolic pathways of anthocyanin, sugars and organic acid metabolites during the ripening of ‘SuoSuo’ grape berries. Results, 33, 10 and 36 metabolites of anthocyanins, sugars and organic acids, respectively, were detected. The anthocyanin with the highest content was cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (136.343 ng/g), which reached a maximum at 135 days after full bloom. The highest fructose content in sugar was 167.69 ng/g (135 days after full bloom). Among the organic acids, tartaric acid exhibited the highest content (37,196.67 mg/kg, 105 days after full bloom). The content of oleanolic acid (230.064 mg/kg, 135 days after full bloom) was higher in organic acids. These results clarify how anthocyanin, sugar and organic acid metabolites accumulate and change as ‘SuoSuo’ grapes ripen and provide a reference for the development and utilization of ‘SuoSuo’.

CD38 Inhibition Protects Fructose-Induced Toxicity in Primary Hepatocytes.

A fructose-enriched diet is thought to contribute to hepatic injury in developing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the cellular mechanism of fructose-induced hepatic damage remains poorly understood. This study aimed to determine whether fructose induces cell death in primary hepatocytes, and if so, to establish the underlying cellular mechanisms. Our results revealed that treatment with high fructose concentrations for 48 h induced mitochondria-mediated apoptotic death in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs). Endoplasmic reticulum stress responses were involved in fructose-induced death as the levels of phosho-eIF2α, phospho-C-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) increased, and a chemical chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) prevented cell death. The impaired oxidation metabolism of fatty acids was also possibly involved in the fructose-induced toxicity as treatment with an AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) activator and a PPAR-α agonist significantly protected against fructose-induced death, while carnitine palmitoyl transferase I inhibitor exacerbated the toxicity. However, uric acid-mediated toxicity was not involved in fructose-induced death as uric acid was not toxic to MPHs, and the inhibition of xanthine oxidase (a key enzyme in uric acid synthesis) did not affect cell death. On the other hand, treatment with inhibitors of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+-consuming enzyme CD38 or CD38 gene knockdown significantly protected against fructose-induced toxicity in MPHs, and fructose treatment increased CD38 levels. These data suggest that CD38 upregulation plays a role in hepatic injury in the fructose-enriched diet-mediated NASH. Thus, CD38 inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent fructose-enriched diet-mediated NASH.

Underutilized Crocus Sativus L. Flowers: A Hidden Source of Sustainable High Value-Added Ingredients

Crocus sativus L. is used as a spice due to its organoleptic characteristics. Only flower stigmas are used for its production, as the rest of the flower is discarded as waste. This fact represents a lack of sustainability, since around 230,000 flowers are necessary to produce 1 kg of saffron. The main aim of this study was to contribute to the valorization of Crocus sativus L. spice and its floral by-products, through the study of their nutritional value and composition, in terms of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, as well as their functional properties. The results showed that saffron stigmas and floral bio-residues presented high contents of fiber, and the most abundant macronutrient were the carbohydrates, followed by proteins, and a low content in fats. All samples had high concentrations of glucose, fructose, lactic and malic acids, and minerals, mainly K, Ca and Mg. Furthermore, the polyunsaturated fatty acids were predominant, being linoleic acid (C18:2n6) the most abundant. Therefore, this research provides more in-depth information about the composition of saffron stigmas and floral by-products, to be considered as promising sources for the development of functional ingredients with new applications in the food industry.

The hydrolysis degree of agave syrup modulates its functional properties: Impact on metabolic responses and oxidative stress in C57BL/6 mice

Nowadays, agave syrup (AS) is a controversial sweetener due to its high fructose content. However, the hydrolysis process to which AS is subjected could contribute to improving its functional properties. This work aimed to evaluate the relationship between the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of AS (95%: AS95, 88%: AS88, and 50%: AS50) and its functional properties. In addition, the impact of these properties on weight gain, blood biochemical parameters, and oxidative stress (lipids and proteins) was studied in C57BL/6 mice. By HPLC analysis, the main polyphenols identified in AS were catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, quercetin, naringin, rutin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid. As the DH of AS increased, its fructose concentration increased (p < 0.05), and its concentration of fructans, bioactive compounds (BC), and antioxidant capacity decreased. In the case of blood glucose, the mice drinking AS solutions did not present differences (p > 0.05) in comparison to the control (water). However, mice drinking AS50 solutions showed a decrease (p < 0.05) in weight gain (35%), cholesterol (6%), triglycerides (18–22%), and oxidative stress in lipids (63%) and proteins (44%) compared to mice drinking AS88 and AS95 solutions.

