High Chlorogenic Acid Research Articles

Revealing the dynamic changes of metabolites and molecular mechanisms of chlorogenic acid accumulation during the leaf development of Vaccinium dunalianum based on multi-omic analyses.

Vaccinium dunalianum, a medicinal plant, is utilized for Quezui Tea production from its leaf buds and young leaves. Despite prior research on V. dunalianum revealing several medicinal compounds, the comprehensive variations in metabolites during its growth and development, along with the molecular mechanisms underlying high chlorogenic acid (CGA) yield, remain unclear. Through a joint analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics, our study first identified 15 key structural genes and 3 transcription factors influencing CGA biosynthesis in V. dunalianum, offering new evidence to understand its regulatory network. Furthermore, non-targeted metabolomics analysis provides the first extensive report on the metabolic profile of V. dunalianum, furnishing a valuable dataset for deeper exploration of its nutritional and medicinal value, and the development of a quality evaluation system for its product Quezui Tea. This study offers the most comprehensive molecular information on V. dunalianum, marking a significant step toward understanding and enhancing the plant's potential for medicinal and nutritional applications. Additionally, this study also reveals V. dunalianum holds promise as a natural antioxidant source for functional foods, providing data support for network pharmacology.

Anti-Atherosclerotic Properties of Aronia melanocarpa Extracts Influenced by Their Chemical Composition Associated with the Ripening Stage of the Berries.

The high content of bioactive compounds in Aronia melanocarpa fruit offers health benefits. In this study, the anti-atherosclerotic effect of Aronia extracts was assessed. The impact on the level of adhesion molecules and the inflammatory response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was shown in relation to the chemical composition and the stage of ripening of the fruits. Samples were collected between May (green, unripe) and October (red, overripe) on two farms in Poland, which differed in climate. The content of chlorogenic acids, anthocyanins, and carbohydrates in the extracts was determined using HPLC-DAD/RI. The surface expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in HUVECs was determined by flow cytometry. The mRNA levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, IL-6, and MCP-1 were assessed using the quantitative real-time PCR method. The farms' geographical location was associated with the quantity of active compounds in berries and their anti-atherosclerotic properties. Confirmed activity for green fruits was linked to their high chlorogenic acid content.

Chlorogenic Acid Intravesical Therapy Changes Acute Voiding Behavior of Systemic Lipopolysaccharide Inflammation-Induced Cystitis Bladder in Mice.

This study explores the potential efficacy of chlorogenic acid (CGA) in mitigating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cystitis in a mice model. C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: normal control (NC), LPS, LPS + low CGA, and LPS + high CGA. Evaluation methods included cystometrogram (CMG), histopathological, western blot, and immunohistological analysis. In the LPS group, CMG revealed abnormal voiding behavior with increased micturition pressure, voided volume (VV), and decreased voided frequency. Low CGA treatment in LPS mice demonstrated improved micturition pressure and inter-contraction intervals (ICI). However, high CGA treatment exhibited prolonged ICI and increased VV, suggesting potential adverse effects. Histological analysis of LPS-treated mice displayed bladder inflammation and interstitial edema. Low CGA treatment reduced interstitial edema and bladder inflammation, confirmed by Masson's trichrome staining. Western blotting revealed increased cytokeratin 20 (K20) expression in the low CGA group, indicating structural abnormalities in the bladder umbrella layer after LPS administration. In conclusion, low CGA treatment positively impacted voiding behavior and decreased bladder edema and inflammation in the LPS-induced cystitis mice model, suggesting its potential as a supplement for inflammation cystitis prevention. However, high CGA treatment exhibited adverse effects, emphasizing the importance of dosage considerations in therapeutic applications.

