Low-fat Diet Research Articles

Dietary bamboo charcoal powder ameliorates high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia by enhancing fecal lipid excretions in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Bamboo charcoal powder (BCP) is increasingly used as a food colorant. This study aims to evaluate the effects of BCP consumption on improving high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Fifty male SD rats were randomly assigned into five groups, with 10 rats in each group: the control group was fed a low-fat diet (LFD); the model control group was fed a high-fat diet (HFD); the low-BCP dose group was fed a HFD and given 2.81 g of BCP/kg of body weight (BCP-L) by gavage; the medium-BCP dose group was fed a HFD and given 5.62 g of BCP/kg of body weight (BCP-M) by gavage; the high-BCP dose group was fed a HFD and given 11.24 g of BCP/kg of body weight (BCP-H) by gavage. After 90 days, the consumption of BCP caused a decrease in body weight, plasma lipids (triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)), liver triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, and liver histopathological scores. BCP caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in liver tissues. BCP also led to an increase in 72-h fecal dry weight and crude fat in a rat metabolic cage. The analysis of fecal samples with liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) showed that the biomarkers associated with BCP consumption were mainly related to fatty and amino acid metabolism. Notably, BCP treatment significantly promoted linoleic acid metabolism. These results suggest that BCP may have a preventive effect against diet-induced hyperlipidemia through the promotion of fecal fat excretion. BCP may potentially be used as an alternative functional food component for people with diet-induced hyperlipidemia.

The Evidence for Diet as a Treatment in Migraine-A Review.

Background/objectives: The connection between diet and migraine has gained increasing attention in migraine research due to its potential relevance as part of migraine treatment. This study reviewed the current evidence on the use of diets or specific foods in the prevention of migraine. Methods: A PubMed search was performed with the keywords "diet and migraine" OR "brain-gut-axis and migraine". One author (KVN) screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles and excluded or included them based on eligibility criteria. Results: A ketogenic diet and a "Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension" diet reduced attack duration (p < 0.002), frequency (p < 0.05), and severity (p < 0.01). The ketogenic diet also reduced monthly medication intake (p ≤ 0.05). A low-fat vegan diet mixed with an elimination diet reduced the attack duration (p < 0.01), frequency (p < 0.05), severity (p < 0.0001), and percentage of medicated headaches (p < 0.001). Elimination diet reduced attack duration (p < 0.05), frequency (p < 0.02), severity (p < 0.01), and medication intake (p < 0.002). Elimination diet with IgG-positive foods reduced attack frequency (p < 0.001), and total medication intake (p < 0.01). Gluten-free diet reduced frequency (p = 0.02) and severity (p = 0.013). Conclusions: Certain diets and food items may trigger attacks in some migraine patients, though the overall evidence supporting this is limited. Modifying a diet may reduce symptoms such as attack duration, frequency, severity, and medication intake. However, the included studies' small populations and diverse study designs make the results difficult to apply in clinical practise. Further high-quality, double-blinded, randomised controlled trials are necessary to confirm the association between diet and migraine.

Obesity Human Soluble Prorenin Receptor Expressed in Adipose Tissue Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Endothelial Function in Obese Female Mice.

Soluble prorenin receptor (sPRR) is a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) identified as a plasma biomarker for human metabolic disease. However, what tissue source of sPRR is implicated in the modulation of metabolic function remains unclear. This study investigated the contribution of human sPRR (HsPRR) produced in the adipose tissue (Adi) on the metabolic and cardiovascular function of lean and obese male and female mice. Adi-HsPRR mice, generated by crossing human sPRR-Myc-tag and Adiponectin/Cre mice, were fed a low-fat or high-fat diet (10% and 60% kCal from fat, respectively) for 20 weeks. Obese Adi-HsPRR mice showed elevated sPRR levels in adipose tissue without affecting adipocyte size or fat depot weight. Despite plasma sPRR being similar between obese Adi-HsPRR and control female mice, a positive correlation between plasma sPRR and adiposity was present only in controls. Obese Adi-HsPRR male mice showed elevated plasma sPRR compared with controls, but no correlation with adiposity was found in either group. Nevertheless, Adi-HsPRR expression improved insulin sensitivity and endothelial function, reduced adipogenic genes mRNA abundance (PPARg, SEBP1C and CD36), and increased plasma Angiotensin 1-7 levels only in obese HsPPR female mice. Taken together, elevated HsPRR in adipose tissue improved metabolic and vascular function in obese female mice despite normal circulating levels of sPRR, whereas increased local and circulating levels of HsPRR did not influence metabolic and cardiovascular function in obese male mice. Our data suggest that increased plasma sPRR associated with metabolic disease could be produced by other tissues rather than adipocytes.

