Higher Levels Of Compensation Research Articles

Estimation of polarity of slope of instantaneous current increment for power swing immune protection of series compensated line

Existing protection schemes for series-compensated transmission line (SCTL) lack either in reliability or speed during power swing (PS). A new ultra-fast reliable method is proposed in the present article using the slope of instantaneous current increment (SICI). The peaks of SICI (denoted by PKS) of a modal component of currents above a dynamic threshold are obtained to detect the sudden jump in SICI, which occurs after a transient disturbance. PKS of two terminal-currents are of same polarity for a fault within SCTL but they are of opposite polarity for any external event. This unique characteristic is mathematically verified and exploited to discern internal faults from external events during PS. Proposed method is found unaffected for high level of series compensation, position of compensation, close-in fault, fault inception point, high fault resistance, synchronization error and CT saturation. The results are finally compared to the incremental quantity-based methods to justify its merit.

Properties of a highly compensated high-purity germanium

The electrical and optical properties of a compensated high-purity germanium (HPGe) single crystal was investigated using various characterization techniques. Aluminium, boron, and phosphorus were the major residual shallow-level impurities identified by photothermal ionization spectroscopy (PTIS). Hall effect measurements performed at low temperatures (77 K) along the growth length reveal that the crystal is p-type at the top and bottom, while n-type in the middle part with a net carrier concentration in the range of 1010–1011 cm−3. The obtained very high resistivity (2.3 ⨯ 108 Ω·cm) at 91 K in the temperature-dependent Hall measurements (TDH) at the bottom part of the crystal indicates a high level of compensation (84%) of charge carriers by deep-level impurities or defects with an activation energy near 0.195 eV. The highest hole mobility(μp=46700cm2/V·s)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$({\\mu _p} = ~46700\\,{\\rm{c}}{{\\rm{m}}^2}\\,/{\\rm{V}}\\cdot{\\rm{s}})$$\\end{document} at 77 K was obtained at the top part, which is moderately compensated. The carrier lifetimes of the grown HPGe crystals were measured using microwave-detected photoconductivity (MDP) at room temperature. The average carrier lifetime decreases from the top to bottom part of the crystal from 130 to 60 µs, which is less than that of the usually observed values in HPGe crystals due to a strong compensation.

Impact of compensation and willingness to keep same career path on burnout among long-term care workers in Japan

BackgroundThis study examined the relationships between compensation, willingness to keep same career path, and burnout among long-term care workers in Japan.MethodsData were collected from 319 care workers at long-term care facilities in Japan. The study variables included data on demographics, compensation, willingness to keep same career path, and burnout.ResultsThe study found that compensation and willingness to keep same career were significantly negatively associated with burnout levels among long-term care workers in Japan. Long-term care workers with high compensation levels were found to be more likely to have low burnout levels. In addition, care workers who expressed an intention to keep same career path were likely to have low burnout levels. In addition, compensation is associated with burnout as the mediating role of willingness to keep same career.ConclusionsThese results highlight the importance of implementing policies and measures that reduce the risk of burnout among care workers to improve the quality of care. Strategies for improving working conditions include increasing wages, increasing compensation for experienced care workers, and reorganizing benefits.

A Robust UDE-Based 2DOF Controller for Mitigating Sub-Synchronous Control Interaction in Wind Power Plants

Sustaining large amount of power flow in the wind power plant, series capacitors are incorporated with the transmission line system which can cause subsynchronous control interaction (SSCI) in the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). This SSCI effect can lead to system instability. To damp SSCI in DFIG, several traditional controllers are involved but it leads to poor damping response. To solve this issues, a new controller based on the uncertainty and disturbance estimator and two degree of freedom (UDE-2DOF) controller is proposed. The proposed controller gives the controlled output based on the input control signal like reference and actual value of the d-q axis rotor current. With this evaluation, the proposed controller damp out the SSCI in a series-compensated DFIG. Then, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified in the MATLAB platform. Both eigenvalue analysis and time-domain simulations are carried out for analyzing the system stability and SSCI damping. The results indicate that the proposed method can mitigate the SSCI within 2.5 sec. Furthermore, the variation in wind speed and the level of series compensation plays an important role on the overall system’s stability especially at low wind speed (7 m/sec) and high compensation level under 45%.