Determination of Phytochemical Composition in Fruits and Leaves from Different Origins: Black Mulberry, Chokeberry and Elderberry Genotypes

Black mulberry, chokeberry and elderberry have medicinal properties associated with the presence of phytochemicals which are compounds with potential antioxidant properties. The previously published reports have shown that these compounds significantly affect the course of disease processes by counteracting oxidative stress. In this study, the primary anthocyanins were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Individual phenolic compounds, tocopherols and amygdalin were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Elemental contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The obtained results reveal the significant presence of primary and secondary compounds in the assessed fruits and leaves, with notable variations depending on fruit species and genotypes. The most abundant compounds were phenolic acids and flavonoids. Analyses indicated that chlorogenic acid, rutin, and cyanidin derivatives were predominant phenolic compounds in all fruit species, while phenolic acids and flavonoids were prominent in leaf samples. The highest chlorogenic acid was determined in black mulberry leaves (ranging from 2403.23 to 3542.53 mg/100 g). Generally, the concentration of phenolic compounds were higher in the leaves than in the fruits of the plant. The highest concentration of amygdalin was detected in black mulberry fruits, ranging from 102.12 to 272.46 mg/100 g. Calcium and potassium were the dominant elements in both berries and leaves.

Effect of Yuanbao Maple Tea Powder with High Chlorogenic Acid Content on Bread Quality

Using Yuanbao maple leaves as raw materials, the extraction process of chlorogenic acid in leaves was optimized, and single-factor and orthogonal experiments were carried out on ultrasonic temperature, time, and solid-liquid ratio through ultrasonic extraction. The results showed that the optimal level of the experiment was when the ratio of solid to liquid was 16:1, the concentration of ethanol was 60%, and the ultrasonic time was 15 min, and the extraction amount was 6.86% (mass fraction). Under the optimal extraction process conditions, the dynamic content of chlorogenic acid in the growth cycle of Yuanbaofeng in 2020 was analyzed. The results showed that the content of chlorogenic acid in the leaves of Yuanbaofeng in June was the highest, and the content in September was the least. In order to further explore the effect of Yuanbao maple tea powder on bread quality, different proportions of Yuanbao maple tea powder were added to bread to study its sensory effects on bread. The effects of scores, moisture content, texture, polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and other qualities. The results show that the water holding capacity, elasticity and anti-oxidation of bread are the best when the addition amount of GTB is 0.5%. Less elastic, more difficult to chew, and gradually unstable antioxidant properties.

Identification of Chlorogenic Acid, Caffeine, Melanoidin, Sucrose, and Protein Content of Local Indonesia Arabica Coffee Base on Its Cupping and Variety Variation

The increased demand for high-quality coffee led to the need to evaluate coffee quality for market acceptance. Indonesia has Arabica, which has the potential for high selling value. Arabica coffee varieties, including Ateng, Lini S, and Sigararutang, affect the content of compounds in coffee beans, such as chlorogenic acid, caffeine, melanoidin, sucrose, and protein. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of Arabica coffee varieties on the compound composition and flavor characteristics of coffee. The UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the quantity of chlorogenic acid, caffeine, melanoidin, sucrose, and protein in different Arabica coffee varietals. The study revealed that the content of these compounds differed among the varieties. The Lini S variety had the highest chlorogenic acid and caffeine content, while the Ateng variety had the highest melanoidin, sucrose, and protein content. The varying levels of chlorogenic acid and caffeine in coffee significantly impact its flavor, resulting in a unique sour and bitter taste in coffee brew. Melanoidin, a high-molecular-weight brown compound, contributes to the malty flavor of coffee, along with sweet, nutty, caramel, and spice notes. Sucrose adds a sweet hint to coffee brew, while protein has a relatively minimal influence on coffee flavor.