The effect of probiotic supplementation on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) fibrosis score in patients attending a tertiary hospital clinic in Cairo, Egypt.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic fat accumulation (> 5% of liver tissue) in the absence of alcohol abuse or other chronic liver diseases. NAFLD can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to assess the efficacy of probiotic (lactobacillus) supplementation on NAFLD fibrosis score. A double-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted in the family medicine clinic of a tertiary hospital, enrolling patients with sonographic evidence of NAFLD. Fifty patients were divided into two groups: the Probiotic group received lifestyle modification instructions along with daily probiotic supplementation for twelve weeks, with regular monthly follow-up visits. The Standard Treatment group received low-fat diet and lifestyle modification instructions only. The mean age of participants was 46.10 years (SD 10.11), with 70% females and 30% males. The study found a statistically significant difference in liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and BMI in the probiotic group before and after intervention. However, there was no significant difference in NAFLD fibrosis score between the two groups. Short-term probiotic treatment resulted in improvements in ALT, AST, and BMI in the probiotic group, but did not significantly affect NAFLD fibrosis score. Further research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods is warranted. The clinical trial was registered at Protocol Registration and Results System with number NCT06074094 (12/09/2021).

6656 Frequently sampled HbA1c Shows Low-Sodium, High-Carbohydrate Rice Diet To Be Effective in Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract Disclosure: F.A. Neelon: None. S. Sanoff: None. P. Lin: None. Hemoglobin and glucose react to form HbA1c, which persists until red blood cells (RBCs) are removed from circulation. Since RBCs survive approximately 122 days, HbA1c is usually measured at intervals of months to years, but more frequent measurement can illuminate changes in blood glucose (BG). We used Beach’s equation for the kinetics of HbA1c formation, to construct graphical depictions of how HbA1c should decline over the 122 days after a drop from constantly high to constantly normal BG levels. As part of routine patient care (not an experimental protocol), we measured HbA1c at 2-4-week intervals in a convenience sample of 10 patients (one of whom was evaluated on 2 occasions) with Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and elevated HbA1c who attended the now defunct Rice Diet Program (RDP) in Durham, NC. All were fed 3 meals/day, comprising 800-1000 kcal of rice, fruits, grains, and vegetables (70-90% carbohydrates) and 300 mg of sodium. Two patients were initially taking insulin; 1, glipizide; and 1, sitagliptin, exenatide, metformin; all hypoglycemic agents were eventually discontinued, and none added. Mean initial HbA1c of 9.7% (range, 8.3-11.7) fell to a mean of 6.2% (range 5.3-8.4) after a mean of 82 days (range, 41-139). Variability in final HbA1c values reflects, at least in part, variable duration of voluntary residence at the RDP. In 9 patients, HbA1c declined in close accordance with the course predicted for complete normalization of blood glucose from the very start of the diet; in 1 patient, HbA1c declined slowly for 25 days, after which the rate increased to near that for complete normalization of BG. Plots of Hb1c values extrapolate back through the point of origin, implying normalization of BG occurs within days of starting the RDP, and is maintained thereafter. Data from frequent measurement of HbA1c show: 1) Normalization of BG occurs almost immediately upon dietary restriction, implying that hyperglycemia in Type 2 diabetes is driven by daily calorie excess, not by accumulated calorie excess (ie, obesity). 2) Contrary to some misperceptions, a high-carbohydrate, sodium- and calorie-restricted diet is not deleterious to ― and may actually benefit ― glucose control in Type 2 diabetes. Presentation: 6/3/2024

