High Carbon Stocks Research Articles

Edge Effects in Tree Diversity and Carbon Stock in South Slope at Phulchoki Forest, Lalitpur Nepal

The floral community changes in elevation. Due to the more diverse ecological characteristics, the diverse flora, and the number of landscape elements, there is a change in diversity called the edge effect. This study examines the role of altitude (1400–1800 m, 1800–2400 m, and above 2400 m) and how floral diversity changes with altitude variation. The aim of this study is to examine the carbon stock at which altitudinal range it is higher and why. One tree species (oak) was found at highest altitude (2650 m) followed by intermediate altitude (2100 m) further with greatest number of tree species at low altitude (1600 m). Higher species diversity (Shanon Index: 2.1863) and density (5575 individuals per hectares) was found at altitudinal range I (1400 to 1800 m) composed by Rhododendrum arborium, Quercus glauca, Myrica esculenta, and Myrsine capitellat. Whereas Rhododendron arboretum, Castanopsis tribuloides, and Quercus incana dominate altitudinal range II (1800m to 2400m) with diversity (Shannon Index: 1.759) and an average density (2150 individuals per hectare). In Altitudinal Area III (2400 m and above), the forest is dominated by Quercus semicarpifolia. The highest carbon stock was found in the altitudinal range (1800m to 2400m) compared to altitudinal ranges I and III. Edge effects shaped the community composition and affected tree diversity and carbon stock. In conclusion, the floral community and carbon stock were affected by forest edges, which led to conservation actions and mitigation of climate change in surprisingly different ways.

Assessment of carbon sequestration of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F.) plantation on the campus of University of Ilorin, Nigeria

The study assessed the carbon sequestration of Tectona grandis Linn. F. in five age series (11-15 years old), at the University of Ilorin, north-central Nigeria. Data were collected using a stratified sampling technique and twenty square plots of 25 m × 25 m were laid. A non-destructive method was used to determine the biomass of the trees. Tree enumerations were carried out for diameters at the base, top, middle, diameter at breast height (DBH), and height. Soil samples at two different depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) were collected and analyzed to obtain soil organic carbon. The results were summarized using descriptive statistics, while the relationship between tree growth variables and carbon stock was assessed using correlation and regression analysis. The results showed that tree carbon stocks were 230.05 t ha-1, 362.35 t ha-1, 277.48 t ha-1, 216.40 t ha-1, and 126.20 t ha-1 for 11 years old (2012), 12 years old (2011), 13 years old (2010), 14 years old (2009) and 15 years old (2008) age series, respectively. The soil organic carbon stocks were 1.1025 t ha-1, 0.6253 t ha-1, 1.2019 t ha-1, 1.4070 t ha-1 and 0.7615 t ha-1 for 11 years old (2012), 12 years old (2011), 13 years old (2010), 14 years old (2009) and 15 years old (2008) age series, respectively. The study also revealed that the 14-year-old (2009) age series had the highest carbon stock, and the total carbon stock estimate was 151,850.84 t. The potential cash value of the carbon stock was also estimated at $91,894.40 t C ha-1 and the total PCV was $56,606,951.50. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive correlation between most of the growth variables and carbon stock. The regression equation (Y = -596.48 + 27.16 THT + 1238.34 DBH, Adj R2 = 82.7%) showed that DBH and height of trees are suitable for evaluating the carbon stock in the study area.

Forage productivity and carbon storage from based Hardwickia binatasilvopasture systems in semi arid rainfed conditions

