High Solute Concentrations Research Articles

The corrosion and tribological behaviors of DLC film in CO2 saturated NaCl solution with high Cl− concentration

The failure of pipelines during oil and gas exploitation is a pressing issue in the oil and gas industry. The high permeability of chloride ions (Cl−) alters the corrosion morphology of the N80 substrate and diminishes its ability to impede the penetration of corrosive substances. This study aims to deposit DLC films on the inner surface of N80 pipeline using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), and investigate the corrosion and friction behavior of DLC films in CO2 saturated NaCl solutions with varying Cl− concentrations. The results indicate that the change in Cl− concentration possess minimal impact on the DLC film. The corrosion current density of DLC films in CO2 saturated NaCl solution with three different Cl− concentrations is one order of magnitude lower than that of the N80 substrate. Moreover, a transfer film can still form in high-concentration CO2-saturated NaCl solutions, reducing wear. DLC film demonstrates exceptional stability, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance, making it an ideal material for safeguarding pipelines during oil and gas exploitation.

Polyglycerol polyricinoleate and lecithin stabilized water in oil nanoemulsions for sugaring Beijing roast duck: Preparation, stability mechanisms and color improvement

Traditional Beijing roast duck often suffers from uneven color and high sugar content after roasting. Water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsion is a promising alternative to replace high concentration of sugar solution used in sugaring process according to similarity-intermiscibility theory. Herein, 3% of xylose was embedded in the aqueous phase of W/O emulsion to replace 15% maltose solution. W/O emulsions with different ratios of lecithin (LEC) and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) were constructed by high-speed homogenization and high-pressure homogenization. Distribution and penetration extent of solutions and emulsions through the duck skin, as well as the color uniformity of Beijing roast duck were analyzed. Emulsions with LEC:PGPR ratios of 1:3 and 2:2 had better stability. Stable interfacial film and spatial structure were important factors influencing emulsion stabilization. The stable W/O emulsions could more uniformly distribute onto the surface of duck skin and longitudinally penetrate through the skin than solutions.

Relevance of Adalimumab Product Attributes to Patient Experience in the Biosimilar Era: A Narrative Review.

Adalimumab (ADL, Humira®, reference product), an anti-TNF-α biologic, has transformed the treatment of chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. However, the high cost of ADL therapy has driven the development of more affordable ADL biosimilars, agents with no clinically meaningful differences from the reference product. This review summarizes the product attributes of reference ADL and the nine ADL biosimilars approved and available in the USA in relation to patient experience of injection-site pain (ISP). Product formulation, delivery volume and device features (e.g., type and needle gauge size) influence patient experience of ISP with potential clinical consequences. Citrate-free formulations generally cause less ISP; injection volumes of > 1.5ml may be associated with increased ISP. Reference ADL and all ADL biosimilars offer a citrate-free formulation, and reference ADL and four ADL biosimilars offer a high-concentration solution that allows a smaller injection volume. All available ADL products are injected subcutaneously using either a pre-filled pen (PFP) or pre-filled syringe (PFS). Patients prefer the PFP, but the PFS permits better control over the speed and duration of injection. Smaller (29-gauge) needle outer diameter is associated with less ISP; reference ADL and seven ADL biosimilars offer a device with a 29-gauge needle. In the USA, an approved biosimilar can be designated "interchangeable," allowing pharmacy-level substitution, where state law permits. In the USA, two ADL biosimilars have received interchangeability designation; others are seeking interchangeability designation from the Food and Drug Administration (n = 2), are being evaluated in clinical studies to support interchangeability (n = 2), or do not have/are not seeking interchangeability designation (n = 3). Product-related attributes influence patient experience of ISP caused by subcutaneous ADL injection. Reference ADL and ADL biosimilar products differ in their attributes, so discussion with patients about treatment options is essential to optimize adherence and outcomes.