8077 Use of Lovaza for Management of Hypertriglyceridemia in Pregnancy

Abstract Disclosure: J. Segarra-Villafane: None. L.R. Sepulveda-Garcia: None. L. El Musa Penna: None. I.C. Arroyo: None. Z. Maisonet -Feliciano: None. W. Medina-Torres: None. M. Alvarado: None. M. Ramirez: None. L.A. Gonzalez-Rodriguez: None. Severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy increases the risk of health complications to both mother and fetus, including preeclampsia, hyperviscosity syndrome and life-threatening pancreatitis. Several case reports include management of hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy with medical nutrition therapy, omega fatty acids and gemfibrozil but is controversial. There are no formal clinical guidelines for management of severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy which presents a challenge for physicians. Lovaza is a combination of ethyl esters of omega 3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) indicated as an adjunct to diet to reduce triglycerides (TG) levels in adult patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Lovaza is Category C (risk cannot be ruled out) and should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Case of a 40 years old female G3P1A1 with IUP 25 WGA with history of hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia and episode of acute pancreatitis in 2016 due to hypertriglyceridemia, who was referred to clinics due to uncontrolled lipids and thyroid disease. Laboratories included fasting serum triglycerides (TG) 4357mg/dL (40-150mg/dL), total cholesterol 525mg/dL (120-200), HDL 56mg/dL, LDL invalid due to elevated TG. Thyroid function test revealed TSH of 161uIU/mL (0.43-2.91) and FT4 of 0.24ng/dL (0.8-1.8). HbA1c, lipase and amylase within range. Vital signs were normal. Patient was asymptomatic, no abdominal complaints or hypothyroidism-related symptoms, but hospital admission was recommended due to high risk of pancreatitis and uncontrolled hypothyroidism. She was started on Synthroid 220 mcg IV daily for hypothyroidism and was placed NPO until nutritionist evaluation. Triglycerides levels improved with conservative interventions and low-fat diet. However, TG persisted above 2000mg/dL and, after discussing risks and benefits with patient, pharmacological therapy with Lovaza was started to reach goal of TG less than 1000 mg/dL and reduce potential risk of pancreatitis. Patient agreed to start Lovaza 2gm AM and 2gm PM. After initiation of Lovaza, in addition to dietary modifications and hypothyroidism management, laboratories showed significant improvement in TG levels from 3569 down to 1778 mg/dL. Patient was discharged on Lovaza 2gm oral BID and Synthroid 200mcg oral daily. One month later, TG had decreased to 557mg/dL (0-150) and thyroid tests showed TSH at 0.305mIU/mL and FT4 at 1.71ng/dL. Patient tolerated medications well without side effects and had an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. This case demonstrates that severe hypertriglyceridemia during pregnancy can be managed effectively and, more importantly, in a safe manner with Lovaza, in addition to dietary fat restriction. However, additional research is needed if its use is to be included in future pregnancy management guidelines. Presentation: 6/2/2024

7943 In Obese C57Bl6 Male Mice, Weight Loss due to Caloric Restriction Reduced Bone Morphology but Improved Components of Systemic Metabolism

Abstract Disclosure: C. Chlebek: None. C. McAndrews: None. S.N. Costa: None. C.J. Rosen: None. Obesity and calorie restriction individually alter systemic cellular metabolism and affect musculoskeletal tissue health. Obesity reduces trabecular and cortical bone quality. Clinically, obese patients are advised to lose weight, despite the negative effects of calorie restriction on bone in nonobese preclinical models. Little is known about bone quality following weight loss in obese preclinical models. We hypothesized that in obese models, caloric restriction would further worsen bone quality. To induce obesity, male C57Bl6 mice (8 weeks old) received 60% high fat diet for 12 weeks (high fat feeding phase). Following obesity induction, the HFD-CR group was acclimated to control low fat diet for 2 wks and then underwent 30% caloric restriction for 8 wks (caloric restriction feeding phase). The HFD group received 60% kcal high fat diet from ages 8 to 30 wks. LFD mice received control low fat 10% kcal diet for the study duration. Mice were euthanized at 30 wks of age. Body weight, body composition, and bone mineral density were recorded at baseline and at the end of each diet. Glucose and insulin tolerance were recorded at the end of the high fat and caloric restriction feeding phases. At euthanasia, cortical and trabecular bone morphology (µCT) were assessed.Adverse metabolic parameters worsened with high fat feeding but improved by caloric restriction. Compared to LFD animals, HFD and HFD-CR mice gained body weight, fat mass, and lean mass during the high fat feeding phase. After the caloric restriction feeding phase, body weight, fat mass, and lean mass were reduced in HFD-CR compared to both HFD and LFD controls (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). After 12 weeks of high fat feeding, glucose and insulin tolerance were reduced in HFD and HFD-CR mice compared to LFD (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Caloric restriction improved both glucose and insulin tolerance in HFD-CR mice compared to both HFD and LFD animals (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Caloric restriction improved areal bone mineral density, but at euthanasia, HFD-CR mice had worse bone morphology compared to LFD or HFD animals. Although areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was reduced by the high fat feeding phase, HFD-CR and LFD aBMD was not different at the end of the study (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). At euthanasia, HFD-CR mice had reduced cortical area and cortical thickness (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Marrow area and moment of inertia were not different between diets. Compared to LFD, both HFD and HFD-CR mice had reduced tibial bone volume fraction (p &amp;lt; 0.05). HFD-CR animals had smaller trabecular thickness (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and greater trabecular number (p &amp;lt; 0.01) compared to HFD mice. Despite improvements in components of systemic metabolism, caloric restriction in obese preclinical models reduced bone morphology in both trabecular and cortical compartments. This work will improve our understanding of the musculoskeletal system following caloric restriction in obese models and will aid in nutritional counseling for obese patients. Presentation: 6/1/2024