A study was conducted from 2018 to 2022 on ten year old based silvopasture system at Hardwickia binataIndian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi. The treatment consisted of establishment of three types of grasses and in association with viz. Cenchrus ciliaris, Chrysopogon fulvusPanicum maximumH. binataH. binataC. fulvus and three pruning intensities of 30%, 45% and 60%. Establishment of viz.in association with recorded significantly higher dry pasture yield (7.91- 8.93 t/ha) as compared to H. binata P. maximumC. ciliaris (6.19-7.08 t/ha) and it was found at par with (7.62-8.70 t/ha) during 1 to . In st4 yearsthpruning, 60% canopy pruning of recorded significantly higher pasture yield (7.99, 8.40 and 8.99 t/ha) H. binataas compared to 30% canopy pruning (7.19, 7.27 and 7.38 t/ha) and 45% canopy pruning (7.67, 7.95 and 8.33 t/ha). Organic carbon content (0.646%) was significantly increased with during respectively2 , 3 and 4 yearsndrdthC. fulvusP. maximumC. ciliaris as compared to (0.591%) and it was found at par with (0.627%) in 4 year of thstudy. Available nitrogen (260.60 kg/ha), phosphorus (9.36 kg/ha), potash (238.70 kg/ha) and organic carbon (0.663%) were also significantly increased with 30% canopy pruning as compared to 60% canopy of H. binatapruning in . recorded 79.90% higher carbon stock in 4 year of study (19.61 t/ha) as compared 4 yearthH. binatathto initial year. Total carbon stock of the system was maximum with in association with (39.29 C. fulvus H. binata and 50.73 t/ha) closely followed by (38.51 and 50.30 t/ha) and (36.20 and 46.68 t/ha) C. ciliaris P. maximum during . recorded significantly 1 Among pruning, 30% canopy pruning of stand 4 years respectivelythH. binata higher total carbon stock during of the system (50.82 t/ha) as compared to 60% canopy pruning (47.42 t/ha)4 thyear.of study

Phasing out palm and soy oil biodiesel in the EU: What is the benefit?

AbstractThe Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) by the European Union (EU) provides an updated framework for the use of renewable energy in the EU transport sector until 2030, and bans the use of biofuels with a high risk of causing indirect land‐use change in high carbon stock areas (high ILUC‐risk criteria). The only biofuel feedstock affected by this criterion is palm oil. We employ the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model DART‐BIO for a scenario‐based policy analysis and evaluate a phase‐out of palm oil‐based biodiesel, and an additional phase‐out of soy oil‐based biodiesel in the EU. Our results show that the palm phase‐out has only a relatively small impact on global palm fruit production and total crop land use in tropical and subtropical regions, while the soy phase‐out leads to a comparable stronger decrease in global soy production, and a reduction in total cropland use in soy‐producing regions. Both policies lead to increased oilseed production in the EU. Therefore, farmer in Malaysia and Indonesia face a significantly reduced income. While European farmers profit the most, EU firms and households are confronted with higher expenditures. Finally, this study indicates that unilateral demand‐side regulations for a single good in a single sector is not sufficient for effective environmental protection. Enhanced binding sustainability criteria and certification schemes for the use of all vegetable oils in every sector and industry as well as improved protection schemes for sensible forest areas are necessary.

Salinity, mineralogy, porosity, and hydrodynamics as drivers of carbon burial in urban mangroves from a megacity

Mangrove ecosystems are an important blue carbon store but exhibit considerable variation in soil carbon stocks globally. Unravelling the conditions controlling carbon stock is critical for assessing current and future carbon budgets. Mangrove soil biogeochemical cycles can strongly influence carbon storage capacities. We thus investigated carbon sequestration and the environmental parameters shaping variability in biogeochemical cycling and carbon storage in sediment samples from four mangrove sites along an estuarine-to-marine gradient in Hong Kong, a megacity. Our results showed that organic matter in Hong Kong mangroves is sourced principally from autochthonous mangrove plants. Total nitrogen was higher in the freshwater-influenced sites and supplied from different sources. Marine-influenced sites had larger sulfur fractionations, reflecting higher marine-sourced sulfate concentrations and indicating a relatively open sulfate system. We estimated an average organic carbon stock of 115 ± 8 Mg C ha−1 in the upper 100 cm soil layer placing Hong Kong mangroves at the lower end of the global spectrum of the soil carbon stock. Carbon accumulation was found to be driven by a combination of higher total organic matter inputs, soil fluxes, and porosity. Notably, despite having the highest mass-specific soil organic carbon contents, Mai Po had the lowest integrated soil organic carbon storage (77 ± 3 Mg C ha−1). This was primarily due to lower sediment density and higher tidal pumping leading to a decrease in carbon retention. Total organic matter input, sediment characteristics, and hydrodynamics were the main factors influencing soil organic carbon storage. Overall, our results suggest that (1) while multiple parameters can enhance soil organic carbon content and increase carbon storage capacities, (2) hydrodynamics and sediment characteristics can increase the potential for leakage of carbon, and (3) high carbon content does not always equal high carbon sequestration and stock.