Deionization performance, desalination enhancement mechanism, desorption behavior and energy consumption analysis of biochar-based membrane capacitive deionization

Four different configurations of capacitive deionization (CDI) were assembled to comparatively investigate the contribution of different ion exchange membranes (IEMs), including anion exchange membrane (AEM) and cation exchange membrane (CEM), to the enhancement of desalination performance. The results showed that the low charge efficiency of membrane-free biochar-based CDI system was mainly attributed to co-ion repulsion rather than Faraday reactions, and a single IEM was not effective in suppressing the co-ion repulsion effect thereby exhibiting a similar low charge efficiency. Compared with AEM, CEM was more beneficial for high coulombic efficiency by restraining the oxygen reduction reactions. In addition, the electrosorption and desorption behaviors of the biochar-based membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) under different operating conditions were explored. The results showed that zero voltage desorption (ZVD) was unfavorable to the desorption capacity of the electrode, especially in high concentration solutions, the reverse voltage desorption (RVD) led to higher desorption efficiency but required higher energy consumption. Therefore, energy consumption and regeneration efficiency need to be a trade-off in practical applications to realize energy saving and efficient desalination.

Chemistry, Growth, and Fate of the Unique, Short‐Lived (2019–2020) Water Lake at the Summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii

AbstractLess than a year after the 2018 Kīlauea caldera collapse and eruption, water appeared in newly deepened Halemaʻumaʻu crater. The lake—unprecedented in the written record—grew to a depth of ∼50 m before lava from the December 2020 eruption boiled it away. Surface water heightened concerns of potential phreatic or phreatomagmatic explosions but also offered a new means of possibly identifying eruption precursors. The U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) monitored the lake via direct visual observation, webcams, thermal imaging, colorimetry, and laser rangefinders. HVO also employed uncrewed aircraft systems to sample the water and measure near‐lake gas composition. The lake's δD and δ18O indicate a groundwater source with substantial evaporation. The initial sample had a salinity (total dissolved solids concentration) of 71,000 mg/L and was rich in sulfate (∼53,000 mg/L), iron (∼500 mg/L), and magnesium (∼10,000 mg/L). Subsequent samples were slightly more dilute. The water's pH (∼4), δ34S (+4.3‰), and surface temperatures (up to 85°C) suggest, rather than significant scrubbing of magmatic volatiles, leaching of basalt and reactions with sulfate minerals resulted in high concentrations of sulfate and other solutes. Thermodynamic modeling and precipitate mineralogy indicate that water composition was controlled by iron oxidation and sulfate dissolution. Although the lake exhibited no detectable precursors before the next eruption, and phreatic or phreatomagmatic explosions did not materialize, our multi‐parameter approach to monitoring yielded an enhanced understanding of the hydrologic, geologic, and magmatic conditions that led to the formation of the unique and short‐lived lake.

Correlating Surface Activity with Interface-Induced Aggregation in a High-Concentration mAb Solution.

Interface-induced aggregation resulting in protein particle formation is an issue during the manufacturing and storage of protein-based therapeutics. High-concentration formulations of therapeutic proteins are even more prone to protein particle formation due to increased protein-protein interactions. However, the dependence of interface-induced protein particle formation on bulk protein concentration is not understood. Furthermore, the formation of protein particles is often mitigated by the addition of polysorbate-based surfactants. However, the details of surfactant-protein interactions that prevent protein particle formation at high concentrations remain unclear. In this work, a tensiometer technique was used to evaluate the surface pressure of an industrially relevant mAb at different bulk concentrations, and in the absence and presence of a polysorbate-based surfactant, polysorbate 20 (PS20). The adsorption kinetics was correlated with subvisible protein particle formation at the air-water interface and in the bulk protein solution using a microflow imaging technique. Our results showed that, in the absence of any surfactant, the number of subvisible particles in the bulk protein solutions increased linearly with mAb concentration, while the number of protein particles measured at the interface showed a logarithmic dependence on bulk protein concentration. In the presence of surfactants above the critical micelle concentration (CMC), our results for low-concentration mAb solutions (10 mg/mL) showed an interface that is surfactant-dominated, and particle characterization results showed that the addition of the surfactant led to reduced particle formation. In contrast, for the highest concentration (170 mg/mL), coadsorption of proteins and surfactants was observed at the air-water interface, even for surfactant formulations above CMC and the surfactant did not mitigate subvisible particle formation. Our results taken together provide evidence that the ratio between the surfactant and mAb molecules is an important consideration when formulating high-concentration mAb therapeutics to prevent unwanted aggregation.