Gate‐controlled series capacitor: A new methodology for mitigating sub‐synchronous resonance in a series‐compensated DFIG‐based wind farm

AbstractSeries‐compensated transmission lines can lead to a sub‐synchronous resonance (SSR) phenomenon at high compensation levels, where the system lacks stability. Gate‐controlled series capacitor (GCSC) is widely used to damp the SSR. Here, an effective and new methodology for damping the SSR is presented. The proposed method aims to alleviate the SSR phenomenon based on estimating both the frequency and the maximum value of the voltage magnitude signal rather than using the Proportional Integral controller. The appropriate turn‐off angle corresponding to the maximum value of the voltage magnitude signal is applied to the GCSC on the condition that the estimated frequency of the voltage magnitude signal is within the range of the SSR frequency. If the estimated frequency of the voltage magnitude signal is out of the range of the SSR frequency, the steady‐state turn‐off angle (1130) is applied to the GCSC. The capability of the proposed method for damping the SSR under various compensation levels, various wind speeds, and sub‐synchronous control interaction (SSCI) is validated by time‐domain simulation and eigenvalue analysis. Compared to the presented latest method for SSR damping using GCSC, all the obtained results demonstrate that the oscillations converge faster when the proposed method is activated.

A preordainment approach for design of auxiliary damping controller and SSSC tuning to enhance SSR mode stability in DFIG based windfarm

ABSTRACT Sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) is a growing concern in wind turbine generators-based series capacitive compensated networks at low wind speed and peak compensation levels. It is feasible to increase the stability of SSR mode caused by a transmission line’s passive series compensation by providing active compensation using a flexible ac transmission system controller cooperating with an auxiliary damping controller. This paper presents preordainment and enhancement of SSR mode in DFIG-based series capacitive compensated line by incorporating an additional damping controller into the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The auxiliary damping controller modulates the reactive voltage injected by SSSC into the transmission line by considering the appropriate input control signal, reflecting the SSR instability, and giving the maximum damping to the SSR mode. The optimal input control signal is determined via residue analysis, and the design procedure of the auxiliary damping controller is presented using root locus plots. The root locus plots offer a visual representation of the loci for each mode and preordain eigenvalues for new stability, which aids in the design of the auxiliary damping controller. This feature allows to predetermine the SSR mode eigenvalue while before connecting it with SSSC. Accordingly, it provides a controlled dampening to SSR mode such that the desired damping ratio for SSR mode can be achieved without influencing the stability of other modes. The impact of the designed auxiliary damping controller is examined at high compensation levels and low wind speed. The eigenvalue analysis results show that the preordained eigenvalues found using root locus plots are correct and the proposed approach predominantly enhances the stability of SSR mode. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis and transient simulations are used to show the detuning and dampening of SSR mode. The proposed work is executed using MATLAB/Simulink.

Event-Triggered robust control scheme for sub-synchronous resonance mitigation in DFIG-based WECS

Series compensation is an economically feasible solution for facilitating the integration of high levels of wind energy sources into the grid. However, high levels of series compensation in transmission lines typically results in sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) in doubly-fed-induction-generator (DFIG)-based wind energy conversion systems (WECS). The introduction of negative equivalent resistance due to negative SSR slip results in self-sustaining oscillating instability and potentially loss of stability of the whole system. This paper proposes an event-triggered sliding mode control (ETSMC)-based control approach for the effective damping of sub-synchronous resonance. The ETSMC control is designed for the rotor side converter of the DFIG, and a phase compensator unit is augmented with the ETSMC control to enhance its efficacy in mitigating specific unstable mode. The proposed control approach is validated using a DFIG-based WECS in IEEE first benchmark model. The results prove the high efficacy of the control approach in mitigating SSR and ensuring system’s fast recovery. In addition to the attributes of the SMC approach, reliance on an event triggering mechanism leads to only seldom control updates, thereby solving the problem of requirement of high communication bandwidth and computational power.

CEO Reputation and Corporate Risk-Taking: Managerial Competence or Managerial Defence?

ABSTRACT This study uses China’s A-share listed companies as a research sample to empirically examine the impact of CEO reputation on corporate risk-taking. Our study finds that CEO reputation is positively associated with corporate risk-taking; that is, it supports the managerial competence hypothesis. Furthermore, the concrete path of CEO reputation affecting enterprise risk-taking is shown by the fact that enterprises with a higher CEO reputation reflect higher degrees of innovation (including innovation investment and output), frequency of mergers and acquisitions, capital expenditures, and excessive debt. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the effect of CEO reputation on corporate risk-taking is present only in firms with a higher degree of CEO reputation and a lower level of external governance, and there are no statistically significant differences in the above effects across the nature of property rights. We also find that CEOs with better reputations have higher compensation levels and lower board dissent, which is also consistent with the managerial competence hypothesis. An analysis of the economic consequences shows that a CEO’s reputation can ultimately increase firm value by promoting corporate risk-taking. In addition, the effect of CEO reputation on firm risk reverses to a negative relationship when the CEO is older and has a longer tenure, thereby exhibiting the managerial defense characteristics of reputation.

Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja dan Kompensasi terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan PT Periska Multi Usaha Madiun

This study aims to determine the influence of the work environment and competence on the job satisfaction of employees of PT Periska Multi Usaha Madiun. This research included a quantitative study using a saturated sample technique of 52 employees of the cathering section of PT Periska Multi Usaha Madiun. The method of data collection is through a questionnaire that is distributed to employees of the cathering department of PT Periska Multi Usaha Madiun. The variables set by the researcher include: independent variables, namely work environment (X1), compensation (X2), and dependent variables, namely Job Satisfaction (Y). Technical analysis uses the Partial Least Square (PLS) model to construct a model that can be assumed when there are several factors. The findings show that the high level of work environment and compensation can increase job satisfaction of employees of PT Periska Multi Usaha Madiun.

OPTIMIZATION OF CHARGE / DISCHARGE TIME OF ACTIVE FILTER CAPACITORS DURING VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS

A voltage regulator on capacitors has been developed for the control circuit of a parallel active filter based on dq-theory with a block of sliding averaging current in the current control circuit i_d. It contains a delay unit, a digital low-pass filter of the first order FIR or IIR (depending on the variant of the considered scheme) and the unit “sgn”, which stabilizes the output signal. The voltage control circuit on the capacitor can be implemented entirely in digital signal processing and used instead of the analog PID controller, which is much more effective if you need to adapt the circuit to the load mode. Most analog filters suffer from phase distortion when signals at different frequencies are delayed by different amounts. Although it is still present in digital IIR filters. FIR filters are usually designed as a “linear phase”, which means that the filter has no phase distortion. Phase distortions occur due to the fact that signals of different frequencies are delayed differently when crossing the filter. For IIR filters, it is necessary to enter an additional factor that will regulate the group delay, during which the filter will delay the signal of a certain frequency. If you do the same for the FIR filter, you will see a straight horizontal line, which means that all signals are delayed by the same amount, which is good and will provide better signal quality. The unit “sgn” does not affect the process of maintaining the voltage on the capacitors and the speed of transients, its role is to enhance the compensatory capacity of the voltage regulator by filtering the digital signal. The selected filter, by automatically stabilizing the voltage on the capacitor provides a stable charge / discharge process of the capacitor and a high level of compensation of higher harmonics without significant additional generation of active power in the network. When used in the context of real-time analog systems, the digital filter sometimes has a problematic delay (input-output time difference) due to analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion and smoothing. It is shown that by optimizing the charge / discharge time of the capacitor of the power active filter it is possible to achieve the minimum duration of the transient process with the minimum values of harmonic distortions.

The Hidden Cost of Revision Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

The Hidden Cost of Revision Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

An improved strategy for out-of-step oscillation separation devices based on apparent impedance angle applied to a series compensated line

AbstractOut-of-step oscillation separation devices based on apparent impedance angle trajectory are widely used in the power grid in China, and their reliability is of great importance. In this paper, the influence mechanism of series compensation on apparent impedance angle trajectory is analyzed. It reveals that series compensation capacitors reduce the equivalent impedance angle and consequently the apparent impedance angle cannot pass through all four zones, resulting in the risk of failure for the separation devices. A revised method of apparent impedance angle based on compensation principle is discussed, and then an improved out-of-step oscillation detection criterion is proposed. In view of the fact that the apparent impedance angle at the moment of maximum current is equal to the equivalent impedance angle during an oscillation process, a practical algorithm based on the compensated apparent impedance angle is proposed. RTDS tests are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the new criterion, considering transmission lines with a high series compensation level.