로스팅 단계 및 추출방식에 따른 커피의 클로로겐산 함량 최적화 연구

This study aims to identify roasting stages and extraction methods that minimize the degradation of chlorogenic acid in three of the most popular coffee beans in Korea, to lay the groundwork for producing functional coffee with maximized chlorogenic acid. An automatic roaster ensuring consistent execution of the programmed roasting process was used for precision. The results showed the highest chlorogenic acid content in Yirgacheffe Kokehoney from Ethiopia, with the light roasting stage yielding the greatest retention. Regarding extraction methods, a high-pressure extraction with an espresso machine outperformed the hand drip method in preserving chlorogenic acid. Therefore, it is recommended to light roast Ethiopian beans and extract them using an espresso machine, or to dark roast Indonesian Mandeling and employ a hand drip method for minimal chlorogenic acid loss. This study enhances the academic understanding of coffee by providing a theoretical exploration of chlorogenic acid's benefits to human health and identifying key roasting points to minimize its loss. By offering foundational data for the development of coffee products with minimized chlorogenic acid loss, this research contributes to the creation and distribution of high-chlorogenic acid coffee products, thereby aiding in the advancement of local economic development.

Phytochemical and Nutraceutical Screening of Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Phases of Romanian Galium verum Herba (Rubiaceae).

Galium species are used worldwide for their antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. Although this plant has demonstrated its antitumor properties on various types of cancer, its biological activity on cutaneous melanoma has not been established so far. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the phytochemical profile of two extracts of G. verum L. herba (ethanolic and ethyl acetate) as well as the biological profile (antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor effects) on human skin cancer. The extracts showed similar FT-IR phenolic profiles (high chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, and rutin), with high antioxidant capacity (EC50 of ethyl acetate phase (0.074 ± 0.01 mg/mL) > ethanol phase (0.136 ± 0.03 mg/mL)). Both extracts showed antimicrobial activity, especially against Gram-positive Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus bacilli strains, the ethyl acetate phase being more active. Regarding the in vitro antitumor test, the results revealed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against A375 melanoma cell lines, more pronounced in the case of the ethyl acetate phase. In addition, the ethyl acetate phase stimulated the proliferation of human keratinocytes (HaCaT), while this effect was not evident in the case of the ethanolic phase at 24 h post-stimulation. Consequently, G. verum l. could be considered a promising phytocompound for the antitumor approach of cutaneous melanoma.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of green and roasted coffee beans on human oral pathogens

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant content (total phenolics, chlorogenic acid (CGA), and caffeine), proximate composition, and antimicrobial activity of green and roasted coffee beans (coffee arabica and coffee canephora var Robusta) and evaluate their effect on three selected human oral pathogens (i.e., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei). Total phenolic content (TPC) was significantly higher in green C. robusta (5.48 mg/g) compared to green C. arabica (4.67 mg/g). However, there was significantly lower phenolic content in both roasted coffee types. Similarly, CGA content was higher in green C. robusta coffee (2.39 mg/g) compared to roasted C. robusta coffee (0.74 mg/g). Caffeine content was significantly higher in roasted C. robusta (1.36 mg/g) compared to green C. robusta (1.23 mg/g) and green C. arabica (1.04 mg/g). The extract of green C. robusta produced a larger mean diameter of inhibition zones at all concentrations against bacteria tested compared to C. arabica. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of all samples on L. casei were 50 mg/mL, while on S. mutans were 240 mg/mL. The MIC and MBC for green and roasted C. robusta and C. arabica tested on P. gingivalis were 100 mg/ml and 200 mg/mL, respectively. The results showed that green and roasted Robusta coffee had higher chlorogenic acid, total phenolic contents, and good antimicrobial activity compared to its counterparts. This study suggests the feasibility of using Robusta coffee in the food industry to increase the functionality of beverages.

Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant properties of unripe tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Unripe tomatoes are among the main waste produced during tomato cultivation and processing. In this study, unripe tomatoes from seven different Italian cultivars have been investigated to evaluate their nutraceutical potential. Phytochemical investigation allowed shedding light on the identification of seventy-five bioactive compounds. The highest amount of polyphenolic and glycoalkaloids along with the high level of antioxidant activities was found in the Datterini tomatoes variety. The peculiarity of this variety is the high chlorogenic acid content, being ten times higher compared to the other cultivars examined. Moreover, the total α-tomatine amount has been found substantially higher (34.699 ± 1.101 mg/g dry weight) with respect to the other tomato varieties analyzed. Furthermore, the cultivars metabolomic profiles were investigated with the PCA approach. Based on Datterini cultivar’s metabolomic profile, its waste-recovery could represent a good option for further added value products in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical areas with a high α-tomatine content.