PH-Modulated 1D Hierarchical Self-Assembly of a Brush-Like Poly-Para-Phenylene Homopolymer.

The controllable self-assembly of conjugated homopolymers, especially homopolymers without other segments (a prerequisite for phase separation), which can afford chances to achieve tunable optical/electronic properties, remains a great challenge due to their poor solubility and has remained rarely documented. Herein, a conjugated homopolymer (DPPP-COOH) is synthesized, which has a unique brush-like structure with a conjugated dendritic poly-para-phenylene (DPPP) backbone and alkyl-carboxyl side chains at both edges of the backbone. The introduction of carboxyl makes the brush-like homopolymer exhibit pH-modulated 1D hierarchical self-assembly behavior in dilute solution, and allows for flexible morphological regulation of the assemblies, forming some uncommon superstructures including ultralong nanowires (at pH 7), superhelices (at pH 10) and "single-wall" nanotubes (at pH 13), respectively. Furthermore, the good aqueous dispersibility and 1D feature endow the superstructures formed in a high-concentration neutral solution with high broad-spectrum antibacterial performance superior to that of many conventional 1D materials.

CELSR1, a core planar cell polarity protein, features a weakly adhesive and flexible cadherin ectodomain

Planar cell polarity (PCP), essential to multicellular developmental processes, arises when cells polarize and align across tissues. Central to PCP is CELSR1, an atypical cadherin featuring a long ectodomain with nine extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats, a membrane adjacent domain (MAD10), and several characteristic adhesion GPCR domains. Cell-based aggregation assays have demonstrated CELSR1's homophilic adhesive nature, but mechanistic details are missing. Here, we investigate the possible adhesive properties and structures of CELSR1 EC repeats. Our bead aggregation assays do not support strong adhesion by EC repeats alone. Consistently, EC1-4 only dimerizes at high concentration in solution. Crystal structures of human CELSR1 EC1-4 and EC4-7 reveal typical folds and a non-canonical linker between EC5 and EC6. Simulations and experiments using EC4-7 indicate flexibility at EC5-6, and solution experiments show EC7-MAD10-mediated dimerization. Our results suggest weak homophilic adhesion by CELSR1 cadherin repeats and provide mechanistic insights into the structural determinants of CELSR1 function.

Microporous Ag/AgCl on a Titanium Scaffold for Use in Capillary Reference Electrodes.

AgCl-coated silver fabricated with the thermal-electrolytic method can be used to prepare more reproducible reference electrodes than Ag/AgCl prepared with alternative methods such as electrolytic and chemical AgCl deposition or thermal fabrication. However, thermal-electrolytic fabrication requires a scaffold material upon which to build the layers upon. Platinum and rhodium have been used for this purpose as they are mechanically strong and chemically inert, but their cost is prohibitive for wider application. Herein, we report the stability of Ag/AgCl reference electrodes built atop a titanium scaffold using the thermal-electrolytic method and the use of these Ti/Ag/AgCl constructs in capillary-based reference electrodes. Electrochemical characterization shows that the probable presence of small amounts of oxygen at the Ti/Ag interface does not affect the reference electrode performance; in particular, over a wide pH range, the half-cell potential is pH independent. The electrical resistance of the Ti/Ag/AgCl/KCl system is dominated by the charge transfer resistance at the interface of the AgCl to KCl solution but is kept very small by the large AgCl surface area and a high solution concentration of chloride. The resulting high exchange current minimizes the effect of system impurities on the reference half-cell potential. Capillary-based reference electrodes comprising Ti/Ag/AgCl show exceptionally low potential drifts (as low as 0.03 ± 2.01 μV/h) and standard deviations of the potential at or below ±0.5 mV over a 60 h period. These capillary-based reference electrodes are suitable for very small sample volumes while still providing a free-flowing liquid junction that prevents reference electrode contamination.

Ultrathin Layered Structure and Oxygen Vacancies Mediated Efficient Charge Separation toward High Photocatalytic Activity in BiOIO3 Nanosheets.

