High Content Of Organic Substances Research Articles

Bacterial diversity in cheese wastewater using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)

Abstract. Estikomah SA, Suranto, Susilowati A, Masykuri M. 2024. Bacterial diversity in cheese wastewater using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Biodiversitas 25: 482-490. Cheese wastewater (whey) has a high content of organic substances, including lactose, protein, and fat. The lactose in whey wastewater can also be used as a bacterial growth medium. Bacterial community structure is an essential aspect of microbial water quality. The bacterial diversity data obtained can then be used to evaluate the existence of bacteria that might be useful for making microbiological products. This research employs Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology to determine the diversity and abundance of bacteria based on 16S rRNA gene amplicons for further processing of whey wastewater. The NGS-based technique overcomes the limitations of conventional bacterial culture techniques. The effectiveness and accuracy of microbial diversity analysis employing NGS technology are high. The research method includes the steps of sample preparation, DNA extraction using a ZymoBIOMICS DNA Microprep Kit (D4300), PCR amplification of the V3-V4 16S rRNA gene region, DNA sequencing, and a bioinformatics-statistical analysis. The results show that bacterial diversity in whey wastewater was found to have an average number of Operational Taxon Units (OTUs) of 259 tags. The metagenomics study of the microbial community in whey wastewater successfully detected the dominant genus of bacteria, which can benefit the management of whey wastewater. The presence of Lactobacillus and Acetobacter confirms that cheese whey wastewater exists in Yogyakarta Province. Acetobacter can oxidize ethanol to produce acetic acid, a pungent odor characteristic that causes environmental pollution. On the other hand, the presence of Lactobacillus and Acetobacter shows that whey wastewater can be reprocessed to produce fermented beverages, thereby improving their value and minimizing the impact of environmental pollution.

ANALYSIS OF APPLYING SURFACE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY WHEN USING CHLORINE DIOXIDE AT WATER SUPPLY PLANTS

The results of the conducted research made it possible to establish that in EU countries chlorine dioxide (CD) is more often used for secondary or final disinfection of drinking water. By-products of this process are chlorites and chlorates, which are subject to control in the drinking water of all EU countries. Aldehydes and carboxylic acids can also be formed in drinking water, which leads to a decrease in the microbiological stability of tap water. Ozonation and filtration using a carbon filter are used in the final stage of drinking water purification, which contributes to a significant reduction in the dose of CD and water contamination with toxic chlorites. In the case of pre-oxidation of water with sodium hypochlorite, the largest amount of chlorites and chlorates is formed, while in the case of using potassium permanganate for the same purpose, the need for CD and the amount of chlorites and chlorates in drinking water reduced. Chlorination of natural water that has undergone CD pre-oxidation leads to complete oxidation of the chlorites that have formed, increases the effectiveness of disinfection, and provides a bacteriostatic effect in the distribution network. During 2021-2022, when using CD for the treatment of drinking water at the Dniprovska WTP in Kyiv it was established that the process of treating natural water with CD is accompanied by the formation of its by-products, mainly toxic chlorites, the levels of which depend on the applied doses of CD and are the lowest in winter, while the largest ones are observed in summer and do not always reach regulatory values (0,2 mg/l) and range up to 0,7 mg/l, which corresponds to the WHO recommended standard for this substance in drinking water. Italian scientists focus their attention on the fact that during the first years of using CD at each water supply station, optimal conditions must be ensured for the safe and effective use of this reagent. Therefore, CD is becoming widespread in the EU countries and Ukraine for the treatment of tap drinking water; it is an alternative method of water effective disinfection at water supply stations with traditional surface water purification technology. Using such a method for treating surface water requires a preliminary pilot experiment and should be carried out along with an analysis of the feasibility of using the methods for preliminary and/or final purification of drinking water from organic substances and additional disinfection. Today, based on experimental and natural studies, it is relevant to expand knowledge about the properties of CD in the case of its use in drinking water supply for the treatment of surface water with a high content of organic substances.

