High Category Research Articles

Effect of vigorous-intensity physical activity on incident cognitive impairment in high-risk hypertension.

We investigated the effect vigorous physical activity (VPA) on the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and probable dementia among individuals with high-risk hypertension. Baseline self-reported frequency of VPA was categorized into low VPA (<1 session/week), and high VPA (≥1 session/week). We used multivariate Cox regression analysis to examine the association of VPA categories with incident MCI and probable dementia events. Participants in the high VPA category, compared with low VPA, experienced lower events rates (per 1000 person-years) of MCI (13.9vs 19.7), probable dementia (6.3vs 9.0), and MCI/probable dementia (18.5vs 25.8). In the multivariate Cox regression model, high VPA, compared with low VPA, was associated with lower risk of MCI, probable dementia, and MCI/probable dementia (HR [95% CI]: 0.81 [0.68-0.97], 0.80 [0.63-1.03], and 0.82 [0.70-0.96]), respectively. This study provides evidence that VPA may preserve cognitive function in high-risk patients with hypertension. Hypertension is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment Physical activity (PA) is associated with a lower risk of decline in cognition The effect of ≥1 sessions of vigorous-intensity PA (VPA) per week was assessed This analysis included SPRINT MIND trial participants with high-risk hypertension ≥1 VPA sessions/week was associated with lower risk of future cognitive impairment.

Candida albicans and Candida glabrata: global priority pathogens.

SUMMARYA significant increase in the incidence of Candida-mediated infections has been observed in the last decade, mainly due to rising numbers of susceptible individuals. Recently, the World Health Organization published its first fungal pathogen priority list, with Candida species listed in medium, high, and critical priority categories. This review is a synthesis of information and recent advances in our understanding of two of these species-Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Of these, C. albicans is the most common cause of candidemia around the world and is categorized as a critical priority pathogen. C. glabrata is considered a high-priority pathogen and has become an increasingly important cause of candidemia in recent years. It is now the second most common causative agent of candidemia in many geographical regions. Despite their differences and phylogenetic divergence, they are successful as pathogens and commensals of humans. Both species can cause a broad variety of infections, ranging from superficial to potentially lethal systemic infections. While they share similarities in certain infection strategies, including tissue adhesion and invasion, they differ significantly in key aspects of their biology, interaction with immune cells, host damage strategies, and metabolic adaptations. Here we provide insights on key aspects of their biology, epidemiology, commensal and pathogenic lifestyles, interactions with the immune system, and antifungal resistance.

Effectiveness of Talking Stick Learning Model in Improving the Mastery of Arabic Vocabulary at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Darussalam Samarinda

Mufrodat is one of the language elements that must be mastered. However, the problem that students often face when learning a foreign language, including Arabic, is that students easily forget in remembering a number of vocabulary that has been memorized. To overcome this problem, the researcher offers a Talking Stick learning model to improve the mastery of Arabic vocabulary. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Talking Stick learning model in improving students' mastery of Arabic vocabulary. This research is a quantitative research with a type of quasi experiment approach (pseudo experiment) design the non-equivalent control group, with a sample of 27 students consisting of 14 students (control class) and 13 students (experimental class). The data collection method used was a test consisting of pre-test and post-test. The data analysis technique used was the independent sample t-test. Based on the research results obtained, the average value of the post-test in the experimental class was 90, while the control class was 60. The results of data analysis using the independent sample t-test showed that the significance value (2 tailed) was 0.000 &lt;0.05. It can be said that is rejected and is accepted. Based on the results of the N-Gain Score calculation, it shows that the average value of the N-Gain score for the experimental class is 0.7840, including in the high category. So it can be concluded that the Talking Stick learning model is effective in a high category in improving students' mastery of Arabic vocabulary at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Darussalam Samarinda.