Previous bismuth-based photocatalysts usually employ a strong acid solution (e.g., HNO3 solution) to obtain an ultrathin structure toward high photocatalytic activity. In this work, the ultrathin layered BiOIO3 nanosheets are successfully synthesized using just the glucose hydrothermal solution. The high-concentration glucose solution shows the obvious acidity after the hydrothermal process, which leads to the quick decrease in thickness of BiOIO3 nanosheets from ∼45.58 to ∼5.74 nm. The ultrathin structure can greatly improve charge carriers' separation and transfer efficiency. The generation of reductive iodide ions brings about oxygen vacancies in the ultrathin nanosheets, then the defect energy level is formed, causing the decreased band gap and improving the visible light absorption. Compared to thick BiOIO3 nanosheet with little oxygen vacancies, much higher carrier separation efficiency and visible light absorption are achieved in the ultrathin nanosheets with oxygen vacancies, resulting in an excellent photocatalytic performance (0.1980 min-1 for RhB degradation), which is much higher than most other bismuth-based photocatalysts. The superoxide radicals (•O2-) and holes (h+) are the major active species responsible for high photocatalytic activity. This work affords an environmentally friendly strategy to synthesize ultrathin photocatalysts with superior photocatalytic properties.

Strength vs temperature for refractory complex concentrated alloys (RCCAs): A critical comparison with refractory BCC elements and dilute alloys

To support the development of refractory complex, concentrated alloys (RCCAs), a clear understanding of the effect of temperature on strength is needed. Body-centered cubic (BCC) refractory metals and dilute refractory alloys show a strong temperature dependence of yield stress (σy) at low and high temperatures, with a relatively temperature-independent regime in between. RCCAs may introduce important changes in deformation and strengthening mechanisms, so it is not clear if RCCAs will show the same thermal dependencies. The objective of this work is to answer the question, “Is the temperature dependence of strength similar or different for RCCAs compared to BCC refractory elements and dilute refractory alloys ?” We evaluate σyvs. temperature for 61 RCCAs by analyzing data curated from the literature. We find that σy increases progressively from refractory BCC elements, to dilute alloys, to single- and multi-phase RCCAs. Single-phase RCCAs show the same three thermal regimes, but the stresses are higher and the intermediate plateau is shorter and is sometimes steeper. The thermal dependence of σy in multi-phase RCCAs shows more substantial differences. Six factors that contribute to the higher σy of RCCAs are discussed: (i) higher solute concentration; (ii) dispersion in atomic sizes; (iii) the shear modulus magnitude; (iv) the type of principal elements; (v) the solvus temperature of predicted secondary phases; and (vi) microstructure. Based on the present observations and analyses, suggestions for future research are made, especially regarding improved models for the effect of temperature on strength.

Preparation of boron-doped diamond-like carbon films via enhanced-PECVD using an additional cathode

Boron-doped Diamond-Like Carbon (B:DLC) films with different concentrations of boron were produced in an Enhanced-PECVD reactor using trimethylborate (TMB) vapor as the boron source. An additional cathode system was incorporated inside the reactor to confine the plasma to grow B:DLC film on polished Ti-6Al-4 V and Silicon samples. The boron-containing coatings were evaluated and compared to a boron-free coating through several characterization techniques. Raman spectroscopy, Nano-hardness, XPS, RBS, and SEM techniques were employed to study the microstructure, hardness, chemical composition and bonding state, and morphology of the samples. Ball-on-disc tests were also conducted, using a tribometer to measure the friction coefficient and wear resistance. Boron was confirmed in the DLC film structure by XPS and RBS analyses. The XPS measurements showed that the boron bonding was accompanied by a higher content oxygen than carbon content, which increased with the TMB concentration. The sp3 content was evaluated, and the result showed a decrease of about 30 % with the higher solution concentration. As a consequence, the friction coefficient, wear, and hardness were affected. However, the adherence of the films was not compromised. Finally, our study indicated that the PECVD deposition system employing an additional cathode was suitable for the incorporation of boron into DLC films.

The Development of an Oral Solution Containing Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir and Assessment of Its Pharmacokinetics and Stability.