Approaches in solving environmental problems of waste disposal from municipal treatment facilities

This article discusses and analyzes modern technologies for the waste disposal from municipal treatment facilities according to the ecological point of view. A review of current technologies for their treatment and disposal indicates that they have a valuable resource potential due to the high content of organic substances and mineral components. Thermal and biological methods of utilization are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of recycling technologies are specified. It has been determined that the preferred direction of utilization that meets modern environmental requirements is their usage in the production of organic fertilizers. To increase the efficiency of sewage sludge disposal in the production of useful products, it is necessary to carry out their preliminary processing: mechanical dehydration, stabilization and drying.

Ефективність застосування поліоксихлориду алюмінію для очищення питної води

The article presents the results of research of the effectiveness of aluminum-containing coagulants for the purification of water of the Dnipro River.The surface waters of the Dnipro River basin are characterized by a high content of organic compounds of natural origin, the presence of which determines the coloration of the water and significantly affects the course of its purification processes. If the aluminum sulfate reagent is used to purify such water, there is need to increase the dose of the reagent, which can cause an increase in the content of residual aluminum in the purified water. One of the technological solutions for increasing the efficiency of water purification is the replacement of traditional aluminum sulfate with modern highly effective reagents, in particular aluminum polyoxychloride. Based on the results of expe¬rimental studies, there was conducted a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the use of aluminum sulfate coagulants and aluminum polyoxychlorides with different degrees of basicity. It was established that for the water of the Dnipro River, which is characterized by a high content of organic substances and coloration, the best results were obtained in case of using aluminum polyoxychloride with a degree of basicity of 35—45%. In general, the efficiency of water purification with polyoxychlorides is higher in comparison with aluminum sulfate according to the following quality indicators: coloration — by 10—15%; turbidity — 10%, total iron content — 20—25%; permangana¬te oxidizability — 15—20%. The regression equation whichdescribe the dependence of the above indicators of the quality of purified water on the dosage of reagentswas developed. On the basis of the methods of optimization of technological processes, it was established that the rational dosage of polyoxychlorides for cleaning slightlytur¬bid colored water of the Dnipro River is about 40—50 mg/dm3, and for aluminum sulfate — 90—100 mg/dm3. The application of mathematical modeling and optimization methods in the practical determination of the rational dosage of coagulants for surface water of different quality makes it possi¬ble to effectively adjust the technological process in order toen¬sure the high quality of drinking water in accordance with regulatory requirements.

SELECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PEAT AND PLANT MATERIALS FOR BIOCIDAL PREPARATIONS

Sphagnum moss and peat formed on its basis is estimated by experts as ecologically pure raw material resource for development of new effective medicines as their structure contains a wide set of biologically active compounds of different classes: polysaccharides, uronic acids, flavonoids, phenocarboxylic acids, aldehydes, coumarins, triterpene
 compounds, organic acids, mineral salts, and in peat also humic substances. The objects of the study were sphagnum
 magellanicum and sphagnum fuscum peat and 4 samples of sphagnum moss: Sph. magellanicum, Sph. fuscum, Sph. angustifolium and Sph. apiculatum which in the future is supposed to be used as a raw material for preparation of biocidal
 agents. The geobotanical and physico-chemical characteristics of the selected samples was carried out. All of them are characterized by low ash content (1.32–3.59 %), high content of organic substances and their active acidity is within the range 3.8–4.4 units, which is typical for sphagnum-type raised peat and sphagnum moss. In the infrared spectra of all samples observed absorption bands due to valence and strain vibrations of hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amide and other functional groups of carbohydrates, phenols, alcohols, organic acids, esters of aliphatic and aromatic nature, typical for
 plants-peat formers and upper peats of low degree of decomposition. It has been established that samples of sphagnum
 mosses and sphagnum peat are labile hemicellulose-containing raw materials; the amount of easily hydrolyzable polysaccharides in mosses reaches 55 %, in peats – 45 % of organic matter. The content of reducing substances in hydrolysates of hemicelluloses of mosses is 55–59 %, that of peat is 53–54 %. The mass fraction of cellulose in the organic matter of sphagnum mosses is 23–26 %, in peat 22–24, in humic substances 17.7–20.9 %. All samples contain small amounts
 (0.8–2.3 %) of extractive substances extracted by organic solvents and 7.1–13.0 % of lignin. Literature data, as well as the
 performed spectral and chemical characteristics of the selected samples showed that among the biologically active substances found in their composition, the most interesting are polysaccharide and phenolic complexes, since the pharmacological properties of sphagnum mosses and low-degradation peat can be attributed to the presence of these compounds.