Dopamine D2 receptor antagonism of antipsychotics and the risk of death due to choking

The risk of fatal choking for people with schizophrenia and associations with antipsychotic medication are largely unknown. Therefore, we calculated the choking-related standardized mortality ratio for schizophrenia relative to the general population (SMRchoking). We also computed adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) of choking-related mortality for antipsychotics in a nationwide cohort of patients with schizophrenia (N = 59,916). SMRchoking was 20.5 (95 % confidence interval (CI)=17.1–23.9). The aHR was 1.74 (95 %CI=1.19–2.55) for strong dopamine 2-antagonists. For other antipsychotics, CIs included 1. Importantly, aHRs were particularly high for high dose categories of strong dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) antagonists. In conclusion, a schizophrenia diagnosis is associated with a 20-fold risk of death due to choking. This risk is elevated during use of strong D2R antagonist antipsychotics, particularly when prescribed in high dosages.

[18F]FAPI adds value to [18F]FDG PET/CT for diagnosing lymph node metastases in stage I-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective study

BackgroundThis study investigates the value of fluorine 18 ([18F])-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) for lymph node (LN) metastases in patients with stage I-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsFrom November 2021 to October 2022, 53 patients with stage I-IIIA NSCLC who underwent radical resection were prospectively included. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and [18F]FAPI examinations were performed within one week. LN staging was validated using surgical and pathological findings. [18F]FDG and [18F]FAPI uptake was compared using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. Furthermore, the diagnostic value of nodal groups was investigated.ResultsIn 53 patients (median age, 64 years, range: 31–76 years), the specificity of [18F]FAPI for detecting LN metastasis was significantly higher than that of [18F]FDG (P < 0.001). High LN risk category, greater LN short-axis dimension(≥ 1.0 cm), absence of LN calcification or high-attenuation, and higher LN FDG SUVmax (≥ 10.1) were risk factors for LN metastasis(P < 0.05). The concurrence of these four risk factors accurately predicted LN metastases (Positive Predictive Value [PPV] 100%), whereas the presence of one to three risk factors was unable to accurately discriminate the nature of LNs (PPV 21.7%). Adding [18F]FAPI in this circumstance improved the diagnostic value. LNs with an [18F]FAPI SUVmax<6.2 were diagnosed as benign (Negative Predictive Value 93.8%), and LNs with an [18F]FAPI SUVmax≥6.2 without calcification or high-attenuation were diagnosed as LN metastasis (PPV 87.5%). Ultimately, the integration of [18F]FDG and [18F]FAPI PET/CT resulted in the highest accuracy for N stage (83.0%) and clinical decision revisions for 29 patients.ConclusionIn patients with stage I-IIIA NSCLC, [18F]FAPI contributed additional valuable information to reduce LN diagnostic uncertainties after [18F]FDG PET/CT. Integrating [18F]FDG and [18F]FAPI PET/CT resulted in more precise clinical decisions.Trial registrationThe Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2100044944 (Registered: 1 April 2021, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojEN.html?proj=123995).

Development of an Assessment Instrument to Measure High School Students' Collaboration Skills in Physics Learning

This study aims to determine the feasibility of the instrument for assessing students' collaboration skills in learning physics. This research is Research and Development (R &amp; D) research with the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) model. In this research, the researcher limited the stages in the ADDIE model to the development stage only, so that the development research stages were reduced from five steps to three steps, namely analysis, design and development. The population in this study were students of SMA Negeri 1 Piyungan with a sample of 25 students. The instrument used is a questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using validity and reliability tests with the help of the SPSS application. The results obtained show that the validity value obtained is 1.00 with a very high validity category and the reliability value shown through the Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.927 is in the very high criteria. In the small group trial, an rtable value of 0.396 was also obtained, and the rcount value was in the range of 0.425 – 0.760. From these results it shows that the instrument for assessing students' collaboration skills in learning physics is valid and feasible to use.

Characteristics and quality of clinical practice guidelines for diabetic kidney disease: a systematic review.