8150 CD1a Lipid Presentation Contributes to T2D Phenotype in DIO Mouse Model

Abstract Disclosure: J.A. Ayala Angulo: None. K.D. Wiggins: None. M. Lopez: None. D. Nicholas: None. Type 2 Diabetes’s complex etiology, progression, and comorbidities are not fully explained by current models. Elevation of inflammatory markers and immune cell infiltration into tissues of T2D patients has been described in the literature extensively, but no clear answers as to what antigens are driving this response and how these observations contribute to disease progression exist. Recently, CD1a has been shown to present lipids to T cells and induce a memory response. Our previous work shows that T2D patients produce anti-lipid antibodies likely derived with T cell help, not present in healthy patients. Together, these data suggest a potential role for lipid-specific T cell responses to drive T2D progression through inflammatory stress, antibody production, and tissue infiltration. Current work with human CD1a transgenic B6 mice points to elevated liver steatosis and hepatitis along with higher glucose levels relative to low fat diet controls. CD1a mice show smaller islets suggesting pancreatic atrophy. This validates the CD1a-T cell mechanism as a potential contributor to T2D but also introduces a more physiologically relevant mouse model of T2D. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Visceral adiposity in postmenopausal women is associated with a pro-inflammatory gut microbiome and immunogenic metabolic endotoxemia

BackgroundObesity, and in particular abdominal obesity, is associated with an increased risk of developing a variety of chronic diseases. Obesity, aging, and menopause are each associated with differential shifts in the gut microbiome. Obesity causes chronic low-grade inflammation due to increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels which is termed “metabolic endotoxemia.” We examined the association of visceral adiposity tissue (VAT) area, circulating endotoxemia markers, and the gut bacterial microbiome in a cohort of aged postmenopausal women.MethodsFifty postmenopausal women (mean age 78.8 ± 5.3 years) who had existing adipose measurements via dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were selected from the extremes of VAT: n = 25 with low VAT area (45.6 ± 12.5 cm2) and n = 25 with high VAT area (177.5 ± 31.3 cm2). Dietary intake used to estimate the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Plasma LPS, LPS-binding protein (LBP), anti-LPS antibodies, anti-flagellin antibodies, and anti-lipoteichoic acid (LTA) antibodies were measured by ELISA. Metagenomic sequencing was performed on fecal DNA. Female C57BL/6 mice consuming a high-fat or low-fat diet were treated with 0.4 mg/kg diet-derived fecal isolated LPS modeling metabolic endotoxemia, and metabolic outcomes were measured after 6 weeks.ResultsWomen in the high VAT group showed increased Proteobacteria abundance and a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Plasma LBP concentration was positively associated with VAT area. Plasma anti-LPS, anti-LTA, and anti-flagellin IgA antibodies were significantly correlated with adiposity measurements. Women with high VAT showed significantly elevated LPS-expressing bacteria compared to low VAT women. Gut bacterial species that showed significant associations with both adiposity and inflammation (anti-LPS IgA and LBP) were Proteobacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and Klebsiella spp.) and Veillonella atypica. Healthy eating index (HEI) scores negatively correlated with % body fat and anti-LPS IgA antibodies levels. Preclinical murine model showed that high-fat diet-fed mice administered a low-fat diet fecal-derived LPS displayed reduced body weight, decreased % body fat, and improved glucose tolerance test parameters when compared with saline-injected or high-fat diet fecal-derived LPS-treated groups consuming a high-fat diet.ConclusionsIncreased VAT in postmenopausal women is associated with elevated gut Proteobacteria abundance and immunogenic metabolic endotoxemia markers. Low-fat diet-derived fecal-isolated LPS improved metabolic parameters in high-fat diet-fed mice giving mechanistic insights into potential pro-health signaling mediated by under-acylated LPS isoforms.7yVbQmTTfsF9b4Af3tznWNVideo