Geoecological Assessment of Resources of a Water Body for More Optimal Use

This paper presents a geoecological assessment of resources potentially available in or from shallow water bodies. It describes a case study as an example of how water bodies and coastal areas could be comprehensively analyzed, including microbiological testing, physical and chemical tests, testing water and bottom sediments for heavy metals, gamma spectrometry of soil samples, hydrological and hydroeconomic estimates. Experimental data is used to analyze the status of water bodies. Apparently, microbiological indicators are within the acceptable limits, and so are heavy metals. However, water sampled from Lake Oktyabrskoye has >10 times limit chromaticity and turbidity indicators, 10-11 times the limit chemical oxygen demand (COD). This indicates severe pollution and high concentration of organic substances. The presented approach to resource assessment could be of use when devising measures for nature-friendly restoration of water bodies.

Development of soil-less substrates capable of degrading organic nitrogen into nitrate as in natural soils

Soil-less substrates are unable to catalyse nitrification because the addition of a high concentration of organic substances suppresses nitrification. We used a previously developed multiple parallel mineralization method, which enables the use of organic fertilizers in hydroponics, to support nitrification in soil-less substrates. In this method, microorganisms immobilized on porous substrates produced inorganic nitrate from organic substances, as in a natural soil. Phosphate and potassium ions were also released. Microorganisms produced nitrate from organic substances when immobilized on polyurethane resin, rockwool, vermiculite, oyster shell lime, and rice husk charcoal. The optimal amount of organic substance added daily to 100 mL of substrate held 6 mg of organic N. The optimal incubation temperature ranged from 25 to 42 °C. A high relative humidity (51% or higher) was more suitable than drier conditions (20%). The optimal amount of fish fertilizer added to the substrate was 6 mg organic N. The lower the C/N ratio of the organic substance, the better the result. Vegetable plants grew well on inoculated substrates but not on uninoculated substrates. These results show that soil-less substrates can be used to create artificial soils in which plants can be grown with the addition of organic fertilizer, as in a natural soil.

ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER FROM FISH PROCESSING ENTERPRISES

A distinctive feature of waste water of fi sh processing enterprises is the high content of organic substances: COD - 620-3500 mg/L, BOD-220-2860 mg/L. The ratio of BOD:COD=0.68-0.83 in the waste water of fi sh processing enterprises shows a high potential for the use of biological treatment methods. Further study requires the removal of biogenic elements, because, for example, for a fi sh cannery, the ratio of BOD:N:P=100:3.79:1.08 and 100:4.77:0.57. This article presents the experience of design, construction, start-up and adjustment of sewage treatment facilities of a fi sh processing enterprise. For wastewater treatment, the following scheme was developed and manufactured by the ECOLOS company: a receiving well with a basket, a drum grate, a horizontal grease trap, an homogenizer, a reagent pressure fl otation unit, a membrane bioreactor, and ultraviolet disinfection. The quality of waste water at the outlet of the treatment facilities meets the requirements of the Normative- permissible discharge provided by LLC «Russkaya Treska».