To assess the quality of Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in the context of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and determine whether any factors affect the quality. We searched eight databases along with five international and national organizations to develop or archive guidelines from their inception to July 2023, with an additional search of medlive.cn. And the authoritative organizations related to nephrology. CPGs and consensus statements created using direct differential diagnosis or therapy for DKD were included without language restrictions. Their quality was evaluated by four reviewers using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation Ⅱ (AGREE Ⅱ) instrument. Along with the item and domain scores, the guideline was also allocated an overall quality score, which ranged from 1 (lowest possible quality) to 7 (highest possible quality). Moreover, an overall recommendation for use was also assigned ("recommended", "recommended with modifications" or "not recommended"). A total of 16 CPGs were included, of which 14 were from Asia and the remaining two from Europe. These two CPGs were updated in the third version. Six CPGs were recommended for use because their primary domains scored in the medium or high category. Furthermore, five CPGs were recommended with modifications as the stakeholder involvement, applicability, and editorial independence domains were evaluated as low categories. In all domains, the lowest average score was for rigour of development (33%), followed by application (36%), and stakeholder involvement (51%). The highest average score was for scope and purpose (79%), followed by clarity of presentation (75%). None of the CPGs considered the patient's viewpoint, and six of 16 CPGs did not use any grading system to translate the evidence into recommendations. Additionally, only three of 16 CPGs shared search strategy, and eight of 16 CPGs did not declare a funding source. According to the AGREE II evaluation, more than one in four CPGs for DKD had poor methodological quality. Enhanced efforts are needed to advance the rigour of development, application, and editorial independence of DKD guideline panels for most guidelines. Stakeholders, CPG developers, and CPG users should consider methodological quality while choosing CPGs, and interpret and implement their issued suggestions.

Enhancing decision-making skills through geoscience education for sustainable development

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Sustainable development (SD) can be achieved through education. The goal of incorporating SD principles into education is to enhance both the present and future quality of human life. This study analyzes learning effectiveness by developing education for sustainable development (ESD) based inquiry to improve students’ decision-making skills. Specifically, this study aimed to explore ESD-based inquiry learning tools, analyze student decision-making skills, and analyze student responses to ESD-based inquiry learning tools. The development research used is a 4D model (define, design, develop, and disseminate) and a one-group pre-test-posttest design. Validation sheets, tests, and questionnaires are employed as data-gathering tools. Data analysis using percentage, mean, n-gain, and paired sample t-test techniques. The results showed the following: i) ESD-based inquiry learning tools developed according to the assessment of experts and practitioners are in the valid and reliable category in terms of both construction and substance; ii) the ESD-based inquiry learning is effective in improving students’ decision-making skills with an average gain (gain score) in the high category; and iii) the student's response to each learning process using ESD-based inquiry learning is very good and is considered more exciting and motivating. This finding contributes to educators developing various ESD-based learning materials, especially geoscience materials, to achieve quality learning.&lt;/span&gt;

The Relationship of Analytical Skills and Information Literacy on Student Learning Outcomes of Economic Education Study Program at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Lambung Mangkurat University

This study aims to determine the relationship between analytical skills and information literacy on student learning outcomes of the Economic Education Study Program FKIP ULM. This study used a descriptive method with a quantitative approach, the research sample was taken using a proportionate stratified random sampling technique and obtained 141 samples. Data collection techniques using tests, questionnaires and documentation. The analysis technique uses descriptive analysis and hypothesis testing using the Kendall Tau-B Correlation test and the Kendall W Concordance Coefficient test because the data in this study are not normally distributed. The results showed that: (1) students’ analytical skills were included in the high category, (2) students’ information literacy was included in the medium category, (3) there was a positive relationship between analytical skills and learning outcomes (τ = 0.256; p &lt; 0.05), (4) There is a positive relationship between information literacy and learning outcomes (τ = 0.201; p &lt; 0.05). The results of the Kendall W Concordance Coefficient test show the strength of the relationship of 0.940 which is included in the very strong category. Developing analytical skills and improving information literacy are essential for achieving better learning outcomes. To accomplish this, students must learn effective habits of gathering information, paraphrasing, and creating new knowledge. This ability can help students become more effective learners, leading to improved academic performance and long-term success.