Biomass, carbon stock and sequestration in various conditions of mangrove forests in Sungai Apit, Siak, Riau, Indonesia

Abstract. Fatonah S, Hamidy R, Mulyadi A, Efriyeldi. 2023. Biomass, carbon stock and sequestration in various conditions of mangrove forests in Sungai Apit, Siak, Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5837-5846. The value of aboveground carbon is influenced by differences in conditions of the mangrove. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate biomass, as well as carbon stock and sequestration in various mangrove forests within Sungai Apit Siak, including natural, rehabilitated, and degraded forests. The Line Transect Plot method was used for sampling. Aboveground biomass was determined using an allometric equation based on mangrove stem diameter. Stem diameter measurements were taken from mangrove vegetation in three forest conditions across three villages in Sungai Apit, Siak. The findings revealed that natural forests contained higher values of biomass, carbon stock, and sequestration at 256, 128, and 470 tons/ha, respectively, compared to rehabilitated and degraded forests. The variability in these parameters across different mangrove forests was influenced by stands characteristics, specifically basal area and mean tree diameter, which were associated with the age of mangrove vegetation and recovery duration. Notably, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Avicennia alba exhibited the highest carbon sequestration. These results highlighted that Sungai Apit mangrove forests store a relatively high carbon stock, emphasizing the importance of implementing proper conservation and management measures to ensure sustainability.

Unprecedentedly high soil carbon stocks and their spatial variability in a seasonally dry Atlantic Forest in Brazil

There is a significant gap in the literature concerning the potential of tropical soils to stock carbon in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. Furthermore, the key drivers responsible for the variability in carbon storage in tropical soils remain unknown. Therefore, experimental studies are crucial to highlight the importance of Atlantic Forests in storing organic matter, considering that forest soils are one of the most important carbon reservoirs on Earth. This study aimed: (i) to determine soil carbon stocks at the depths of 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm, 30–40 cm, 40–60 cm, and 60–100 cm in a forest fragment located in the Atlantic Forest hotspot; (ii) to describe the temporal variability of soil carbon stocks; and (iii) to identify the main biotic and abiotic drivers that influence their temporal and spatial variations. Soil carbon stocks at a 1-meter depth ranged from 201 to 396 Mg C/ha, with a spatial variability of 22.3 %. The highest accumulation of soil carbon in the 1-meter depth was in December (290.8 Mg C/ha), while the lowest was in August (246.1 Mg C/ha), highlighting the soil carbon stocks’ seasonality in the Atlantic Forest. Concerning the vertical distribution, ∼50 % of the soil carbon stocks were found in the 0–30 cm layer. The main drivers of carbon spatial distribution varied across different soil layers: (i) litterfall and long-term spatiotemporal patterns of throughfall were the primary drivers in the shallower layers (0–5 cm and 5–10 cm), while (ii) variability in tree sizes and long-term temporal dynamics of soil moisture were the main drivers in the deeper layers. Oxisols’ characteristics were crucial for the unprecedently high carbon stocks observed in the deep layers (67.7 Mg C/ha). Thus, the Atlantic Forest-Oxisol association is a prominent strategy to improve carbon stocks in Brazilian tropical soils.

Vegetation structure and carbon stock of restored mangrove on abandoned shrimp pond in the International Mangrove Botanical Garden Rama IX, Thailand