Bioindication of mercury pollution of the Amur River during the ice-covered period

The results of the layer-by-layer research of a river ice cores by using spectral and microbiological methods were presented. The impact of the mercury on sulfate-reducing bacteria activity from different layers of ice that had been sampled in March 2016 in the lower Amur River in Khabarovsk city was found. It was found that mercury concentration range of 0.0005-0.001 mg/l stimulated the sulfate-reducing bacteria activity, which were into the ice throughout the study area of the Amur River. To a large extent, this effect was typical for the ice that was sampled in the right bank of the Amur River near Khabarovsk city, where mercury pollution of the aquatic environment had been detected repeatedly. The activity of biogeochemical processes into the ice determined by high concentrations of organic substances, by the pollution of the aquatic environment with mercury during the ice cover formation, and by the abundance of cultivated heterotrophic and sulfate-reducing bacteria. During the ice drift and ice melting, the secondary pollution with toxic substances of various genesis of the aquatic environment occurs, which can have a negative impact on a hydrobionts.

REDUCTION OF CONCENTRATE EFFLUENTS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS UNITS USED FOR TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER CONTAINING ORGANIC POLLUTION

Background Units for electrical desalination of oil, other chemical industries, as well as landfills for the storage of municipal solid waste (MSW) are sources of groundwater and surface water pollution with toxic decomposition products of organic substances. The ability to purify MSW filtrate to the level of modern requirements for purified water supplied to fishery reservoirs is a complex technical problem. The most effective technology for purifying solid waste filtrates is currently recognized as reverse osmosis technology, which allows to effectively remove from water not only contaminants in the ionic form (ammonium), but also dissolved organic compounds determined by the indicator of chemical oxygen consumption. A serious problem when using reverse osmosis technology is the formation of concentrates and their disposal. The consumption of concentrates in the treatment of leachate from MSW landfills by the reverse osmosis method is from 20 % to 30 % of all incoming water for treatment. Aims and Objectives The purpose of this work is to study the issues of processing mineralized wastewater containing oil products and other organic pollution (wastewater from electrical desalting plants, leachate from solid municipal waste storage sites) using reverse osmosis and nanofiltration methods. Results It is noted that a serious environmental problem is posed by reverse osmosis concentrates, which have a high content of salts and organic substances and are difficult to dispose of. It is proposed to use the separation of concentrates into solutions containing their components, depending on the value of the value of their retention using nanofiltration membranes. So, concentrates of reverse osmosis plants can be divided into solutions with a high content of organic substances and saline solutions (containing ammonium salts), the volumes of which are 10-20 times lower than the volumes of concentrates. Using the example of concentrates from reverse osmosis plants, it is shown how multicomponent solutions can be divided into highly concentrated solutions of organic substances and saline solutions of ammonium chloride in order to simplify their further disposal. The technology of separation of solutions is described, using dilution of the concentrate with deionized water, which makes it possible to achieve separation of solutions into components depending on their selectivity - the degree of their retention by nanofiltration membranes.

CONDITIONS` JUSTIFICATION AND DEFINITION FOR MINERAL WATER OF CALAGARIVKA DEPOSIT (WELL № 78) OF TERNOPILSKA OBLAST

Problem Statement and Purpose. State Institution “Ukrainian Research Institute of Medical Rehabilitation and Resort Therapy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine” carried out full complex of medical and biological researches about the quality and worth assessment of mineral water of well № 78 of Calagarivka village of Ternopilska oblast from 2013 to 2016. There was also determined the opportunity for their practical usage in medical practice for internal use and for industrial packing. Those results were fundamental part for Medical (balneological) report. Nowadays, underground water of well № 78 is used for industrial packing as natural healing and table mineral water. Geological and economical estimation while counting the exploitable volume of the underground water of well № 78 of Calagarivka village of Ternopilska oblast shows a necessity to work out Conditions` certificate.The purpose of this article is to prove Conditions` certificate according to the results of researches while carring out the activities of geological and economical estimation of exploitable volume of mineral water of well № 78 of Calagarivka deposit.Data & Methods. The complex of researches of well № 78 Calagarivka village of Ternopilska oblast contained field and stationary laboratory findings of macro- and micro component water compound and monitoring of organic carbon content.Results. Well № 78 of Calagarivka deposit is situated 1,0km to the northeast from Calagarivka village of Husiatynskyi district of Ternopilska oblast, on the right-bank of valley downhill of river Zbruch. There was disclosed water-bearing horizon in Silurian fissured limestone and dolomite on the depth from 73,8 m to 78,4 m and from 82,2 m to 90,0 m by well that was drilled with the depth of 100,0 m. Underground water of well № 78 of Calagarivka village of Husiatynskyi district of Ternopilska oblast is characterized by high content of organic substances with low mineral concentration, content of hydrocarbonate, calcium-sodium-magnesium, sodium-calcium-magnesium, calcium-magnesium-sodium (or cationic complex compound). It may be determined as neutral, alkalescent and cold. Due to elevated concentrations, water contains organic carbon – from 8,2 mg/l to 14,4 mg/l with balneological standard that is 5,0 mg/l for water with elevated content of organic substances. Analysis of the expected results about determined water salinity fluctuations allowing for prognostic estimation about their quality allows to conclude the № 78 Calagarivka deposit underground mineral water content to be stable at a time.According to the results obtained, there was worked out Conditions` certificate for mineral water of well № 78 of Calagarivka village of Ternopilska oblast.