Investigation of the Dual Role of Scorzonera pygmaea: Cytotoxic Activity and Antioxidant Potential

Scorzonera pygmaea, an indigenous plant of western Anatolia, belongs to the Scorzonera genus, which includes various species recognized for their edible and medicinal properties. This study is aimed at investigating the phenolic composition of S. pygmaea; evaluating its antioxidant, cytotoxic, apoptotic, and genotoxic activities; and assessing the impact of S. pygmaea on the expression of cell cycle regulatory genes. HPLC-DAD analysis identified chlorogenic acid as the predominant phenolic compound, potentially linking plant to dietary benefits. The antioxidant potential, evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging and CUPRAC assays, yielded an IC50 value of 63.53 ± 6.29 μg/ml and a Trolox equivalent of 0.061 ± 0.013 g/g, respectively. To assess antigrowth activity, the S. pygmaea extract was tested against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, along with the nonmalignant MCF-10A cell line, using sulforhodamine B and ATP cell viability assays. The results exhibited highly consistent IC50 values of 104.63, 179.27, and 90.83 μg/ml, respectively. Notably, the S. pygmaea extract induced apoptosis in all cell lines, with MDA-MB-231 cells displaying a higher percentage of early apoptotic cells under fluorescence microscopy. The comet assay revealed that S. pygmaea extract induced DNA damage in all cell lines, with MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells showing an accumulation of DNA damage over time. Gene expression analysis revealed significant alterations in cell cycle regulators, with each cell line displaying distinct and time-dependent patterns after exposure to S. pygmaea. Collectively, these findings underscore the cytotoxic, apoptotic, and genotoxic activities of S. pygmaea while simultaneously emphasizing its antioxidant potential, especially given its high chlorogenic acid content. The dual role of S. pygmaea, evidenced by its cytotoxic and antioxidant properties, suggests the potential for further exploration of its utilization within the food industry as a possible dietary resource, while necessitating further studies to fully understand its implications.

Hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid in sunflower flour increases consumer acceptability of sunflower flour cookies by improving cookie color.

Sunflower meal, a byproduct of sunflower oil pressing, is not commonly used in alkaline baking applications. This is because chlorogenic acid, the main phenolic antioxidant in sunflower seeds, reacts with protein, giving the baked product a green discoloration. Our group previously demonstrated that a chlorogenic acid esterase from Lactobacillus helveticus hydrolyzes chlorogenic acid in sunflower dough cookie formulations, resulting in cookies that were brown instead of green. This study presents a sensory analysis to determine the acceptability of enzymatically upcycled sunflower meal as an alternative protein source for those allergic to meals from legumes or tree nuts. We hypothesized that the mechanism of esterase-catalyzed chlorogenic acid breakdown does not influence the cookies' sensory properties other than color and that consumers would prefer treated, brown cookies over non-treated cookies. Cookies made from sunflower meal were presented under green lights to mask color and tested by 153 panelists. As expected, the sensory properties (flavor, smell, texture, and overall acceptability) of the treated and non-treated cookies were not statistically different. These results corroborate proximate analysis, which demonstrated that there was no difference between enzymatically treated and non-treated cookies other than color and chlorogenic acid content. After the cookie color was revealed, panelists strongly preferred the treated cookies with 58% indicating that they "probably" or "definitely" would purchase the brown cookies, whereas only 5.9% would buy green, non-treated cookies. These data suggest that esterase-catalyzed breakdown of chlorogenic acid represents an effective strategy to upcycle sunflower meal for baking applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Sunflower meal is currently used as animal fodder or discarded. A major factor preventing sunflower meal use is its high chlorogenic acid content, which causes a green discoloration of baked goods made from sunflower meals under alkaline conditions. This study presents a sensory analysis in which panelists evaluate cookies made with sunflower flour that was treated with an esterase that breaks down chlorogenic acid. The results show that enzymatic treatment prevents greening and that panelists strongly prefer esterase-treated, non-green cookies, thus demonstrating the feasibility of utilizing sunflower flour in baking applications.