Dietary thiamine enhances thiamine transport, carbohydrate absorption, glycolysis, and antioxidant properties in Macrobrachium nipponense when fed a high-carbohydrate diet

Thiamine serves as a cofactor of key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, and its regulatory role in high-carbohydrate diet has not been reported in crustaceans. In this study, six types of isonitrogen and isolipid diets were formulated at two carbohydrate levels (15 % corn starch for the low-carbohydrate group; 30 % corn starch for the high-carbohydrate group) and three concentrations of thiamine (0, 80 and 160 mg/kg) in Macrobrachium nipponense. The carbohydrate metabolism, antioxidant status, and mRNA expression of genes involved in thiamine transport and autophagy of prawns were investigated. The high-carbohydrate diet supplemented with 160 mg/kg thiamine increased the thiamine transporter 1 (SLC19A2) expression compared to a low-carbohydrate diet or other thiamine concentrations. Supplementation with 160 mg/kg thiamine under a high carbohydrate level significantly increased the pyruvate and lactate content in the hepatopancreas. When supplemented with either 0 or 160 mg/kg thiamine, a high dietary carbohydrate significantly increased glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and hexokinase (HK) mRNA expressions compared to a low-carbohydrate diet. Among the high-carbohydrate groups, prawns fed with 160 mg/kg thiamine showed significantly higher mRNA expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1-α (PDH-E1-α) compared to those fed with 0 mg/kg thiamine. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was found to be highest in prawns fed 160 mg/kg thiamine. Supplementation of the carbohydrate diet with either 80 or 160 mg/kg thiamine led to a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content accompanied by a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) level, regardless of low or high carbohydrate levels. The unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) mRNA expression was markedly influenced by both carbohydrate levels and thiamine concentration. Hence, the administration of 160 mg/kg thiamine can improve the thiamine transport, carbohydrate absorption, glycolysis and the antioxidant properties of M. nipponense when fed a high-carbohydrate diet.

Effects of high α-linolenic acid transgenic rapeseed oil diet on growth performance, fat deposition, flesh quality, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA) increases in aquatic products contributes to improving meat quality, thereby positively impacting human health. Different from marine fish which primarily obtain n-3 LC-PUFAs directly from zooplankton and algae, freshwater fish mainly utilize dietary linolenic acid (ALA) as a substrate to synthesize n-3 LC-PUFAs. Our team has successfully created a transgenic rapeseed oil (TRO) with high ALA content. Therefore, we here assessed the impacts of four different diets (LR, low-fat rapeseed oil (RO) diet; HR, high-fat RO diet; LTR, low-fat TRO diet; HTR, high-fat TRO diet) on growth performance, lipid accumulation, fatty acid composition, antioxidant capacity, immunity and serum biochemical indexes of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), an economically valuable freshwater fish. The results showed no significant difference in survival rate among the four dietary groups. No significant differences in body weight gain and final weight were found between the LR and LTR groups, as well as between HR and HTR groups. No matter if it was a high-fat or low-fat diet, compared with the RO diet, TRO diets significantly increased the content of n-3 LC-PUFA, improved meat quality, effectively alleviated lipid accumulation in livers and muscles of juvenile largemouth bass. In addition, using high-fat diets, TRO diet improved the antioxidant capacity and immune ability of juvenile largemouth bass, thereby promoting the overall health of fish. This study provides novel insights for fish feed formulation optimization from the perspective of genetically modified feed ingredients, and high-quality aquatic products for human consumption.

Impact of reduced hepatic ceramide levels in high-fat diet mice on glucose metabolism

Dysregulation of insulin action in hepatocytes, common in obesity, significantly contributes to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Previous research highlights ceramides' role in these conditions. This study explores the impact of ceramides by silencing the serine palmitoyltransferase (Sptlc2) gene, crucial for the initial ceramide biosynthesis, using hydrodynamic gene delivery. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: one on a low-fat diet (LFD) receiving scrambled shRNA plasmids, another on a high-fat diet (HFD) with scrambled shRNA plasmids, and a third on HFD with a plasmid targeting Sptlc2. Analyses included RT-PCR for gene expression, western blot for protein levels, and UHPLC/MS/MS for lipid profiling. Glucose metabolism was evaluated via oral glucose tolerance tests, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and glucose-6-phosphate analysis. Results showed that HFD induces insulin resistance by inhibiting insulin signaling and increasing active lipid levels in hepatocytes. Sptlc2 silencing reduced ceramide accumulation, improving insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. Notably, ceramide synthesis inhibition did not significantly affect other lipid levels, highlighting ceramide's critical role in hepatic insulin resistance.

High Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Diets Have a Critical Role in Folliculogenesis and Oocyte Development in Rats.

To date, there is no comparative data on the effects of carbohydrates, fat, and proteins, which are macronutrients, on female reproductive functions. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of diets enriched with carbohydrates, fats, and proteins on folliculogenesis and oocyte development in female rats. 21-day-old rats that were just weaned were divided into 4 groups: control, carbohydrate, fat, and protein. The control group was fed with standard chow and the carbohydrate, fat, and protein groups were fed diets enriched with 75% carbohydrate, 60% fat, and 50% protein for 11 weeks, respectively. It was found that high-fat and high-protein diets caused an increase in the estrous cycle length compared to carbohydrate group (p < 0.05). Graafian follicle number decreased in the protein group compared to the control (p < 0.05). However, the atretic follicle number was higher in the fat group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In the carbohydrate group, Zp1 was found to be lower than the control and protein groups, Zp2 was found to be lower than the control, and Zp3 was found to be lower than the fat group (p < 0.05). While BMP15 was similar between groups (p > 0.05), GDF9 was lower in all diet groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). Foxo3a was lower in the protein group compared to carbohydrate and control (p < 0.05). GAS2 was found to be higher in the control group than the fat group, and higher in the carbohydrate group than the fat and protein groups (p < 0.05). FSH, LH, Progesterone, and E2 levels were higher in all three diet groups than in the control (p < 0.05). Also, significant differences were observed between the groups regarding adiponectin, resistin, and leptin levels. Taken together, high carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake are associated with impairment of the menstrual cycle, depletion of the developing follicle types, and altered expression of folliculogenesis-specific genes and hormones. Therefore, long-term macronutrient diets may result in shortened reproductive periods and reduced fertilization potential in females in the long run.

Redox state in omnivore, vegan, vegetarian and low carbohydrate high fat diet

Redox state in omnivore, vegan, vegetarian and low carbohydrate high fat diet

Hypertriglyceridemia-induced Acute Pancreatitis in Pregnancy associated with CREB3L3 Mutation

A 40-year-old woman at 35 weeks of gestation presented with abdominal pain and hypertriglyceridemia of above 5000 mg/dL. Following lab tests and imaging studies, she was diagnosed with hypertriglyceridemia-related acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. She was managed with NPO, IV insulin, and peripheral parenteral nutrition, but her condition further complicated with preeclampsia, and she was induced and delivered at 36 weeks of gestation. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous variant in the CREB3L3 gene predisposing to severe hypertriglyceridemia. Postpartum lifestyle modifications, including a low-fat diet and routine exercise, significantly improved her lipid profile.

Effects of a Veterinary Gastrointestinal Low-Fat Diet on Fecal Characteristics, Metabolites, and Microbiota Concentrations of Adult Dogs Treated with Metronidazole.

Antibiotics are known to cause loose stools, disrupt the fecal microbiota, and alter fecal bile acid (BA) profiles of dogs. Recovery may be aided by diet, but little research has been conducted. The objective of this study was to determine how a veterinary low-fat diet affected the fecal characteristics, metabolites, BA, and microbiota of dogs receiving antibiotics. Twenty-four healthy adult dogs [7.38 ± 1.95 yr; 7.67 ± 0.76kg body weight (BW)] were used in an 8-wk completely randomized design study. During a 2-wk baseline, all dogs were fed a leading grocery brand dry kibble diet (GBD). Over the next 2wk, dogs were fed GBD and received metronidazole orally (20mg/kg BW twice daily). At wk 4, dogs were randomly allotted to one of two treatments [GBD or Blue Buffalo Natural Veterinary Diet GI Gastrointestinal Support Low-Fat (BB)] and fed for 4wk. Fecal scores were recorded daily and fresh fecal samples were collected at wk 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 for measurement of pH, dry matter content, and metabolite and BA concentrations. Fecal microbiota populations were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and qPCR-based dysbiosis index (DI). All data were analyzed as repeated measures using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4, testing for effects of treatment, time, and treatment*time and significance set at P<0.05. Metronidazole increased (P<0.0001) fecal scores (looser stools), reduced fecal short-chain fatty acid, branched-chain fatty acid, phenol, and indole concentrations, increased primary BA concentrations, and decreased secondary BA concentrations. Metronidazole also reduced fecal bacterial alpha diversity, altered the abundance of 58 bacterial genera, and increased DI. During antibiotic recovery, change in fecal pH, dry matter percentage, and metabolite and immunoglobulin A concentrations were altered (P<0.05) by diet. Fecal BA concentrations recovered quickly for all dogs. Change in lithocholic acid was affected (P<0.0001) by diet, but other BA were not. Recovery of over 25 bacterial genera was impacted by diet (P<0.05). While many bacterial taxa returned to baseline levels after 4wk, others did not fully recover. DI and bacterial alpha diversity measures recovered quickly for all dogs, but were not impacted by diet. In conclusion, metronidazole drastically altered the fecal microbiota and metabolites of dogs. While most variables returned to baseline by wk 8, diet may be used to aid in recovery.