Paxlovid®, a co-packaged medication comprised of separate tablets containing two active ingredients, nirmatrelvir (NRV) and ritonavir (RTV), exhibits good effectiveness against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the size of the NRV/RTV tablets makes them difficult for some patients to swallow, especially the elderly and those with dysphagia. Therefore, an oral liquid formulation that can overcome this shortcoming and improve patient compliance is required. In this study, we developed a liquid formulation containing NRV and RTV by adopting strategies that used co-solvents and surfactants to enhance the solubility and inhibit possible recrystallization. The in vitro release results showed that NRV and RTV could be maintained at high concentrations in solution for a certain period in the investigated media. In vivo studies in rats showed that the oral bioavailability of NRV/RTV solution was significantly enhanced. Compared to Paxlovid® tablets, the AUC(0-t) of NRV and RTV increased by 6.1 and 3.8 times, respectively, while the Cmax increased by 5.5 times for both. Furthermore, the promoting effect of the absorption of RTV on the bioavailability of NRV was confirmed. Experiments with a beagle showed a similar trend. Stability studies were also conducted at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C for 90 days, indicating that the oral liquid formulation was physically and chemically stable. This study can be used as a valuable resource for developing and applying oral liquid NRV/RTV formulations in a clinical context.

Regulation of droplet dynamic behavior after droplet impact on superhydrophobic surfaces

Controlling the impact behavior of a droplet on a superhydrophobic surface is a significant challenge for many applications. Instead of texturing the surface, this study investigated the effect of adding surfactants on the morphology of the droplet after it impacts superhydrophobic surfaces. The results showed that adding low concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant prevents fragmentation and splashing. High concentrations of SDS can inhibit rebound and allow droplets to be easily deposited on surfaces after impact. When the droplet size was 3.51 mm and the SDS concentration was above the critical micelle concentration, the contact time of the solution increased by a maximum of 1.30 times compared to that of pure water. In a high-concentration SDS solution, the surfactant molecules can quickly migrate to the newly generated interface during the spreading stage, reducing the interfacial tension and causing wetting changes. The results of this study are expected to contribute toward establishing a simple method to inhibit splashing and increasing contact time on superhydrophobic surfaces.

Effects of lime supply on the uptake of potassium and iron released from phlogopite by alfalfa

Understanding the influence of carbonates on nutrient release from minerals and their availability to plants is necessary for the management of calcareous soils. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various levels of lime on the release of potassium (K) and iron (Fe) from the phlogopite mineral in the rhizosphere and their uptake by alfalfa. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement. Alfalfa was grown in media containing a mixture of quartz sand, phlogopite, and different levels of lime (0, 20, 50, 120, and 250 g kg−1) under four types of nutrient solution (complete, Fe-free, K-free, and Fe and K free) with three replicates for six months. Alfalfa shoots and roots were harvested and their K and Fe concentrations were measured. The results showed that the biomass of both shoots and roots was significantly affected by lime. The presence of lime in the rhizosphere resulted in an increase in available Ca, thereby reducing the absorption of both K and Fe. The presence of lime was also found to change the K/Ca balance in the growth media. This appears to be the reason for the increased shoot K concentration in plants grown in the media containing less carbonates. It seems that at high concentrations in the soil solution, Ca competes greatly with Fe, reducing its availability to plants. In general, the rates of K and Fe release from phlogopite were adversely influenced by the level of carbonates in the root zone.

Direct cold sintering of translucent gamma-Al2O3 ceramics

Gamma-Al2O3 ceramics can hardly be densified by conventional sintering methods because of the low surface energy of gamma-Al2O3 powder and phase transformation at elevated temperature. Here, we report the preparation of translucent gamma-Al2O3 ceramics by cold sintering process at merely 350 °C via using the gamma-Al2O3 as starting powder. Due to the enhanced solubility and reaction of gamma-Al2O3 in alkaline solution, the nanocrystalline particles can be densified to ∼92% of full density via adding 10 M NaOH solution as the transient liquid. It is proved that the high concentration of alkaline solution can greatly accelerate the dissolution-precipitation process, leading to the activation energy as low as 16.9 kJ/mol. Consequently, a translucent ceramic with in-line transmittance reaching 16% around 800 nm can be obtained, despite the residual porosity. Considering the stable hardness and translucency after water leaching or heating to 1000 °C, the cold sintered gamma-Al2O3 ceramic may have the potential application as optical windows under extreme environments.