Analysis of Key Technologies for Industrialized Treatment of Fatty Acid High-Salinity Organic Wastewater

Objectives : Wastewater produced by fatty acid production contains high concentration of organic substances and high concentration of salts (mainly sodium sulfate), causing great pollution to water resources and environment. The pollution prevention and control of this type of wastewater are very necessary. The key to treating this type of wastewater is to remove salts and COD to achieve harmless treatment. This is a problem in wastewater management that has plagued the industry for a long time. This paper proposed a technique suitable for fatty acid high salinity organic wastewater.Methods : First, the industrial treatment technology of organic wastewater with high salinity was introduced and analyzed. Combined with the principle of industrial wastewater treatment, the process route for the treatment of fatty acid high salinity organic wastewater was analyzed and selected. In addition, the key technology and process for anaerobic desalination and COD removal were analyzed and selected.Results and Discussion : According to the unique nature of this type of wastewater mainly containing sulphate salts and the feasibility of industrial production, a special technology combination was proposed to treat this wastewater at this stage. Since this wastewater has a B/C ratio of 0.4 to 0.45, it is easier to use biological treatment method. Thus, the conventional treatment method is pretreatment + biological treatment. Biological enhancement and reactor process optimization can be studied for better efficiency.Conclusions : Considering the high COD and sulphate concentration characteristics of fatty acid high-salinity organic wastewater, high-efficiency anaerobic biochemical treatment is mainly considered. Combined with modern high-efficiency anaerobic suspended sludge granule technology, it was concluded that pretreatment + high efficiency IC anaerobic + secondary biological treatment can achieve industrialized treatment of such wastewater in a targeted, low-cost and reliable way. In the later stage, bio-enhancement of the anaerobic process as well as structural and process optimization of the reactor can be carried out to obtain better technical and economic results in production practice.

Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater through Integrated Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes.

The disposal of wastewater resulting from olive oil production (olive mill wastewater, OMW) is a major issue for olive oil producers. This wastewater is among the most polluting due to the very high concentration of organic substances and the presence of hardly degradable phenolic compounds. The systems proposed for OMW treatment are essentially based either on conventional chemical-physical, biological and thermal processes, or on membrane processes. With respect to conventional methods, membrane processes allow to separate different species without the use of chemicals or heat. This work deals with the use of the integrated pressure-driven membrane processes for the treatment of OMW. They consist of a first stage (microfiltration, MF) in which a porous multichannel ceramic membrane retains suspended materials and produces a clarified permeate for a second stage (reverse osmosis, RO), in order to separate (and concentrate) dissolved substances from water. Laboratory scale experiments with different small flat sheet RO membranes were first carried out in order to select the most appropriate one for the successive bench scale tests with a spiral wound module having a large membrane surface. The aim of this test was to concentrate the dissolved substances and to produce water with low salinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and reduced phytotoxicity due to a low content of phenolic compounds. The trend of the permeate flux and membrane retention as a function of the volume concentration ratio was investigated. The influence of OMW origin and its aging on the membrane performance was also studied.

