Higher Color Yield Research Articles

Rheological behaviors of carboxymethyl tamarind gum as thickener on georgette printing with disperse dyes

ABSTRACTThe printing performances on georgette fabric with disperse dyes are closely related to the rheological behaviors of thickener used in the printing paste. Compared with sodium alginate (SA), rheological behaviors of carboxymethyl tamarind gum (CTG) were investigated by steady shear, oscillatory and transient tests. Results showed that CTG and SA exhibited typical pseudoplastic characteristics, more viscous behaviors under lower frequency and high viscosity recoverability. Flow behaviors were well predicted by Cross model at low shear rates and power‐law model at high shear rates. Viscoelastic behaviors were well depicted by Friedrich–Braun model. However, CTG had quicker shear‐thinning features and stronger elasticity than SA. In the disperse printing of georgette fabric, CTG had better screenability, higher color yield, excellent double‐sided printings, levelness, hand, color fastness, and outline sharpness instead of SA. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45000.

Crosslinking formulations based on novel reactive disperse dyes for printing cotton fabrics

Cotton cellulose is an excellent natural material due to its outstanding characters. Five novel crosslinking reactive disperse dyes containing bi-functional groups, two 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl groups, were synthesized and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and element analysis. The solvent effect on the color of the dyes was assessed by the electronic absorption spectra. The crosslinking printing properties of the five dyes (D1–5) for cotton fabrics were investigated. The electronic absorption property exhibited larger bathochromic shifts in a stronger polar solvent than in the weaker polar solvents. The crosslinking reaction between two 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylreactive groups and the hydroxyl group of cellulose could take place. The higher color yield and excellent fixation were obtained. The building up property was good for all the dyes on cotton fabric. The printed samples had excellent washing, perspiration and rubbing fastness. The light fastness for cotton fabrics was moderate.

Limoniastrum monopetalum stems as a new source of natural colorant for dyeing wool fabrics

In the present study, an attempt has been made to dye the wool fabric with Limoniastrum monopetalum stems, as a source of natural dye, which has not been exploited so far. Optimization of extraction parameters was done. Optimum results of extraction process were obtained with a dye concentration of 60 g/l, a temperature of 90 °C during 100 min. The study of different factors effecting dyeability of wool fabrics by aqueous L. monopetalum stems extract showed that the pH of dye bath and dyeing temperature and time affected considerably the color yield. The best results were obtained at the following conditions; pH 2, 100 °C, and 60 min. Metal mordants, when used in conjunction with L. monopetalum dye, allowed to obtain various shades. The determination of phenolic contents of aqueous L. monopetalum stems extract showed a high amount of phenolic components. Based on RP-HPLC, the coloring extract of L. monopetalum stems contains tannins and polyphenols. The major identified phenolic compounds were procatechuic, Trans-cinnamic and gallic acids. Hence, aqueous L. monopetalum stems extract could be successfully exploited for dyeing wool fabrics with high color yield (K/S).

Pad ultrasonic batch dyeing of causticized lyocell fabric with reactive dyes

Conventionally, cellulosic fabric dyed with reactive dyes requires significant amount of salt. However, the dyeing of a solvent spun regenerated cellulosic fiber is a critical process. This paper presents the dyeing results of lyocell fabrics dyed with conventional pad batch (CPB) and pad ultrasonic batch (PUB) processes. The dyeing of lyocell fabrics was carried out with two commercial dyes namely Drimarine Blue CL-BR and Ramazol Blue RGB. Dyeing parameters including concentration of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and dwell time were compared for the two processes. The outcomes show that PUB dyed samples offered reasonably higher color yield and dye fixation than CPB dyed samples. A remarkable reduction of 12h in batching time, 18ml/l in NaOH and 05g/l in Na2CO3 quantity was observed for PUB processed samples producing similar results compared to CPB process, making PUB a more economical, productive and an environment friendly process. Color fastness examination witnessed identical results for both PUB and CPB methods. No significant change in surface morphology of PUB processed samples was observed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis.

Dyeing Properties of Nylon Fabrics with Mangrove Bark Extract via Mordanting Methods

A natural colorant obtained from extraction of mangrove bark was applied on nylon fabrics via exhaustion process. Colorimetric data (CIE L*, a*, b* and K/S) were evaluated. Pre-, meta-and post-mordanting with different metal mordants (aluminium potassium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, and stannous chloride) were also investigated. The colorant extracted from mangrove bark shows affinity to nylon fabric dyed without mordants. The highest color yield and uniform dyeing were obtained with post-modanting method.