Effects of Religious Fasting on Markers of Oxidative Status in Vitamin D-Deficient and Overweight Orthodox Nuns versus Implementation of Time-Restricted Eating in Lay Women from Central and Northern Greece

Background/Objectives: The Mediterranean diet has been widely suggested to exert significant beneficial effects on endothelial oxidative status and cardiometabolic health. Greek Orthodox monasteries, due to their specific nutritional and sartorial habits, comprise a population thatstrictly adheres to nutritional patterns with restricted eating and a plant-based subset of the Mediterranean diet, often accompanied by profound hypovitaminosis D. Time-restricted eating (TRE) is also adopted bya large part of the general lay Greek population for health-promoting reasons, without restrictions on animal product consumption, as imposed by Orthodox religious fasting. However, the comparative effects of these nutritional patterns on oxidative stress markers remain scarce. Methods: The present study attempted to evaluate the effects of Christian Orthodox fasting (COF) in a group of vitamin D-deficient and overweight Orthodox nuns from Central and Northern Greece compared to the implementation of TRE, a 16:8 dietary regimen (16 h of food abstinence and 8 h of feeding) in a cohort of adult women from the general population from the same region with regard to markers of endothelial oxidative status. A group of 50 women from two Orthodox monasteries in Northern Greece and one group of 50 healthy lay women were included. During the enrollment, a detailed recording of their dietary habits was performed, along with a scientific registry of their demographic and anthropometric characteristics (via bioimpedance). The Orthodox nuns followed a typical Orthodox fasting regimen [daily feeding window (8 a.m.–4 p.m.)], whereas the lay women followed a TRE 16:8 regimen with the same feeding time-window with a recommendation to follow a low-fat diet, without characteristics of the Mediterranean diet. We included a complete biochemical analysis, as well as calciotropic profiles [calcium—Ca, albumin, parathyroid hormone—PTH, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D—25(OH)D] and markers of TAC (total antioxidant capacity), GSH (glutathione),and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) concentrations as markers of oxidative status. Results: All the groups were compared at the baseline regarding their calcium, PTH, and 25(OH)D concentrations, with no statistically significant differences between the groups apart from higher PTH levels in the nuns due to lower 25(OH)D levels. The Orthodox nuns manifested a lower median GSH compared to the controls (6.0 vs. 7.2, p 0.04) and a higher median TAC (0.92 vs. 0.77, p &lt; 0.001). The TBARS comparisons showed no significant difference between the two groups. No significant associations of oxidative status with 25(OH)D, PTH, and the markers of glucose homeostasis were evident. Conclusions: The results of this small pilot study indicate that both dietary regimens have advantages over the oxidative markers compared to each other, with increased TAC in the group of Orthodox nuns after a 16-week period of COF compared to a 16:8 TRE and increased GSH concentrations in the lay women group. Future randomized trials are required to investigate the superiority or non-inferiority between these dietary patterns in the daily clinical setting.