Wastewater treatment technology with modified sorbent from the complex of household services

The composition and characteristics of wastewater from the complex of household services and the method of wastewater treatment from the surfactants have been studied. To increase the efficiency of local treatment of the wastewater, a method of neutralization on a carbon sorbent modified with sulfuric acid has been analyzed. Wastewater treatment technology with a high content of organic substances having an increased alkaline reaction is a pretreatment of coal with sulfuric acid solutions, which then serves as a resin charge for filters. The spent resin charge is regenerated with a hydrogen peroxide solution. These results have been obtained using artificially prepared and natural wastewater from the complex of household services and form the basis for the development of wastewater treatment facilities for laundries located in hotels, health centers and recreation facilities. The conclusions on the efficient use of the proposed method are made.

New insights into interactions of organic substances in poultry slurry with struvite formation: An overestimated concern?

The high content of organic substances in strength agro-industrial wastewater has been documented to be among the major barriers hampering nutrient recovery efficiency of struvite precipitation. However, our results in this study show that the previously reported negative impacts of organic substances in high-strength agricultural wastewater on struvite precipitation might be overestimated. This study is the first to test the influence of three forms of organic substances from real high-strength wastewater that contains a complex of particulate, colloidal and soluble organic substances, on nutrient recovery efficiency and product quality through struvite precipitation at varying pH conditions. Our results demonstrated that the inhibition of organic substances on struvite formation only happens at the pH levels of <9.0 with recovery reduction of PO₄3− (5–15%) and NH₄+ (6–13%). The inhibitory effect of the organic substances at the optimal pH range (9.5–10) reported from the literature review is only ≤5%. Moreover, the transformation in the contents of humic- and protein-like substances with an increment in pH was characterized and may contribute to mitigate the inhibition of nutrient recovery. Even though the particulate and colloidal organic substances slowed the precipitation reaction, they substantially increased the particle size (i.e., 70% and 40%, respectively) of the formed struvite. The presence of organic substances in all tested forms does not significantly influence the purity and crystalline structure of struvite which can still be used as a slow-releasing fertilizer. Regarding the relocation process of organic substances during struvite precipitation under varying pH conditions, understanding the interaction between organics and heavy metals which in turn affect the dynamics of heavy metals in solution and precipitates remains limited; thus, additional research is needed.

Post treatment of ICEAS-biologically landfill leachate using electrochemical oxidation with Ti/BDD and Ti/RuO2 anodes

Abstract Leachate is known with high concentration of organic substances and nitrogen, which are extremely toxic to the environment. Recently, electrochemical oxidation has received much attention on account of its low cost, feasibility, environmental friendliness, and excellent in contaminants removal in wastewater. The present study reported the first time treatment of biologically leachate (after continuous flow sequencing batch reactor (CFSBR) or Intermittent Cycle Extended Aeration System (ICEAS) digestion) electrochemical oxidation using Ti/BDD and Ti/RuO2 anodes. Effects of varying operational conditions of the electrochemical oxidation process: current density, reaction time, pH, and flow rate on the pollutant removal efficiencies and energy consumptions, were studied. Final results revealed that low pH favors high organic substance removal efficiencies, but restricts low ammonium removal efficiencies, and vice versa. When using a Ti/BDD anode, COD, TOC, NH 4 + –N and total Nitrogen (TN) elimination rates achieved highest were 95.17%, 91.89%, 81.18% and 63.54%, respectively; while, with Ti/RuO2 anode, they were 92.57%, 78.76%, 97.85% and 72.12% at 83 mA cm−2 and 8 h. Ti/BDD anode showed less energy consumption and better pollutant removal efficiencies than the Ti/RuO2 anode, except for the NH 4 + –N and TN parameters. After treatment, the effluent matched with the Vietnamese discharge standards for landfill leachate effluent QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT.