Cleaner production applied to urea-free printing of cotton fabrics using polyethylene glycol polymers as alternative additives

Urea plays an important role in the cotton fabric printing process as a dye solubilization and disaggregating agent. However, the using of urea can cause a series of environmental problems because of the high ammonia–nitrogen content in the printing effluent. Polyethylene glycol is a nonionic soluble polymer without nitrogen element. The printability of cotton fabric using polyethylene glycol with different molecular weight, PEG-400, PEG-800, PEG-1000, PEG-2000, as additives instead of urea in the reactive dye print paste was investigated. The intermolecular interaction between the polymer and reactive dye were discussed by the absorbance spectra. The color yield, dye fixation, building up, colorimetric data and fastness of the printed fabrics with polyethylene glycols as additives were evaluated. The results showed that PEG-400, PEG-800, PEG-1000 had better effect on increasing the solubility of the reactive dye. PEG-400 as an additive instead of urea could be applied in urea-free printing for cotton fabric. The printed fabrics can obtain high color yield and fixation, and good fastness properties. PEG-400 and PEG-800 instead of urea have potential application in the cleaner production of the cotton fabric printing. Nowadays, it is urgent to reduce the environmental impacts of textile wet processing.

Effect of Biopolishing on Dye ability of Cotton Fabric - A Review

The effect of biopolishing treatment on color yield of cotton is of great importance to the dyers. Such treatment using cellulase has an influential role on dye ability of the fabric. Research into this area of dyeing has yielded apparently contradictory results. Cellulase treatment prior to dyeing can facilitate the dyeing process resulting in the higher color yield. However, zero impact or negative influence on the color yield of dyed fabric has also been reported. On the other hand, cellulase treatment after dyeing can be retarded by the presence of dye molecules or due to the interaction between dye molecules and cellulose. Though lots of research works have been done on bio polishing and as the application of the process in the textile industry has increased to a greater extent, the information on the effects of this process on color yield, both in cases of cellulase pre-treatment and posttreatment are absolutely necessary. Considering this the paper mainly focuses the previous works regarding the effects of cellulase action (Both before and after dyeing) on the color yield of dyed cotton.

Batchwise dyeing of bamboo cellulose fabric with reactive dye using ultrasonic energy

Bamboo is a regenerated cellulose fiber usually dyed with reactive dyes. This paper presents results of the batchwise dyeing of bamboo fabric with reactive dyes by ultrasonic (US) and conventional (CN) dyeing methods. The study was focused at comparing the two methods for dyeing results, chemicals, temperature and time, and effluent quality. Two widely used dyes, CI Reactive Black 5 (bis-sulphatoethylsulphone) and CI Reactive Red 147 (difluorochloropyrimidine) were used in the study. The US dyeing method produced around 5–6% higher color yield (K/S) in comparison to the CN dyeing method. A significant savings in terms of fixation temperature (10°C) and time (15min), and amounts of salt (10g/L) and alkali (0.5–1% on mass of fiber) was realized. Moreover, the dyeing effluent showed considerable reductions in the total dissolved solids content (minimum around 29%) and in the chemical oxygen demand (minimum around 13%) for the US dyebath in comparison to the CN dyebath. The analysis of colorfastness tests demonstrated similar results by US and CN dyeing methods. A microscopic examination on the field emission scanning electron microscope revealed that the US energy did not alter the surface morphology of the bamboo fibers. It was concluded that the US dyeing of bamboo fabric produces better dyeing results and is a more economical and environmentally sustainable method as compared to CN dyeing method.

Cationic Starch (Q-TAC) Pre-Treatment of Cotton Fabric: Influence on dyeing with reactive dye

Reactive dyes require high concentrations of an electrolyte to improve dye-fiber interaction, leading to the discharge of harmful effluent. One approach to reduce this unsafe release is treatment of the cotton fabric with cationic chemical reagents. This paper reports on the treatment of cotton fabric with cationic starch (Q-TAC), a commercial product, by batchwise method and pad batch method for the first time prior to reactive dyeing process. Furthermore,three commercial reactive dyes, based on monochloro triazine, vinyl sulfone and monochlorotriazine + vinyl sulfonechemistry, was applied on the cotton fabrics by continuous (pad-dry-cure) method. The treated cotton fabric by batchwise method produced 70% higher color yield (K/S) and 20% enhanced dye fixation (%F) than the untreated cotton fabric. X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) analysis revealed the presence of N1s peaks in the treated cotton fabrics. The crystallinity of treated cotton fabrics was reduced in comparison to untreated cotton fabric as revealed by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that the surface of treated cotton fabrics was rougher than untreated cotton fabric due to the deposition of cationic starch. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrum confirmed the existence of quaternary ammonium groups, N+(CH3)3, in the treated cotton fabrics. The analysis of color fastness tests demonstrated good to excellent ratings for treated cotton fabrics. In this way, cationic starch treatment of cotton fabric before reactive dyeing process has been proven potentially a more environmentally sustainable method than conventional dyeing method.