Long-Term Randomized Controlled Trials of Diet Intervention Reports and Their Impact on Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Most randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the impact of diet on cancer have been short term (<1 year), mostly evaluating breast cancer survivors. Given the many-year interval that is generally required for an intervention to have an impact on cancer risk or prognosis, as well as the fact that lifestyle strategies such as diet modification frequently fail due to lack of adherence over the long term, we focused this systematic review only on longer-term (≥1 year) intervention reports. Diet intervention reports focused on reducing cancer risk in overweight and obese individuals target caloric restriction (every day, some days, or most hours of each day). This study is a systematic review of RCTs lasting at least 1 year, testing dietary interventions with a primary or secondary endpoint of cancer or a biomarker linked to cancer. Fifty-one reports met our review criteria. Twenty of fifty-one (39%) reports are RCTs where the primary endpoint was cancer or a cancer-related biomarker, while the other reports evaluated reports where cancer or a cancer-related biomarker was a secondary endpoint. Thirteen of twenty (65%) primary reports evaluated isocaloric, and the remaining eight evaluated low-calorie diets. All but one of the primary and two secondary isocaloric diet reports evaluated the benefit of a low-fat diet (LFD), with the other three evaluating a Mediterranean diet (MedD). More LCD vs. isocaloric diet primary reports (71% vs. 38%) demonstrated cancer or cancer-related biomarker benefit; the difference in chance of benefit with secondary reports was 85% for LCD vs. 73% for isocaloric diets. Three of three MedD reports demonstrated benefit. Sixty-nine percent (20/29) of the secondary reports came from two large reports: the WHI diet modification trial (15 secondary reports) and the polyp prevention trial (5 secondary reports). Nineteen of twenty-two (86%) primary reports enrolled only women, and three enrolled both men and women. No study that met our criteria enrolled only men, comprising 1447 men in total vs. 62,054 women. Fifteen of twenty (75%) primary reports focus on healthy women or women with breast cancer. Adherence findings are discussed when provided. More long-term RCTs evaluating cancer and cancer-related biomarker endpoints are needed, especially for cancers at sites other than the breast.

Dietary EPA and DHA enrichment of a high fat diet during doxorubicin-based chemotherapy attenuated neuroinflammatory gene expression in the brain of C57bl/6 ovariectomized mice

Chemotherapy agents in breast cancer are associated with chemotherapy-related cognitive impairments (CRCI). Mechanisms are not fully clear, but alterations of glucose and lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration may contribute to CRCI. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of a high fat (HF) diet combined with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy on glucose and lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in mice. Additionally, we examined the therapeutic potential of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to attenuate these effects. Female C57Bl/6 mice (n = 42) were fed HF, HFn-3 (2 % kcals as EPA + DHA) or Low Fat (LF) diets for seven weeks, with and without chemotherapy. In this study, two chemotherapy injections led to weight and body fat loss associated with a decrease in insulin resistance measured by HOMA-IR. HOMA-IR was significantly greater in HF versus LF groups; but HOMA-IR in HFn-3 group did not significantly differ from either HF or LF groups. Chemotherapy resulted in higher brain concentrations of the inflammatory chemokine KC/GRO. Compared to LF diet plus chemotherapy, HF diet plus chemotherapy upregulated multiple genes involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration pathways. HFn-3 diet plus chemotherapy attenuated gene expression by downregulating multiple genes involved in neuroinflammation and blood brain barrier regulation, including Mapkapk2, Aqp4, and s100b, and upregulating Kcnb1 and Atxn3, genes involved in reduction of oxidative stress and anxiety, respectively. Overall, a HF diet combined with chemotherapy is associated with neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative gene expression changes in this mouse model; dietary enrichment of EPA and DHA attenuated these effects. Further studies are needed to understand how diet impacts behavioral outcomes of CRCI.

Low-Fat Diet Alleviates Perimenopausal Symptoms by Reducing Methylation Levels of PDE4C and NPAS2 Genes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Perimenopausal syndrome (PMS) significantly impacts the quality of life in women during the perimenopausal phase. Despite being the primary treatment, hormone replacement therapy has notable limitations. Consequently, dietary interventions, particularly low-fat diets, have garnered international attention as an alternative. Methods: The prospective Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, enrolled 62 perimenopausal women. Participants were divided into two groups: a low-fat diet group and a menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) group, with interventions lasting eight weeks. Both groups underwent assessments for perimenopausal symptoms, lipid profile, and oxidative stress markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), before and after the interventions. Additionally, DNA methylation levels of the PDE4C and NPAS2 genes were measured in 10 women from the low-fat diet group before and after the intervention. Results: Both the low-fat diet and hormone supplementation improved specific perimenopausal symptoms, reduced specific lipid levels, and had a positive effect on oxidative stress markers. The low-fat diet proved more effective than hormone replacement in improving the serum lipid profile and also resulted in reductions in methylation at specific sites of the PDE4C and NPAS2 genes. Conclusions: A low-fat diet may alleviate perimenopausal symptoms, lower lipid levels, and alter gene methylation sites. Clinical Trial Registration: The study has been registered on https://www.chictr.org.cn/ (registration number: ChiCTR2400084007).