The effect of humic substances on metal migration at the border of sediment and water flow

The speciation of radionuclides in bottom sediments of the Yenisei River, sampled in the near-field region of the nuclear fuel cycle enterprise, was studied. It has been established that most of 152Eu and 241Am radionuclides isolated by sequential chemical fractionation are in a bound state with the organic matter of bottom sediments (up to 35% of the total amount). In this case, the content of 152Eu and 241Am in depth of the bottom sediment layers is directly dependent on the change in the organic matter content. Bottom sediments containing a high content of organic substances (humic acids – HA and fulvic acids – FA) were studied. By the HA: FA ratio, the studied bottom sediments are related to a fulvate-humate type. When fractionating the organic matter of bottom sediments, it was revealed that the distribution occurred as follows (% of the total content): in the form of fulvates 152Eu – 53, 241Am–16, 60Co – 10, 137Cs–3; 241Am–28% associated with humin; in the form of organomineral compounds ~ 2–5%; in the form of organometallic complexes ~ 2–3%. Model experiments with addition of HA to the aqueous medium of the bottom sediments-water system. HA was previously isolated from bottom sediments and identified by IR Fourier spectroscopy. The introduction of HA significantly influenced the release of radionuclides and some metals from bottom sediments into the liquid medium. So, the content of 152Eu and 241Am radionuclides are intensively released into the water: from 0 to 198 ± 8 Bq·L−1 and 167 ± 7 Bq·L−1, respectively. The content of 4 K, 60Co, 137Cs was not considerable. The content of some analysed metals in the aqueous medium also increased significantly: 9 times for U6+ and 32 times for Cu2+.

New Eco-friendly process tanning by concentrated recovered from Olive Oil Mill Wastewater

Olive Oil Mill Wastewater (OMW) is a serious environmental problem in Morocco, which is known for producing olive. OMW is characterized by a high organic load and the presence of high concentrations of organic substances (COD:67.2 g/L; BOD5: 70.6 g/L; CE: 11.5 mS/cm). The main objective of the present study was to optimise the conditions of treatment of olive mill wastewater. The waste was treated by solar energy to reduce quantity of OMW without affecting the environment. The concentrate containing 14% of phenol was obtained by this procedure of treatment and was applied aseco-leather tanning agent to replace chrome-tanning process who represent more than 85% of global leather production. Despite the polluting power of this tanning process and that toxicology reasons unfairly associating the chromium (III) commonly used with hazardous chromium (VI). The characteristics of the leather indicate that the vegetable tanning system used in our study provides leather with a good physical and chemical property.

Performance of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Treating Beverages Wastewater Using Cosmo Ball Coated With and Without Activated Carbon

Beverages industry producing large amount of wastewater during production and the cleaning process. The effluent discharge needs to be treated as it is harmful to the environment due to its high concentration of organic substances. In this study, the aim is to investigate the moving bed biofilm reactor’s performance in treating beverages wastewater with (CMBAC) and without activated carbon (CMB). The surface of cosmo ball was coated with granular activated carbon used as the attached growth media in the reactor. 18 L of MBBR using cosmo ball as media was setup at flowrate and hydraulic retention time of 1.5 L/hr and 8 hours, respectively. The reactor was maintained at pH 7 with minimum dissolved oxygen concentration of 2 mg/L. Experiment was repeated by using CMBAC as media. The best percentage removal achieved for chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solid was by MBBR using CMBAC with 92.7% and 83.4%, respectively. It should be noted that absorption of contaminant by activated carbon absorption enhanced the organic removal in the reactor.

Microbiological Treatment of High-Coloring Natural Waters

The formation of water quality in water resources depends on a greater number of natural and anthropogenous factors, determining the scheme of water treatment, its manufacturability and reliability at some point. In particular a significant part (over 30%) of surface sources is characterized by a high content of organic substances. This index is integrally estimated by the oxidation and water color. Notably, its magnitude frequently exceeds the maximum allowable concentration (three times or more). The experience of water treatment shows that the processing of such waters is extremely difficult and requires a significant correction of the applied technologies.