Cleavage of macromolecule (protein/polysaccharide)-phenolic bond in soybean cell wall through Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus helviticus mixed culture solid-state fermentation for chlorogenic acid extraction

Out of the available dietary sources use for chlorogenic acid extraction, soybean is new and cheap that could offer cost-effective chlorogenic acid production under solid-state fermentation (SSF). Consequently, the study aimed at investigating the cleavage of protein/carbohydrate-phenolic bond in heilong48 soybean (HS) variety via solid-state fermentation by Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus helviticus mixed culture for chlorogenic acid extraction with high yield and increased biological activity. A simplistic two-pot bioproduct optimization approach was used; first, screening (Plackett-Burman design) of SSF conditions and second, optimizing (Box-Behnken design) the significant SSF conditions obtained from the former design. The liquid-solid (liquid:solid) ratio of 32:68 (0.47), incubation time of 48 h, pH of 5, and temperature of 50 °C were the best-optimized SSF conditions obtained from the chronological combinatory screening and optimization methods. These conditions gave a satisfactory SSF model, and correspondingly acceptable chlorogenic acid yield (9.20 ± 0.17 mg/g), fermentation efficiency (37.26 ± 0.73%), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging activity (DPPH) (65.21 ± 2.05 μmol AA eq/g dry sample) results. The L. casei and L. helviticus mixed culture fermented heilong48 soybean (MCFHS) sample (under optimized SSF conditions) had high (p < 0.05) chlorogenic acid yield and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging activity than the raw heilong48 soybean flour (RHSF) sample. The effectiveness of the optimized solid-state fermentation conditions on the structural modifications of heilong48 soybean sample was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared results.

Full-length transcriptome sequencing and transgenic tobacco revealed the key genes in the chlorogenic acid synthesis pathway of Sambucus chinensis L.

Chlorogenic acid is a key chemical in antioxidation and antisepsis. Sambucus chinensis L. is a herbaceous plant rich in chlorogenic acid and a potential genetic resource for breeding high-chlorogenic acid plants. However, there are few studies on the synthesis pathway of chlorogenic acid in S. chinensis. Our study found chlorogenic acid accumulation in S. chinensis to be organ-specific, higher in leaves and buds but lower in roots, stems and fruits. A total number of 546,844 CCS (Circular Consensus Sequence), including 402,767 full-length non-chimeric (FLNC) and 39 annotated sequences related to the synthesis of chlorogenic acid, was obtained by single-molecule real-time sequencing technology (SMRT). qRT-PCR showed that a number of key genes involved in chlorogenic acid synthesis were differentially expressed in various tissues of S. chinensis. Transgenic tobacco revealed that ectopic expression of the HCT homologous gene HCT-45178 increased the content of chlorogenic acid. Our results should be the first report of full-length transcriptome data of S. chinensis, which help to understand the basis of chlorogenic acid synthesis and provide a novel strategy for breeding tobacco cultivars with higher levels of chlorogenic acid. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Calorimetric, volumetric and structural studies of the interaction between chlorogenic acid and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is the main component of coffee and an antioxidant. CGA has been reported to bear various good health effects. At the same time, it has been found that the addition of CGA induces an undesirable deformation of red blood cells. This fact suggests that CGA may bind to the proteins or/and membrane lipids of red blood cells. This study aimed to examine how CGA binds the bilayers of phosphatidylcholine (PC), one of red blood cells' primary lipids. To this end, we investigated the effect of CGA on the phase behavior and the structure of dipalmitoyl-PC (DPPC) bilayers in the form of multi-lamellar vesicles. Calorimetry and dilatometry measurements showed that the DPPC chain melting transition cooperativity decreases as increasing CGA concentrations. In addition, X-ray diffraction results showed that the lamellar repeat periodicity becomes disordered, and the periodicity disappears completely at high CGA concentrations. Together with these findings, it can be inferred that the CGA molecules do not penetrate inside the DPPC bilayers but bind to their surface in a negatively charged form.