Technology and Language: Improving Speaking Skills through Cybergogy-Based Learning

Language learning in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Society 5.0 era is required to produce students with 21st-century skills by increasing the capacity and capability of using technology in learning. Technology-based learning, known as cybergogy, is a continuity of learning paradigms that previously applied the principles of pedagogy and andragogy in the learning process. As a new concept in learning, cybergogy is essential in improving 21st-century skills in the form of the 6Cs (Citizenship, Character, Critical Thinking and Problem Solving, Communication, Creativity, and Collaboration). Enhancing communication skills through cybergogy-based learning is a novelty that has not been done much and has become the focal point of research. This research, part of development research using the ADDIE model, employed a quasi-experimental design conducted in 3 senior high schools in Yogyakarta, representing one school per category, namely the lower, medium, and high categories, based on UTBK scores. A non-equivalent control group design involving an experimental and control class was applied. The results of this study, which showed a significant improvement in students' communication skills, especially speaking aspects, through blended learning, are of great significance. Therefore, it can be concluded that cybergogy-based language learning has proven effective in improving students' communication skills through blended learning.

Relationship between Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Neoadjuvant Chemoterapy Responsiveness: A Cross-Sectional Study on Breast Cancer Patients

Breast cancer is still a significant health problem in the world, with chemotherapy as an essential component in its management. Limited research on tumor- infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) as a biomarker for the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment was conducted and is still contradictory. This study aims to investigate the relationship between TILs and the clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. The research used a cross-sectional study on eligible breast cancer patients in Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital in Makassar. TIL levels were grouped based on the histopathological examination results of breast tissue samples into three categories: low (0% to 10%), medium 15% to 50% and high (55% to 100%). Responsiveness was assessed based on changes in tumor size after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The Chi-Square test is the primary analysis in this study. Results of 40 participants, the sample had a median age of 40 (27-73 years), mainly in the clinical stage III (40.0%), had moderate TIL concentration (47.5%), and was responsive to the neoadjuvant chemotherapy (87.5%). There was no significant association between TIL concentration and chemotherapy responsiveness (p &gt; 0.05). However, in post-chemotherapy conditions, the median value of tumor size in the group with the high TIL category was significantly lower than in the low and medium TIL groups (p=0.034). There was no association between TIL levels and the clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Student Perceptions of the Prospects of the Geography Education Study Program

Purpose of the study: The aim of this research is to describe students' perceptions of the prospects of the Geophysical Education Study Program. Methodology: The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. To obtain the desired data and in accordance with the interests of research explanation, the author used data collection techniques through questionnaire instruments and the techniques used in analyzing the data were in the form of percentages. Main Findings: Based on the results of the analysis in this research, the following were found: (1) the indicators of student views of the Geography Education Study Program are in the high category, (2) indicators of student responses regarding the Prospects of the Geography Education Study Program are in the medium category, (3) indicators The Geography Education Study Program students feel that they are in the high category in terms of study program development, which is good at providing education and learning, producing quality graduates, as well as developing the professionalism of internal human resources in order to produce superior and reliable figures. Novelty/Originality of this study: This research can be useful for the Geography Education Study Program, namely as information in the development of the Geography Education Study Program and as literature for further research, especially those related to the development of the Geography Education Study Program.

Professional competence of school counselors in guidance and counseling services

The professional competence of guidance and counseling teachers is an important aspect and affects the quality of guidance and counseling services provided by school counselor. As a guidance and counseling teacher, it is important and necessary to acquire professional competencies to facilitate the needs of students at school and to be able to provide the best service in helping students. The school counsellor profession is a job that is required special requirements so that in the implementation of the services provided can convince and gain the trust of those who need help. The professional competency standards of guidance and counseling teachers refer to whether they can master concepts, live and embody values, provide and demonstrate assistance, and professional performance of their responsibility. The research method used to achieve this goal is Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The results of some literature show that most guidance and counseling teachers have fulfilled professional competencies with high categories, this is shown by the guidance and counseling services provided in accordance with existing standards. However, this study also shows that some other guidance and counseling teachers are still in the medium and low categories. This affects the effectiveness of the services provided, so that guidance and counseling teachers need to improve their professional competence.