Alkali dissolution behaviour of sea–island‐type polyethylene terephthalate ultramicrofibre knitted fabrics

Sea–island‐type polyethylene terephthalate ultramicrofibre (0.007 denier per filament) with a single fibre diameter of ca. 800 nm has been produced over the last 4 years. Three kinds of sea–island‐type polyethylene terephthalate knitted fabric manufactured from this ultramicrofibre were alkali treated, and their dissolution behaviour was investigated. It was found that the dissolution ratio was dependent upon temperature and sodium hydroxide concentration in the alkali treatment. Practical dissolution ratios mostly reached the theoretical values after alkali treatment with 1.0% (w/w) sodium hydroxide solution at 95 °C for 40 min in all samples. Alkali dissolution of the sea component and revealing of the island component were confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Alkali dissolution behaviour could also be monitored indirectly by the cationic dye staining method. While all untreated samples exhibited high colour yield values after cationic dyeing, alkali‐treated samples showed reduced colour yield values with increasing alkali treatment time and a final levelling‐off point.

Micro-emulsion co-polymerisation of butyl acrylate with acrylic acid as binder for textile pigment printing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to prepare nano size micro-emulsion co-polymer particles based on butyl acrylate (BA)/acrylic acid (AAc) with high monomer/surfactant ratio. The study involved the application of the prepared micro-emulsions co-polymers as textile pigment printing binders. Design/methodology/approach – The micro-emulsion co-polymerisations processes were carried out with different mixtures of BA and AAc using modified process. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and potassium peroxy disulphate/glucose were used as emulsifier and redox initiator, respectively. The prepared emulsion co-polymer was characterized via spectroscopic measurements, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and transmission electron microscope (TEM), in addition to thermal analysis. The prepared micro-emulsion co-polymers were applied as binders for pigment printing process onto cotton fabric, polyester and cotton/polyester blend by using flat screen technique. The optimum curing conditions were determined, colour strength and fastness properties of pigment printed areas to light, washing, perspiration and rubbing were evaluated. In addition, stiffness of the prints was studied. Findings – The achieved results indicated that particle size and homogeneity of the prepared micro-emulsions depend on monomers weight ratio, initiator and emulsifier concentrations. On the other hand, the prints obtained using the prepared binders with optimum conditions have satisfactory fastness, good handle and high colour yield. Research limitations/implications – Monomers were continuously and slowly added into the polymerising system with mild stirring to avoid disturbing the stability of the micro-emulsion. Also, emulsifier and initiator concentrations should be controlled to avoid coagulation. Practical implications – The research provides textile pigment printing binder with nano particle size within the range of 24-48 nm. Using the prepared nano binders in pigment printing enhances the stiffness, handle, and fastnesses properties of the prints. Originality/value – The prepared co-polymer binders showed high-performance physico-mechanical properties; in addition, the ultimate goal of this study is to prepare a nano size binder with high monomer/surfactant ratio using a modified micro-emulsion process.

A foam single-face pretreatment to modify silk fabric using EBODAC to improve inkjet printing performance

A novel foam single-face pretreatment was used to modify silk fabrics for improving inkjet printing performance without any washing process. The foams used in pretreatment process were prepared by foaming agent, as Tween 80 and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The compatibilities of the cationic modifier ethylene base-double octadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (EBODAC) agent with Tween 80 and SDS were investigated by comparing the foam properties at different EBODAC concentrations. The results show that Tween 80 is more compatible with EBODAC. The silk fabric surface is adhered with cationic groups after foam-treated with EBODAC, which improves the inkjet printing performances. The K/S values enhance from 5.84 to 8.21 with the increasing EBODAC concentrations. The printing images of treated fabrics perform more vivid than those of the controlled silk fabrics. The width and edges of practical printing lines become smaller and more definite, respectively. All these indicate that higher color yield and definition are achieved. The hand feeling after foam pretreatment is superior to that after pad pretreatment. The fastnesses are hardly affected after pretreatment. The foam-pretreatment provides a new pathway to improve the inkjet printing performance.