Abstract. Wongprom J, Maneeanakekul S, Tara A, Chandaeng W, Duangnamon D, Rueangket A, Wechakit D, Wanthongchai P, Maknual C. 2023. Vegetation structure and carbon stock of restored mangrove on abandoned shrimp pond in the International Mangrove Botanical Garden Rama IX, Thailand. Biodiversitas 24: 5821-5830. The conversion of mangrove forest into shrimp aquaculture has severely impacted biodiversity and increased carbon emissions. Restoration program is thus urgently needed for such mangrove forests. In this study, we investigated the vegetation structure and composition, and biomass and carbon stock of restored mangrove on abandoned shrimp pond. Observation plots at restoration sites with age of 3-year-old (MF3) and 14-year-old (MF14) were established in the International Mangrove Botanical Garden Rama IX, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand and at abandoned shrimp pond (ASP) and protected mangrove forest (PMF) as reference sites. The diameters and heights of mangrove species were measured and identified in order to determine the vegetation structure, composition, biomass, and carbon stock. Soil samples from four soil depths, i.e. 0-15, 15-30, 30-50, and 50-100 cm, were collected to quantify the soil carbon stock. The results showed the good growth of Rhizophora stand planted at the restored sites with high vegetation biomass and carbon stock. This species also promoted species diversity, suggesting that Rhizophora spp. are suitable species for the restoration of abandoned shrimp pond. The vegetation biomass and carbon stock of MF14 (230.99 t ha-1 and 102.54 t C ha-1, respectively) was higher than that of PMF (133.84 t ha-1 and 64.94 t C ha-1, respectively). Higher vegetation and soil carbon stocks of the restored mangrove forest was positively influenced by the Rhizophora stand. However, the ecosystem carbon pool of PMF was higher (366.38 t C ha-1). This result indicates that the conservation of mangrove forest is significant to maintain the forest diversity, ecosystem function, and reducing carbon emissions, while mangrove forest restoration is essential to improve the vegetation structure and increase the soil and vegetation carbon stocks.

Grassland vegetation decline is exacerbated by drought and can be mitigated by soil improvement in Inner Mongolia, China

Grassland activity is highly susceptible to drought while drivers from climate and soil attributes can largely affect drought propagation. However, understanding how these drives regulate the risk of vegetation decline under drought conditions remains limited, potentially impeding the adoption of appropriate adaptation strategies. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a case study focusing on grassland activity in Inner Mongolia, China. In this study, we applied copula theorem to estimate the conditional probabilities of vegetation decline under drought conditions. Additionally, we utilized a structural equation model and a machine learning approach to identify the relative contributions of external drivers to the risk of vegetation decline. Our findings demonstrated a positive correlation between anomalies in vegetation activity and the status of water balance, and grassland vegetation in drier regions exhibited a more rapid response to water deficit. Increasing water deficit continuously reduced vegetation activity with risks of 77.27 %, 83.83 %, and 88.35 % under moderate, severe, and extreme drought conditions, respectively. Furthermore, the risks of vegetation decline under drought conditions were primarily governed by climate attributes, followed by soil properties and topography. Soil with high soil organic carbon stock content contributed significantly to mitigating the adverse effects of drought on grassland vegetation. In addition, we detected nonlinear patterns among environmental drivers and vegetation decline risks caused by drought. These findings highlight the importance of climate, soil properties, topography, and their intricate interconnections in regulating vegetation decline. This knowledge provides valuable insights into drought risk management for vegetation in advance and offers potential solutions to enhance vegetation resistance in the face of extreme drought events.

Carbon Stock and CO2 Fluxes in Various Land Covers in Karang Gading and Langkat Timur Laut Wildlife Reserve, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Mangrove forests play an important role in coastal areas from an ecological perspective, being able to store large amounts of carbon through sequestration and inhibiting climate change processes by absorbing CO2 in the atmosphere. In recent years, there have been changes in the land cover of converted and degraded mangrove forests which have resulted in the release of carbon and an imbalance in soil structure, which in turn cause a flux of CO2 into the atmosphere. This research was conducted at the Karang Gading and Langkat Timur Laut Wildlife Reserve (KGLTLWR) in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The study focused on six different land covers, namely natural forests, restoration, mixed agriculture, paddy fields, oil palm plantation, and ponds. This study aimed to measure the total carbon stock of mangrove forests that have been converted to other land covers and estimate the level of CO2 flux in the area. A total of three transects and six plots for each land cover were used in this study; for tree biomass, a non-destructive method was used by recording every DBH > 5 cm, and for soil carbon, drilling was carried out, which was divided into five depths in each plot. CO2 flux was measured using an Eosense Eosgp CO2 sensor with the static closed chamber method. The highest carbon stock was found at 308.09 Mg ha−1 in natural forest, while the lowest 3.22 Mg ha−1 was found in mixed agriculture. The highest soil carbon was found at 423.59 MgC ha−1 in natural forest, while the lowest 50.44 MgC ha−1 was found in mixed agriculture dry land. The highest average CO2 flux value of 1362.24 mgCO2 m2 h−1 was found in mangrove restoration and the lowest in ponds was 123.03 mgCO2 m2 h−1. Overall, the research results inform how much carbon stock is lost when converted to other land covers so that it can be used as a reference for policy makers to provide future management of mangrove forests and develop mitigation measurements to reduce carbon emissions.