The Effectiveness of Campus Teaching Programs in Improving Students' Literacy and Numeration

The teaching campus is one of the programs run by the government in an effort to improve the literacy and numeracy skills of students in Indonesia. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of campus teaching programs in improving students' literacy and numeracy skills at the elementary school level. To realize this goal, experimental research was applied in this research. This research was conducted at SDN 11 Praya and SDN Tapon. The number of samples in this study was 57 students, with details of 27 students at SDN 11 Praya and 20 students at SDN Tapon. The sample in this study was taken using a simple random sampling technique. There are two instruments used in this research, namely literacy and numeracy ability test instruments. This test instrument has been prepared by the campus teaching team and is used externally in Indonesian schools. The test was carried out twice, namely at the beginning of the program (pretest) and at the end of the program (posttest). The test is carried out online using a computer and/or cellphone. The research data was then analyzed using normalized gain calculations (N-gain). Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that the Teaching Campus program was effective in increasing students' literacy and numeracy. The effectiveness of the teaching campus program in improving the literacy skills of students at SDN 11 Praya is in the medium category with an N-gain score of 0.59, while the effectiveness of the teaching campus program in improving the numeracy skills of students at SDN Tapon is in the high category with an N-gain score of 0 .78.

The Relationship of The Medication Adherence Model to The Quality of Life of Communities Pulmonary Tuberculosis Suffering in The Working Area of The Muliorejo Health Center, Sunggal District, Deli Serdang 2023

Tuberculosis sufferers experience changes in their physical, psychological health and social life which can have an impact on the quality of life of pulmonary tuberculosis sufferers. Curing pulmonary tuberculosis requires regular treatment for up to 6 months. The purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between the Medication Adherence Model and the Quality of Life of People Suffering from Pulmonary Tuberculosis at the Muliorejo Community Health Center, Sunggal District, Deli Serdang Regency. This research method uses descriptive collaborative with a cross sectional approach. Sampling was taken by accidental sampling with a sample size of 60 respondents. Medication adherence was obtained using the MMAS-8 questionnaire and quality of life using the WHO Qol-BREF questionnaire. The statistical analysis used is the Chi-Square test. Of the 60 respondents, 25 respondents were found in the low medication adherence category, namely 25 people (41.7%) had a poor quality of life, 20 people (33.3%) had a moderate quality of life and none had a moderate quality of life. good, out of a total of 30 respondents in the high medication adherence category, 35 people (58.3%) had a quality of life in the moderate category, 20 people (33.3%) experienced a quality of life in the good category and no one experienced a poor quality of life. Based on the results of the Chi-Square Test, it was found that the pvalue (0.000) was smaller than the significant value (0.05) so that Ha was accepted, which means there is a relationship between adherence to taking medication and the quality of life of Tuberculosis patients in the Muliorejo Community Health Center working area. There is a relationship between adherence to taking medication and quality of life in tuberculosis patients in the Muliorejo Community Health Center working area. Consume nutritious food · Let sunlight enter the room · Use a mask · Limit contact at the start of treatment · Wash your hands frequently.

Dual-Language Use and Cognitive Function Among Mexican Americans Aged 65 and Older.

Better English proficiency and higher frequency of using English among non-native speakers are associated with lower dementia risk. We investigated if Mexican American older adults who use English and Spanish to a more similar degree demonstrate better cognitive function than those who use one language more than the other. We used data from waves one (1992/93) to eight (2012/13) of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly. At baseline, participants were asked what language they usually use across communicative contexts. We based dual language on participants' use of Spanish and English within and across contexts. We categorized participants as low (n = 1,145), medium (n = 717), and high (n = 702) dual-language users. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the association between dual-language use, baseline Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, and change in MMSE. Participants in the medium and high dual-language use categories scored 1.91 points and 3.03 points higher at wave one compared to the low dual-language use category. Adjusting for education reduced the association between dual-language use and baseline MMSE (medium B = 0.99 SE = 0.19 p < 0.01; high B = 1.41 SE = 0.21 p < 0.01). The association between dual-language use and decline in the MMSE was not statistically significant. Greater dual-language use was associated with higher MMSE scores but not change in MMSE scores among Mexican Americans aged 65 and older. Future work should characterize bilingualism with greater nuance and use more rigorous cognitive measures to identify the components of the bilingual experience that may benefit the cognitive functioning of older adult bilinguals.