Determination of the Anticarcinogenic Activity of 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural Produced from Grape Must Under in vitro Conditions

Every year, millions of tons of food and beverage waste are thrown away unused around the world. The carbohydrates found in food waste create a raw material potential for the production of high value-added products that are used in energy, feed and pharmacology. One of these products, 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF), is a by-product of simple dehydration of carbohydrates. It finds wide use in the field of pharmacy due to its anticancer, antifungal and antimicrobial activities. Many studies have stated that the sugar source with the highest conversion rate in 5-HMF production is fructose. For this reason, in this study, it was aimed to realize the production of 5-HMF in autoclave sterilization carried out under high temperature and pressure using grape must waste, which is known to have high fructose content, and determine the anticarcinogenic activity and cytotoxicity of the produced 5-HMF under in vitro conditions. In this study, it was determined that the medium containing DMSO increased the sugar conversion percentage, 5-HMF efficiency and selectivity in the waste grape must more than the medium containing only water. In the production of 5-HMF, the conversion of sugar in the medium saturated with salt, and the efficiency and selectivity of 5-HMF were determined as 97.04%, 68.61% and 70.82%, respectively, when DMSO organic solvent was used. In addition, it has been determined that 5-HMF produced from waste grape must has a toxic effect on both healthy cells and cancer cells and has anticancer properties.

FRUCTOSE INSENSITIVE1 regulates stem cell function in Arabidopsis in response to fructose signalling.

Stem cell function in different meristems of Arabidopsis is mainly defined by WUSCHEL (WUS)/WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) family of proteins. Sugars have also been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in stem cell function and development of plants. As a cytosolic fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, FRUCTOSE INSENSITIVE1 (FINS1) has been demonstrated to regulate plant growth in response to fructose signalling. However, it remains to be elucidated how stem cell function is regulated in response to fructose signalling. Our work showed that FINS1 interacts with WUS/WOX protein as a complex, which further binds to the promoter of WUS/WOX and regulates its expression in response to fructose signalling. FINS1 might act as a bifunctional factor that promotes WUS/WOX expression in the presence of low concentrations of fructose, and represses WUS/WOX expression in the presence of high concentrations of fructose. Therefore, FINS1 regulates stem cell function in response to fructose signalling during the growth and development of Arabidopsis.

Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies of the Effect of Melatonin Monotherapy on the Level of Circulation Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Glucose and Insulin Depending on the Diet of Rats

It is known that melatonin modulates the daily and seasonal rhythms of metabolism. However, the effect of long-term intake of exogenous melatonin on the parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in various diets is still unclear. In our work, we conducted the meta-analysis of 53 publications investigating the effect of melatonin monotherapy on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in rats kept on a standard diet (44 publications), as well as diets with a high content of fructose (7 publications), fats (11 publications) and cholesterol (5 publications). According to the literature, high fructose diet caused a significant increase in the levels of triglycerides, glucose and insulin in rats. In rats fed high fat diet, an increase in triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), insulin, and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was observed. In rats kept on high cholesterol diet an increase in the level of TC and a decrease in the concentration of HDL was observed. Melatonin therapy reduced triglyceride, TC, and insulin levels but did not alter glucose levels in rats fed diets rich in fructose and fats. On a cholesterol-rich diet, melatonin decreased TC levels and increased HDL and glucose levels, but did not change triglyceride concentrations. Our meta-analysis found no beneficial effect of increasing the dose of melatonin with fortified diets. With a standard diet, long-term melatonin therapy also reduced insulin levels, but had no effect on TC and increased glucose levels. The deterioration in carbohydrate metabolism was associated with higher doses of melatonin at the beginning of therapy, with intraperitoneal administration or with administration through a gastric tube, with administration in the light phase. In addition, high doses of melatonin have been associated with poor lipid metabolism in the standard diet. The effect of melatonin was directed towards minimizing changes in the lipid profile caused by diet, which confirms the homeostatic role of melatonin in lipid metabolism.