Aboveground carbon stock of marine mangroves in Kepulauan Seribu Islands

Mangroves, as one of the important blue carbon ecosystems, store large amounts of organic carbon. In the last decades, carbon stock assessment in mangrove ecosystems has been increased intensely following international agreements targeted at reducing global carbon emission. Many studies have investigated carbon stock potential in mangrove ecosystems, however, little is known about carbon stocks of mangroves growing in carbonate setting in small islands. These marine mangroves usually receive little or no terrestrial input, thus may have limited nutrient availability to support their growth. Meanwhile, their contribution to a global carbon inventory cannot be neglected. Here, we assessed biomass carbon stock of marine mangroves in Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta, by using published allometric equations. Data collection was conducted in seven small islands; Burung Island, Kongsi Island, Pari Island, Lancang Besar Island, Lancang Kecil Island, Pramuka Island, and Rambut Island. The total average aboveground carbon stock was 46.68 Mg C ha−1, with Rhizopora sp. as the dominant species. The highest carbon stock was measured in Pari Island (72.1 ± 30.4 C ha−1), followed by Lancang Kecil Island (62.4 ± 38.6 Mg C ha−1), Kongsi Island (54.1 ± 27.0 Mg C ha−1), Rambut Island (52.1 ± 21.6 Mg C ha-1), Burung Island (47.9 ± 21.0 Mg C ha−1), Lancang Besar Island (31.3 ± 13.8 Mg C ha−1), and the lowest was in Pramuka Island (6.8 ± 4.8 Mg C ha-1). Mangrove aboveground carbon in these islands were comparable to those in other areas. Having thousands of small islands, Indonesia thus has a significant contribution to global climate change mitigation.

A high-resolution canopy height model of the Earth

The worldwide variation in vegetation height is fundamental to the global carbon cycle and central to the functioning of ecosystems and their biodiversity. Geospatially explicit and, ideally, highly resolved information is required to manage terrestrial ecosystems, mitigate climate change and prevent biodiversity loss. Here we present a comprehensive global canopy height map at 10 m ground sampling distance for the year 2020. We have developed a probabilistic deep learning model that fuses sparse height data from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) space-borne LiDAR mission with dense optical satellite images from Sentinel-2. This model retrieves canopy-top height from Sentinel-2 images anywhere on Earth and quantifies the uncertainty in these estimates. Our approach improves the retrieval of tall canopies with typically high carbon stocks. According to our map, only 5% of the global landmass is covered by trees taller than 30 m. Further, we find that only 34% of these tall canopies are located within protected areas. Thus, the approach can serve ongoing efforts in forest conservation and has the potential to foster advances in climate, carbon and biodiversity modelling.

Little evidence of management change in California’s forest offset program

Carbon offsets are widely promoted as a strategy to lower the cost of emission reductions, but recent findings suggest that offsets may not causally reduce emissions by the amount claimed. In a compliance market, offsets increase net emissions if they do not reflect real emission reductions beyond the baseline scenario. Few studies have examined the additionality of forest carbon offsets within California’s U.S. Forest Projects compliance offset protocol, one of the largest forest offset programs in the world. Here we examine additionality in California’s offset protocol. Since 2012, most of California’s offset credits (84%) have been awarded to improved forest management projects. Using a database of improved forest management project characteristics, locations, and remotely sensed forest disturbance data indicative of management activity, we find that projects have been primarily allocated to forests with high carbon stocks (127% higher than regional averages) and low historical disturbance (28% less disturbance than regional averages since 1985). A matching and panel regression analysis failed to show additionality, as project creation did not significantly lower disturbance rates 3 and 5 years after project implementation relative to similar non-project lands. These results indicate that California’s forest offset protocol may contribute to an increasingly large carbon debt.