Effect of heat setting parameters on some properties of PLA knitted fabric

This article reports the outcome of a study conducted for examining the effect of heat setting parameters on some properties of PLA knitted fabric. Three heat setting parameters, namely, treatment time, treatment temperature, and tension, were considered for optimizing the heat setting process with fabric shrinkage after dyeing and color yield as the evaluation factors. Experimental results revealed that lower shrinkage and higher color yield can be achieved when: (i) heat setting time = 60 s; heat setting temperature=130 oC; and tension=0%. After that, the PLA knitted fabric was treated under the optimum heat setting condition and was dyed with 1% depth disperse dye, which produced a better dyeing result. However, the handle of the heat set PLA knitted fabric, as measured by Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F), became stiffer and more resistant to shearing movement and had worse drape and bending recovery ability, while the appearance became fluffier and rougher.

Chitosan as a Thickener for Direct Printing of Natural Dye on Cotton Fabric

Development of chitosan as a thickener for direct printing of natural dye on cotton fabric was investigated. Chitosan was applied as a thickener at various concentrations and its effect on the print properties was determined in comparison with the typical printing thickener, sodium alginate. The results exhibited that chitosan affected the fabric properties by increasing fabric yellowness and stiffness. However, with increasing chitosan concentrations, the yellowness reduced only marginally. Direct printing on cotton fabric with 3% Natural Chestnut at varying chitosan concentrations showed that the optimum chitosan concentration for the printing was at 3%w/v, being equivalent to the viscosity of 17,800 mPa. The 3%w/v chitosan imparted the ultimate color yield, print outline sharpness and a minimal dye bleeding on the unprinted area of the fabric. Use of chitosan concentration higher than 3%w/v led to poor print properties on the fabric. The efficiency as a thickener of chitosan was found to be superior to sodium alginate. A high color yield and good color fastness properties on cotton fabric were rendered in the case of chitosan thickener at the same applied concentration with sodium alginate.

An approach to the impact of nanoscale vat coloration of cotton on reducing agent account

Aqueous dispersions of nanoscale vat dyes were successfully prepared through ball milling and ultrasonication of three test dyes in the presence of dispersing agent. Critical factors included the time of ball milling and ultrasonication and the molecular structure of the vat dyes have been studied. These dispersions were characterized by morphological structures with particle size determination and quality was evaluated by shelf-life stability using digital images. The nanoscale vat dyes have been applied in dyeing and printing of cotton to evaluate the effect of nanoscale dispersion on the reducing agent account and the difference of coloration performance of a nanoscale and conventionally dispersed vat dyes. Results showed that use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) maintained a high stability of dispersion with storage. The size and stability of nanoscale dispersion were greatly influenced by molecular structure of the vat dyes. Ultrasonication was helpful in decreasing average particle size. Nanoscale vat dye dispersions gave a much higher color yield than conventional vat dyes. Fastness properties were excellent for washing effects. It is clear that coloration using nanoscale vat dye dispersions offer a number of advantages in terms of reducing agent requirement, improved appearance and also in environmental protection.

Water‐soluble cationic chitosan derivative to improve pigment‐based inkjet printing and antibacterial properties for cellulose substrates

AbstractThe water‐soluble N‐(2‐hydroxy)propyl‐3‐trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) was prepared by chitosan and glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopic analysis spectrum confirmed that glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride was grafted to the amino groups of chitosan via substitution reaction (Zhao et al., Int J Pharm 2010, 393, 268; Montazer and Afjeh, J Appl Polym Sci 2007, 103, 178). The obtained chitosan derivative was used to modify cotton fabrics for improving aqueous pigment‐based inkjet printing and antibacterial properties. Scanning electron microscope images showed that HTCC was adhered onto the cotton fabrics surface and formed film structure. The K/S value on printed cotton substrates increased from 3.20 to 4.87, which indicated that higher color yield was achieved in this way. Modified samples performed better crocking fastness and laundering fastness than the control cotton fabrics. The line definition of modified cotton fabrics respectively, improved 16.5% and 12.6% in the warp and weft direction as the specified line width was 0.5 × 103 μm. Samples also showed good antibacterial potential, the inhibitory rate for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were both more than 95% when the concentration of HTCC used in the pretreatment solution was 0.8%. The antibacterial effect was found to be durable for 20 laundering cycles. However, the hand feeling of modified cotton fabrics presented a slight decrease. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Effects of the Cotton Fabric Pretreatment on Application Properties of Digital Inkjet Printing with Reactive Dyes