Effect of various dietary fructose concentrations on the gallstone formation process in mice.

Background: little information is availaible on the effect of fructose on bile lipids. The first stage in the formation of gallstones corresponds to biliary cholesterol crystallization, derived from the vesicular transporters. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of consuming diets with different fructose concentrations on serum lipids and their implications on gallstones formation. Methods: BALB/c mice divided into a control group as well as groups were treated with different fructose concentrations (10 %, 30 %, 50 % or 70 %) for different periods (1, 2 or 5 months). Blood, liver and bile samples were obtained. In bile samples, cholesterol and phospholipids levels were analyzed, and cholesterol transporters (vesicles and micelles) were separated by gel filtration chromatography. Results: treated animals showed: 1) increases in body weight similar to the control group; 2) a significant increase in plasma triglycerides only at very high fructose concentrations; 3) a significant increase in total serum cholesterol in the treatment for 1 month; 4) no variations in HDL-cholesterol; 5) a significant increase in serum glucose only at very high fructose concentrations in the second month of treatment; 6) no differences in the plasma alanine-aminotransferase activity; 7) a significant increase in liver triglyceride levels only at very high fructose concentrations; 8) no change in biliary lipid concentrations or in micellar and vesicular phospholipids. Conclusion: changes in plasma, liver and bile lipids were only observed at very high fructose concentrations diets. We conclude that fructose apparently does not alter the gallstone formation process in our experimental model.

What Is Fructose and How Does It Make Sweet Drinks Dangerous for Your Health?

Nowadays, overweight and obesity are increasing in young people, resulting in several health problems. New scientific evidence shows that consuming too much fructose, a basic type of sugar, can cause some of these problems. Sugary foods such as soft drinks are sweetened with syrups that have very high fructose content. Drinking too much of these beverages results in weight gain from the accumulation of body fat. Scientists have also found that, in children, consuming excessive amounts of fructose can harm the liver, lungs, and heart. This article will explain how fructose in sweetened beverages leads to overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, highlighting the alarming number of young people all over the world who suffer from these diseases and what can be done to prevent this situation.

THE WINE QUALITY DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN EVALUATED BY MODERN CHEMOMETRIC APPROACH

The main chemical parameters such as content of sugar (glucose and fructose), organic acid (total acids, malic and tartaric acids), total phenolics and the antioxidant activity in 9 dry white wines with PDO of 3 varieties (Pinot Blanc, Riesling, Sauvignon blanc) from 3 countries (Slovakia, Hungary, Austria) were studied in this work in order to identify possible differences in their quality affected by geographical origin. The wine samples were examined by the FTIR and spectrophotometry methods (TPC and DPPH). As supporting parameters, alcohol and glycerol content were used and sensory evaluation of wines was performed. For the statistical evaluation were used ANOVA and PCA methods. Austrian wines in general, were characterized by high glucose and fructose content, high TPC and antioxidant activity. Higher results of these parameters are characteristic especially for the Austrian varieties Pinot blanc and Sauvignon blanc which originated from the same wine-region in Austria. Sauvignon variety from Slovakia was characterized by higher total acid content, especially in the case of tartaric acid. Statistical evaluation was helpful to show several differences, especially in the case of PCA application. Just Riesling variety from all countries of origin was so similar that it was not possible to be strictly distinguished using PCA. Wines from Hungary (Sauvignon and Pinot blanc) showed higher content of alcohol and glycerol, as they are produced by the sugar fermentation. Wines from Slovakia were evaluated as the best samples among selected ones within their sensory evaluation.