Effect of In Vitro Digestion on the Phenolic Content of Herbs Collected from Eastern Anatolia.

Phenolic compounds in herbs have high antioxidant activities, and their consumption as functional foods may impact human health positively. The main objective of this study was to investigate the total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents as well as total antioxidant capacities (TAC) of bioactive compounds in various infusions prepared by herbs collected from the Bingöl region of Turkey during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. According to the results, while the highest TPC (5836 ± 373 mg GAE/100 g dw), TFC (2301 ± 158 CE/100 g, dw), and TAC (1347 mg TE/100 g dw) were obtained with Anchusa azurea Mill. species, Crataegus orientalis exhibited the lowest values (863 ± 24 mg GAE/100 g dw, 242 ± 23 CE/100 g dw, 735 ± 47 mg TE/100 g dw, respectively). Gallic acid and chlorogenic acid were the most common phenolic compounds in the infusions. In detail, the highest gallic acid was found in E. spectabilis M. Bieb (27.3 ± 0.9 mg/100 g of dw) and the highest chlorogenic acid was observed in F. elaeochytris (919.2 ± 35.7 mg/100 g of dw). After in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, the highest bioaccessibility values of TPC and TFC were determined as 0.6- and 3-fold of the values observed in undigested C. orientalis, respectively. Besides, C. orientalis Pall. had the highest bioaccessibility of TAC according to the DPPH (6.7-fold increase) and CUPRAC (9.7-fold increase) assays. It can be concluded that the use of these medicinal herbs in human dietary intake due to their high bioactive compounds even after digestion can improve nutritional value and contribute to human health.

Cultivation potential of Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund wild populations: morphological and biochemical variation

AbstractThe common dandelion (Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund) is known for its medicinal properties and as a non-toxic, highly nutritious edible plant. Even though the herb is mostly collected in the wild, the food and pharmaceutical industries prefer cultivated plant material. Cultivation offers the possibility to achieve predictable yields, ensure the botanical identity of the plants and products can be certified according to organic or biodynamic standards; therefore the interest in domestication is growing. Due to the scarcity of research on dandelion cultivation in agricultural systems, the current study focused on determining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of 13 wild populations from Latvia in an organic farming system. Populations collected at Gluda, Priekuli, Mundigciems, Marupe as well as variety TA008 had the highest dry root weight (&gt;100 g per plant) and exceeded the root weight of variety Nouvelle more than two-fold. The highest concentration of chlorogenic acid (CHA) (0.12%) and chicoric acid (CCA) (0.15%) was found in the wild population collected in Turaida. The wild populations from Marupe and Mundigciems had a high average root weight as well as a relatively high CHA and CCA content, making them suitable for commercial growing. The present study examined the feasibility of cultivating wild dandelion populations in an organic farming system. The results revealed a high degree of variation within and between populations; therefore, dandelion wild populations can be used for domestication, breeding and selection of accessions most suitable for the pharmaceutical or food industries.