Cotton fabric was directly inkjet printed with reactive dye ink, the ink would appear on the permeability of the fabric, the depth of color yield is low, light fastness is poor. Pretreatment agents with different mass fractions had been used to do the pretreatment of the cotton fabric before ink-jet printing, the results showed that: when the concentration of alginate ester or seaweed was between 1.0% -1.5%, the fabrics had the high color yield and the fixation color rate of the dye was the highest. When the amount of NaHCO3 was 3%, the inkjet printing effect of cotton fabrics was the best; color fastness of colors was all good. After Inkjet printing, the best effect can be achieved by steaming the cotton fabrics under the 100 °Csaturated water vapor for 25min: the colors of black, red and yellow of the K / S value were of the maximum, color fastness was fine.

Study on Spectroscopic and Dyeing Characteristics of Curcumin on Poly(lactic acid) and Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fabrics

This research aimed to study the use of curcumin as a natural dye for dyeing poly(lactic acid) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabrics. The study found that curcumin was dyeable on PLA and PET, providing a brilliant yellow color on the fabric. Curcumin could build up very well on PLA, while lower build up was on PET. At the same applied concentration, higher color yield was observed on the dyed PLA fabric. To achieve the same visual color yield, a significantly lower concentration of curcumin was required for PLA as compared with PET. The color shade of curcumin-dyed PLA differed from the PET analogue. A bathochromic shift of the K/S curve was found when the substrate was changed from PLA to PET. The influence of polymer media on the spectroscopic properties of curcumin could be elucidated by measuring absorbance properties of curcumin in ethyl acetate and methyl benzoate, being representatives of PLA and PET, respectively. At the same concentration, curcumin solution in ethyl acetate exhibited higher absorbance than that in methyl benzoate, corresponding to the deeper shade obtained when dyed on PLA as compared with PET. Bathochromic shift of absorbance curve was also observed when the solvent was changed from ethyl acetate to methyl benzoate.

One‐bath dyeing of polyester/cotton blends with disperse and bis‐3‐carboxypyridinium‐s‐triazine reactive dyes. Part 2: Application of substantive reactive dyes to cotton at 130 °C and neutral pH†

An earlier paper reported that the reactive dyes (not the disperse dyes) were responsible for the inability to achieve heavy depths of shade, when dyeing polyester/cotton blends by a one‐bath process at 130 °C and neutral pH using reactive dyes containing a 3‐carboxypyridinium‐s‐triazinyl group. It was shown that the poor colour yield of the bis‐3‐carboxypyridinium‐s‐triazine reactive dyes was because of their low exhaustion level at 130 °C and pH of 7.0–7.5. We now report the synthesis and evaluation of some bis‐3‐carboxypyridinium‐s‐triazine reactive dye structures, possessing highly substantive chromophores, as a means of obtaining high colour yield, on 100% unmercerised cotton, under the specified dyeing conditions. The technical performance of these dyes under such conditions was compared with that of selected Novacron (Cibacron) LS and Procion H‐E dyes, applied under their recommended (atmospheric) dyeing conditions.

Effect of surface treatment of silk fabrics with plasma on inkjet printing

Inkjet printing of silk fabrics usually uses acid and reactive dye inks. Silk fabrics should be pretreated with sizes before inkjet printing. After inkjet printing silk fabrics need steamed and washed with a large amount of water to remove unfixed dyes. It is not only a long process but also results in a large mount of waste water. Inkjet printing of silk fabrics with pigment inks seems simple and good but bleeding of the printed pattern occurs. This is related to the surface structure of silk fabrics. In order to improve the surface structure of silk fabrics low temperature plasma was used to treat silk fabrics in the atmosphere of oxygen. The surface structure of plasma treated silk fabrics was characterized by AFM (atom force microscopy). And the plasma treated fabrics were printed with a magenta pigment-based ink. The results show that silk fabrics treated with 80 watt power at 50 Pa pressure for 10min had higher color yield and excellent sharpness of pattern. AFM images indicated that plasma treatment produced more grooves on the surface of silk fibers than those untreated. Dynamic contact angle test showed that the hydrophilic property of silk fiber was improved after plasma treatment.