OPTIMIZATION OF CHARGE / DISCHARGE TIME OF ACTIVE FILTER CAPACITORS DURING VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS

A voltage regulator on capacitors has been developed for the control circuit of a parallel active filter based on dq-theory with a block of sliding averaging current in the current control circuit i_d. It contains a delay unit, a digital low-pass filter of the first order FIR or IIR (depending on the variant of the considered scheme) and the unit “sgn”, which stabilizes the output signal. The voltage control circuit on the capacitor can be implemented entirely in digital signal processing and used instead of the analog PID controller, which is much more effective if you need to adapt the circuit to the load mode. Most analog filters suffer from phase distortion when signals at different frequencies are delayed by different amounts. Although it is still present in digital IIR filters. FIR filters are usually designed as a “linear phase”, which means that the filter has no phase distortion. Phase distortions occur due to the fact that signals of different frequencies are delayed differently when crossing the filter. For IIR filters, it is necessary to enter an additional factor that will regulate the group delay, during which the filter will delay the signal of a certain frequency. If you do the same for the FIR filter, you will see a straight horizontal line, which means that all signals are delayed by the same amount, which is good and will provide better signal quality. The unit “sgn” does not affect the process of maintaining the voltage on the capacitors and the speed of transients, its role is to enhance the compensatory capacity of the voltage regulator by filtering the digital signal. The selected filter, by automatically stabilizing the voltage on the capacitor provides a stable charge / discharge process of the capacitor and a high level of compensation of higher harmonics without significant additional generation of active power in the network. When used in the context of real-time analog systems, the digital filter sometimes has a problematic delay (input-output time difference) due to analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion and smoothing. It is shown that by optimizing the charge / discharge time of the capacitor of the power active filter it is possible to achieve the minimum duration of the transient process with the minimum values of harmonic distortions.

A Cascaded Controller for a Grid-Tied Photovoltaic System With Three-Phase Half-Bridge Interleaved Buck Shunt Active Power Filter: Hybrid Control Strategy and Fuzzy Logic Approach

This paper focuses on the control development of a grid-tied photovoltaic system coupled with a shunt active power filter. The considered power system includes a PV panel, a single-capacitor three half-bridge interleaved buck converter connected to a three-phase power grid and a nonlinear load. This study aims to accomplish simultaneously three objectives: i) to ensure a high compensation level of current harmonics and reactive power consumed by the nonlinear load in order to perform power factor correction at the grid side; ii) to extract the maximum power from the PV panel regardless the climatic conditions; iii) to regulate the dc bus capacitor voltage to its reference provided by the MPPT controller. To this end, a controller using a two-loop cascade strategy is designed. First, the inner loop is developed with the hybrid automaton approach to formulate the switching control signals with the aim of guaranteeing a unitary power factor. Second, the outer loop is designed using fuzzy logic control to ensure the regulation of the photovoltaic voltage, while the perturb and observe algorithm is employed to perform maximum power point tracking. Finally, the system with the developed control scheme is simulated using MATLAB/SimPowerSystems environment. The obtained results confirm that the proposed controller is able to achieve the previous objectives under varying environmental conditions.

Modelling and control of static synchronous series compensator interfaced with DFIG-based wind farm using PSO for SSR alleviation

Subsynchronous resonance (SSR) in wind turbine generators interfaced with series compensated transmission line has been explored in recent few years. Instead of torsional interaction (TI), the induction generation effect (IGE) prompts SSR in such systems. The mitigation of SSR using flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices like a thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), gate-controlled series capacitor (GCSC), static var compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has been researched in the literature. However, in wind turbine generators, the efficacy of static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to mitigate SSR is relatively less explored. This paper presents mathematical modelling of SSSC and a study of hybrid series compensation of transmission line using SSSC and fixed series capacitor (FSC) to diminish the SSR effect in doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farm. The values of controller parameters of SSSC for SSR mitigation are identified using particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and compared with the Ziegler and Nichols (Z–N) method. Results obtained through PSO are more precise and finer than the conventional approach. The eigenvalue analysis and fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis are shown to demonstrate the damping offered by SSSC to SSR oscillations along with transient simulations. The impact of SSR at different compensation levels and wind speed is examined, and the effectiveness of SSSC for SSR mitigation is illustrated using the hybrid compensation method. The risk of SSR is high at low wind speeds and a high compensation level. In such instances, it is shown that SSSC is capable of effectively alleviating SSR.