Chlorogenic Acid Fractionation in Robusta Green Bean Extract as a Combination Agent of Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Periodontal Tissue Engineering

Background: Robusta coffee beans contain very high chlorogenic acid. In the last decade, chlorogenic acid was developed as an adjunct in stem cells to enhance the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of stem cells when used as a therapeutic agent. Chlorogenic acid can increase proliferation and migration and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in stem cells thereby increasing the ability of stem cells to regenerate tissue. Purpose: To analyze the levels of chlorogenic acid in robusta coffee bean extract which can be used as a combination agent for Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSC) in periodontal tissue engineering therapy. Materials and Methods: Robusta coffee bean extract was obtained from the Coffee and Cocoa Research Center, Jember Regency which was processed and processed using the fractionation method. This study used DPSC with the extraction of premolar teeth of orthodontic patients. The toxicity test was performed on the coffee extract 0.0625%; 0.125%; 0.25%; 0.5% to determine the biocompatible concentration of DPSC. Results: The highest fractionation and measurement of chlorogenic acid content obtained was 30.49%. Robusta coffee bean extract with a chlorogenic acid content of 30.49% at concentrations of 0.125% and 0.0625% did not cause toxicity to DPSC. Conclusion: Chlorogenic acid in robusta coffee bean extract concentrations of 0.125% and 0.0625% are relatively biocompatible as a combination agent for DPSC in periodontal tissue engineering therapy.

LncRNA-mediated ceRNA regulatory network provides new insight into chlorogenic acid synthesis in sweet potato.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is considered a highly nutritional and economical crop due to its high contents of bioactive substances, such as anthocyanin and chlorogenic acid (CGA), especially in leaves and stems. The roles of noncoding RNAs (ncRNA), including long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), in CGA synthesis, are still unknown. In this study, the differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs in two leafy vegetable genotypes "FS7-6-14-7" (high CGA content) and "FS7-6" (low CGA content) were identified. The cis-regulation between lncRNA and mRNA was analyzed. Then, the CGA synthesis-related modules MEBlue and MEYellow were identified to detect trans-regulation mRNA-lncRNA pairs. The GO and KEGG annotations suggested that mRNA in these two modules was significantly enriched in the secondary metabolite synthesis biosynthesis category. A competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) network, including 8730 miRNA-mRNA and 444 miRNA-lncRNA pairs, was constructed by DEmiRNA target prediction. Then, a CGA synthesis-related ceRNA network was obtained with lncRNA and mRNA from MEBlue and MEYellow. Finally, one relational pair, MSTRG.47662.1/mes-miR398/itb04g00990, was selected for functional validation. Overexpression of lncRNA MSTRG.47662.1 and mRNA itb04g00990 increased CGA content in both tobacco and sweet potato callus, while overexpression of miRNA mes-miR398 decreased CGA content. Meanwhile, regression analysis of the expression patterns demonstrated that MSTRG.47662.1, acting as a ceRNA, promoted itb04g00990 expression by competitively binding mes-miR398 in CGA synthesis in sweet potato. Our results provide insights into how ncRNA-mediated ceRNA regulatory networks likely contribute to CGA synthesis in leafy sweet potato.

Haskap Berry Leaves (Lonicera caerulea L.)-The Favorable Potential of Medical Use.

The presented research evaluates the medical use potential of Lonicera caerulea leaves, which are waste plants in cultivating berries. The study’s screening activity included the leaves of five varieties of Lonicera caerulea: Atut, Duet, Wojtek, Zojka, and Jugana. The microbiological analysis confirmed the safety of using Lonicera caerulea leaves without significant stabilization. Lonicera caerulea leaves standardization was carried out based on the results of the chromatographic analysis, and it showed differences in the contents of active compounds (loganic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids, and rutin), which are attributed to biological activity. For the Lonicera caerulea leaves varieties tested, the differences in the content of total polyphenol content, chlorophylls, and carotenoids were also confirmed. The screening of biological activity of five Lonicera caerulea leaf varieties was carried out concerning the possibility of inhibiting the activity of α-glucosidase, lipase, and hyaluronidase as well, and the antioxidant potential was determined. The defined profile of the biological activity of Lonicera caerulea leaves makes it possible to indicate this raw material as an essential material supporting the prevention and treatment of type II diabetes. However, this research showed that tested enzymes were strongly inhibited by the variety Jugana. The health-promoting potential of Lonicera caerulea leaves was correlated with the highest chlorogenic acid and rutin content in the variety Jugana.