Effect of the dielectric membrane channel on salinity gradient energy conversion

There is growing interest in harnessing energy from salinity gradients because it is readily available in nature. However, the energy harvesting system is not a separate liquid region but a coupling of solid membrane and liquid that leads to a distinct ions transport behaviors. Here, we propose a coupling model containing membrane and fluidic domain to study the effect of dielectric membrane on energy conversion performance. The results show that the surface charge of nanopore is strongly dependent of solution property (ion concentration and pH) and membrane property. The dielectric membrane promotes the surface charge and electrostatic interaction that enhances the energy conversion performance. Such enhancement is more significant at short nanopore with high concentration gradient and solution pH. The maximum output power of 2 pW and energy conversion efficiency of 42 % are obtained for single nanopore. As a proof of concept, it exhibits huge deviations if not consider the membrane and its influence on surface charge. This study provides a fresh insight on the interactions between solid membrane and solution properties in terms of energy conversion, thereby enhancing the potential for developing energy conversion devices.

Experimental assessment of diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) protocols.

Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) is an increasingly used digital complement, supplement, or alternative to traditional dissection-based anatomical research. The diceCT protocol, which has evolved and expanded over the past decade, employs passive diffusion of Lugol's iodine (KI3) to increase soft tissue radiodensity and improve structure contrast in the CT or microCT imaging of specimens. The development and application of diceCT has focused largely on specimens under 1 kg, and the varying reporting of methods on studies of both small and large specimens has initiated, but not yet established, an effective diceCT protocol for larger specimens based on monitored experiments of several fundamental variables (e.g., Lugol's iodine concentration, duration, and impacts of Lugol's iodine on tissues). In this study, we have experimentally assessed the efficacy of diceCT protocols for imaging whole-body specimens of the 1-4.5 kg Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) using sequential CT imaging assessment across experimental conditions. We assessed the impact of varying Lugol's iodine concentration, the presence/absence of skin, solution volume and agitation on tissue radiodensity changes through weekly CT-based monitoring of tissue radiodensities over an 8-week experimental period. We have also quantified tissue volumetric changes across our experiment to assess the impact of diceCT applications on subsequent analyses of imaging datasets. Our results indicate that substantial changes in both soft-tissue radiodensity and soft-tissue volume occur within the first 28 days of Lugol's iodine treatment, followed by a slower rate of progressive soft-tissue radiodensity and volume changes across the experiment duration. Our results demonstrate the negligible benefit of skinning larger specimens to improve solution diffusion, and document significant soft-tissue volumetric changes with high concentration solutions (e.g., 10%) and long-duration exposure (e.g., beyond 5 weeks) that should guide individual diceCT protocol design and/or quantification and analysis for mammal specimens above 1 kg.

Rheological properties of polymer solutions and ways to improve the efficiency of development of high-viscosity oil fields in Uzbekistan

The results of experimental research on studying the filtration properties of polymer solutions and the mechanism of the displacement process in porous medium were presented in this article. The methodology of experimental studies in a specially designed laboratory setup is given. In the present work the rheological properties of polymer K-9 are considered. At the same time, the relaxation time of viscoelastic particles of K-9 polymer filtered in porous medium is experimentally found. Also, the results of experimental studies on oil displacement of fields with high content of asphaltene-resinous substances by polymer solutions on artificially created reservoir models to determine the optimal concentration of polymer solution and the size of the rim with the purpose of increasing oil recovery. Experimental studies on displacement of high-viscosity oils with a thickened water rim established that this method gives the greatest increase in water-free and ultimate oil recovery of reservoirs, within the range of change in the concentration of polymer solution 0.2-0.4%, with the size of the rim more than 70% of the oil saturated volume of the reservoir. Studies on displacement of high-viscosity oils by polymer solutions show that the use of this method of increasing oil recovery factor in practice is not always economically feasible, because of the need to ensure high injection pressures and high concentration of expensive polymer solution.

Progressive methods of alkaline refining and bleaching of cottonseed oil

The article presents data from a study of the refining process of cottonseed oil, which differs from other vegetable oils in its complex composition and the presence of gossypol, which requires the use of alkali solutions (NaOH) of high concentration and in excess quantities. The use of magnetized solutions of sodium aluminate with a concentration of 15 to 25% has been proposed as an alkaline agent. Studies have shown that with the action of this reagent, a decrease in the acid number and color index of both press oil and oils obtained by extraction is observed.