Підвищення точності регулювання напруги на конденсаторі активного фільтра

The control scheme of the active filter on the basis of the dq-theory with the block of automatic stabilization of voltage on the condenser containing the system of adaptive control of a delay in time and the filter of low frequencies is considered. The introduction of the delay can be implemented using a microcontroller that will automatically calculate the required delay factor and the output scale factor. The low-pass filter is tuned to the seventh harmonic, which allows you to adjust the delay in the range that provides the minimum value of the allowable error of voltage deviation. A study of the quality of voltage maintenance on the capacitor was also carried out using a set of measures. To improve the compensating capacity of the active filter, the sliding current averaging unit was set to the sixth harmonic in the case of a symmetrical load. The time response of the automatic voltage stabilization unit on the DC capacitor provides a stable charge / discharge process of the capacitor and a high level of compensation of higher harmonics without significant additional generation of active power in the network. It is shown that increasing the accuracy of voltage regulation on the capacitor of the power active filter allows to ensure the achievement of the minimum values of harmonic distortion and stable operation of the system. The transient reaction of the power active filter is determined by the control circuit of the output current of the filter. Therefore, its time response is chosen fast enough to track the current shape of the sinusoidal current. On the other hand, the speed of the control circuit of the capacitor voltage should not be too fast, and it is selected at least 10 times slower than the control circuit of the current filter current. Thus, these two control systems can be divided and designed as two independent systems and adjust each to individual characteristics.

Football Players’ "Cardiorespiratory System and Intermittent Endurance" Test

Twenty six football players of the Shandong Luneng youth team (U17), the 2019 season Chinese National Youth Super League champions. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the working capacity and func- tional support of intermittent endurance, the levels and changes in the reaction of the cardiorespiratory system and energy supply of football players’ activities were analyzed under the condition of fatigue cu- mulating in the process of performing a series of high-speed segments. The prerequisite for testing was the preservation of the parameters of running 70 m in 10 s during the entire testing period. Content of Cardiorespiratory System and Intermittent Endurance test: duration of work in a series – 4 minutes; dura- tion of work with the maximum available intensity – 10 s (running distance 70 m), rest interval – 20 s. The number of combinations of work segments 10 s and rest intervals 20 s in a series is 8. The efficiency of work is assessed by the number of completed series and the reaction of the cardiorespiratory system. The typo- logical differences in the functional support of the special working capacity of football players who had a high level of working capacity were determined. They are associated with a balanced type of aerobic and anaerobic energy supply, with an insignificant tension of the mechanisms for fatigue compensating and a predominantly anaerobic type of energy supply provided a high level of respiratory compensation for met- abolic acidosis.

Features of Regulatory Regulation of State Financing of Maintenance of Jury Trial in Ukraine

The article analyses the peculiarities of legal regulation of state funding of jury trial maintenance in Ukraine. On the basis of the cited statistical data it was established that the monetary compensation for jury trial in Ukraine is minimal in comparison to the USA, Canada or France. The high level of jury monetary compensation depends first of all on the social and economic development of the country. The conclusion is drawn that the legislator's actions of the recent years are directed at the classical jury trial model, which exists in many countries of the world, with an appropriate level of financial assistance and an appropriate level of logistical support.

The Influence of Executive Compensation Gap on Earnings Management from the Perspective of Media Supervision: Evidence from China

To pursue higher compensation, the agent’s earnings management behavior may damage the principal’s interests. Can managers whose compensation reaches the expected level seek benefits for the company through earnings management? This study takes China’s A-share listed companies from 2014 to 2018 as samples. The conclusions show that managers with higher compensation levels will carry out earnings management in favor of the company while taking their own interests into consideration. For companies with stronger profitability, the higher the managers’ compensation is, the more they are inclined to reduce accrued earnings in the current period to further reduce taxes and fees. For companies with weaker profitability, managers with higher compensation tend to choose to increase real earnings to further optimize financial indicators. It has been found through further research that high pressure generated by media attention can make well-paid executives restrain the above earnings management behavior, which serves as an effective method to protect investors’ rights and interests.

A Configurational Exploration of How Female and Male CEOs Influence Their Compensation

The issues of excessive CEO compensation and gender pay gaps garner much attention from management scholars and the general public. In this study, we integrate these topics and explore the complex interdependent nature of how CEOs influence directors’ evaluative perceptions about appropriate levels of CEO compensation and whether female and male CEOs do so in different ways. Drawing from role congruity theory and previous research on executive compensation, we use a configurational approach to identify how CEOs achieve high levels of compensation through different combinations of influence arising from their power, origin, tenure, similarities with evaluators, and organizational conditions. Using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis with a matched pair sample of female and male CEOs from 2010 to 2016, we find there are multiple configurations of influence conditions by which female and male CEOs achieve high compensation. Our inductive analysis, unpacking how these configurations differ between female and male CEOs, shows four distinct influence mechanisms: leveraging power and role empathy, trailblazer responsibility, leveraging power and similarity, and leveraging role empathy. These mechanisms highlight the ways influence conditions complement or mutually reinforce one another in different ways for female and male CEOs. Implications for theory and research about the unique challenges female executives face in achieving equitable treatment in the workplace are also discussed.