Factors Influencing Adoption of Faro 58 Rice Package (NERICA 7) by Small Holder Farmers of Katsina State, Nigeria

This study investigates the multifaceted factors that enhance the adoption of the FARO 58 rice package, specifically focusing on the NERICA 7 variety, among smallholder farmers in Katsina State, Nigeria. The FARO 58 rice package, known for its adaptability to diverse agro-ecological zones and improved yield potential, serves as a crucial element in enhancing food security and livelihoods within the region. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to arrive at a sample size of 220 respondents based on a sample frame of 2,630 farmers. Data obtained for the study were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result of the study indicated that the average proportion of the respondents fall within the medium adoption category (0.34-0.66), 42.3% fall within the high adoption category (0.67-1.0), while only a small fraction of the respondents (6.4%) fall within the low adoption category. This could enable smallholder rice farmers to take advantage of access to agricultural information and technology adoption. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that farmers’ socio-economic factors had a significant influence on their adoption of the FARO 58 rice production package in the study area.

Persepsi Mahasiswa terhadap Penerapan E-Learning dalam Pembelajaran

Since entering the industrial revolution 4.0 which began in the 21st century, technological developments have been accelerating and affecting various aspects of life including education. Current technological developments also have a significant influence on a person's perception to continue to adopt and integrate technological things in learning. The purpose of this research is to find out how mathematics education students perceive the use of e-learning in learning. This research is a quantitative descriptive research involving 31 students of the Mathematics Education undergraduate study program, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Keguruan UIN Alauddin Makassar, class of 2020-2022. Data collection was done through observation, questionnaire, and documentation. The data analysis used was descriptive analysis. The results showed that mathematics education students towards e-learning learning were in the high category. This indicates great potential for increased use, curriculum development, and technical and infrastructure support in an e-learning environment.

ANALISIS TINGKAT RESILIENSI MATEMATIS SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA

The purpose of this study is to determine the resilience level of 11th-grade students at MA PP Assalam Naga Beralih in mathematics, as mathematical resilience is crucial for students to be able to withstand challenges in learning mathematics. This research employs a quantitative approach combined with descriptive methodology. The population in this study consists of 11th-grade students at MA PP Assalam Naga Beralih. The sample of this study includes fifteen 11th-grade students from MA PP Assalam Naga Beralih. The research instrument used is a non-test instrument in the form of a questionnaire. The research data is derived from the mathematical resilience questionnaire. The percentages were examined and explained as part of the data analysis method. The results of the study show that 27% or 4 students fall into the high category, 60% or 9 students fall into the medium category, and 13% or 2 students fall into the low category. Therefore, it can be concluded that the mathematical resilience level of 11th-grade students at MA PP Assalam Naga Beralih, based on the percentage of responses from each student according to the indicators, indicates a medium level of resilience

The Effectiveness of Developing Science Learning Devices with the Integrated PBL Model of the STEM Approach in Improving Students' Problem-Solving Ability and Self-Efficacy

Natural science learning is a process of discovery, therefore science learning includes systematic exploration activities, which means not only mastering systematic accumulation but also the process of discovery. It's helps aid participants in solving problems. However, the phenomena encountered show that students' problem-solving abilities are still quite low. The low problem-solving ability is also influenced by students' self-efficacy. Therefore, it is necessary to innovate the development of science learning tools using appropriate models. One model that can be use is the integrated PBL model with the STEM approach. The development carried out aims to increase students' problem-solving abilities and self-efficacy. This type of research is R&amp;D research with the ADDIE development model. Study findings indicate that students' problem-solving abilities have increased by 0.81 in the high category and their self-efficacy has increased by 0.30 in the medium category. These findings are based on the acquisition of the N-gain value. Consequently, it is beneficial to increase students' problem-solving skills and self-efficacy to design science learning resources that incorporate the PBL model and the STEM approach.