Woody species diversity and the carbon stock potentials of different land use types in agroecosystem of Jimma Ganati District, Western Ethiopia

We investigated the impact of land use types and topographical variables on the diversity of wood species and their carbon stocks in the studied agroecosystems. A generic allometric equation developed for woody plants in agricultural landscapes was used to estimate the carbon stock. We used a mixed-effects linear model using the lmer function in the lme4 package to test the effects of land use types and topographic variables on wood species diversity (Shannon diversity) and stem carbon stock potential. Our study result showed that there is significantly higher woody diversity (P < 0.05) in forests, home gardens and riverine than in grazing lands and croplands. Conversely, woody DBH (cm) and height (m) are relatively higher for croplands followed by grazing land, but lower for home garden and forest land use. There is a statistically significant difference between land use types in their carbon stock (χ² (4) = 18.164, p=0.0011), with forest having the highest total carbon stock, followed by home gardens, but grazing land having the relatively lower total carbon stock of woody species. The study finds that species diversity has a positive and significant (P<0.05) effect on both aboveground and belowground carbon stocks. However, its effect is modulated by land use types, where it is stronger in forest patches, but weaker in more disturbed land use types (e.g., grazing lands and cropland). The study also finds that topographical variables (elevation, slope, and aspects) have no significant (P>0.05) effect on aboveground and belowground carbon stock. The tree species' structural attributes such as height, DBH size, and basal area (BA) have a positive and statistically significant (P < 0.05) effect on carbon stock. The study also found that only a few high DBH class (old growth) tree individuals that are deliberately spared in cropland and grazing land matrix have a high carbon stock contribution. For example, seven species, Podocarpus falcatus, Ficus vasta, Prunus africana, Schefflera abyssinica, Ficus sur, Ekebergia capensis, and Apodytes dimidiate, contribute an estimated 70% of the estimated total carbon stock in the landscapes. These results indicate the need to protect such scattered old-trees in agricultural landscapes both for biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration thereby integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies into subsistence farming systems.

Potential of carbon sequestration enhancement through intensive silvicultural techniques using Shorea leprosula plantation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Iskandar M, Siregar IZ, Krisnawati H. 2023. Potential of carbon sequestration enhancement through intensive silvicultural techniques using Shorea leprosula plantation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4699-4713. Various sectors are involved in achieving Indonesia’s Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), including Forestry and Other Land Uses (FOLU) sector. Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) implementation by forest concessionaires (PBPHs) enormously contributes to land-based mitigation activities, primarily at the local level. One of the SFM activities is forest enrichment with Intensive Silvicultural (SILIN) technique using Shorea leprosula Miq. to enhance carbon stock and sequestration. This study was conducted in PT Sarmiento Parakantja Timber (PT Sarpatim) in Central Kalimantan (Indonesia) and used the measurement data from 32 purposive sampling plots. Each plot was 40m × 40m in size, constructed under three different SILIN patterns (conventional strip, effective strip, and gap) as well as natural forest stands. This study found that SILIN gap pattern had higher carbon stock and sequestration potential, compared to the natural forest (reference) stands, and reached a net sink condition after 30 years. For the stands of SILIN conventional and effective strip patterns, the carbon stocks were lower than the reference stand, even when the vegetation aged 30 years. PBPHs applying SILIN technique as part of the SFM and the mitigation actions demonstrate an enhanced carbon stock and sequestration. This effort supports Indonesia’s Enhanced NDC target and FOLU Net Sink 2030.

Biodiversity and carbon conservation under the ecosystem stability of tropical forests

Although efforts to protect high levels of biodiversity and carbon storage can greatly increase the effectiveness of species loss and climate change mitigation, there is evidence indicating a trade-off scenario for their conservation at regional scale. Decisions making in trade-off scenarios can be supported by including information on the ecosystem stability of tropical forests (i.e., the ability of the ecosystem to maintain its function over time). Forest stability may affect biodiversity integrity and the residence time of carbon stored in tree biomass. Here, we assess the stability of old-growth forests' productivity by analyzing a 19-year time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We also used geoprocessing tools to analyze the overlap among forest-specialist vertebrate species richness, carbon density, and stability of old-growth forest throughout the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We used model selection to find environmental predictors of the stability of primary productivity and build a predictive map of potential stability. Then, we overlapped maps of potential stability, species richness of forest-specialist vertebrates, and carbon density to identify hotspot areas of biodiversity and carbon density occurring at highest and lowest potential stability. We found that forest stability increases from north to south along the Atlantic Forest. High biodiversity occurs mainly at low stability while high carbon stock at high stability. Spatial overlap of the hotspots, where conservation co-benefits high biodiversity and carbon stock, occurs mostly at high stability in a large area along part of the coast and in smaller inland areas of the southern region. Most of the hotspots with low stability for biodiversity, carbon stock and combination of both are found in unprotected areas. Hence, the strategic mitigation of species loss and carbon emissions lies in three approaches: prioritizing forest protection in unprotected hotspots; implementing forest management practices in protected hotspots with low stability; and enforcing a comprehensive regime of protection and management in hotspots that exhibit low stability. Focused on forest stability, these approaches involve ecosystem-based planning offering Brazil's government effective strategies to fulfill its commitments in biodiversity conservation and carbon emission reduction.

Carbon storage in arbor forests under the background of carbon neutrality

Arbor are the main body of forest plants and have the role and status of "skeleton" of carbon storage. In the present study a large number of arbor forest carbon storage literature and the research progress of arbor forest carbon storage were reviewed. Results showed that the carbon storage of pine trees in arbor forest was relatively high; the areas with large carbon storage in arbor forest were Tibet, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia and Jilin.The carbon storage of arbor forests of different age groups increases with stand age and arbor forests of different origins have higher carbon stocks than planted forests in natural forests. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(2): 695-699, 2023 (June) Special

Carbon storage in arbor forests under the background of carbon neutrality

Arbor are the main body of forest plants and have the role and status of "skeleton" of carbon storage. In the present study a large number of arbor forest carbon storage literature and the research progress of arbor forest carbon storage were reviewed. Results showed that the carbon storage of pine trees in arbor forest was relatively high; the areas with large carbon storage in arbor forest were Tibet, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia and Jilin.The carbon storage of arbor forests of different age groups increases with stand age and arbor forests of different origins have higher carbon stocks than planted forests in natural forests. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(2): 695-699, 2023 (June) Special

The risk spillover of high carbon enterprises in China: Evidence from the stock market

This paper examines the time-varying risk spillover among high carbon enterprises by constructing Granger-causality networks from 2011 to 2021, and explore the types of high carbon enterprises that have stronger risk spillover capabilities. Additionally, we also expanded our analysis on the risk spillovers from high carbon enterprises to non-high carbon enterprises. We find that the intensity of risk spillover among high carbon stocks strengthened from 2013 to 2016, then weakened, and slightly re-strengthened in 2020. High carbon enterprises from power, steel, aviation, and petrochemical industries occupy central positions in the networks. Moreover, fundamental factors such as asset scale, profitability, capital structure, ownership, and industry category significantly influence the connectivity and centrality of high carbon enterprises in the networks. Meanwhile, the high carbon enterprises with higher connectivity and central location in the networks have greater systemic risk contributions. Finally, we find that the non-high carbon enterprises from agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industry, mining industry and transportation, warehousing and postal industry are more susceptible to the risk overflow from high carbon enterprises.

Analysis and Simulation of the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Habitat Quality and Carbon Storage in the Weibei Dry Plateau Region of Shaanxi

Exploring the spatial and temporal pattern evolution of habitat quality and carbon storage has a positive feedback effect on establishing an ecological security barrier and optimizing the spatial pattern of national land in the WeiBei Arid Plateau Region of Shaanxi. This study took the Weibei Plateau Region as a case study, simulated the spatial pattern of land use for different development scenarios of 2035 based on the PLUS model, and used the InVEST model to analyze the characteristics of habitat quality and carbon storage distribution in the study area from 1980 to 2020 and under multi-scenarios in the future. The results showed that:①the area of the low-grade habitat quality area in the study area expanded by 462.55 km2, and the carbon stock decreased by 7.85×106 t over the past 40 years, both of which showed an overall decreasing trend yearly. ②During the study period, the degraded habitat quality areas were concentrated in the northeastern part of the study area within Yan'an City, and the upgraded areas were distributed in strips near water sources or at higher elevations. The high carbon stock areas were concentrated in the complex terrain and sparsely populated areas in the study area, and the decreasing carbon stocked areas were scattered throughout the study area in a dotted pattern without obvious aggregation. ③In 2035, carbon stock decreased to different degrees in all states except for the natural development scenario. In the economic priority development scenario, the habitat quality low grade area covered 20787.41 km2, which was the simulated scenario of the fastest growth rate of low-grade area and the largest reduction of high-grade area compared with the early stage of the simulation. The results of this study can provide decision references and data support for low carbon green development and ecological restoration in the study area.