High Carbohydrate Content Research Articles

The Effect of the Ratio of Rice Flour and Breadfruit Starch (Artocarpus communis) on the Characteristics of Cendol

Breadfruit is a fruit that grows widely in Indonesia. The use of breadfruit is still very limited, namely fried or boiled as a snack. Breadfruit has a high carbohydrate content, resulting in quite a lot of starch extraction. One way to increase the use of breadfruit is to process it into breadfruit starch. Breadfruit starch has a high amylose and amylopectin content so it can be used as a chewing agent in cendol production. The aim of this research is to obtain the ratio of breadfruit starch in making cendol, by testing water content and total dissolved solids. The data obtained were analyzed using One Way Anova and to determine whether there were differences in treatment, it was continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with a significance level of 5%. The results of the research show that the correct ratio in making cendol to substitute breadfruit starch would be 25% rice flour and 75% breadfruit starch. The addition of breadfruit starch to making cendol has a significant effect on the water content of 81.37% -84.45%. The addition of breadfruit starch did not significantly differ from the total amount of dissolved solids with a value of 6.33-6.67 brix.

Chemical Composition Study of Three Varieties of Date seeds (Iraqi, Saudi and Yemeni) and their Utilization as caffeine-free coffee alternative

The study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of three widely available types of date seed in the Yemeni market (Iraqi, Saudi, and Yemeni) and their potential use as caffeine-free coffee alternative. Quantitative estimation was conducted for moisture, ash, protein, fiber, fat, carbohydrates, and caffeine, along with a descriptive estimation for alkaloids, tannins, and resins. Date seed coffee was prepared and sensory evaluation was performed by trained panelists. The results showed that Yemeni date seeds had the highest extraction Rate on average (30%), while Saudi date seeds had higher moisture, protein, fat, and fiber contents on average (8.997, 6.897, 11.167, and 16.333%, respectively). Yemeni date seeds contained the highest carbohydrate content on average (58.290%). All tested date seeds were caffeine-free, while the chemical composition for Yemeni coffee were 7, 0.9, 13.9, 14.4, 12.8, 4.1, and 1.5% for moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrates, and caffeine, respectively. Descriptive estimation results showed the absence of alkaloids in all date seeds and coffee samples, with the presence of both tannins and resins. For sensory evaluation indicated high values for all attributes of date seeds coffee alternative, with Saudi date seeds coffee outperforming other types, suggesting its potential use as a caffeine-free coffee alternative and its associated health benefits.

Third-generation D-lactic acid production using red macroalgae Gelidium amansii by co-fermentation of galactose, glucose and xylose

Macroalgae biomass has been considered as a promising renewable feedstock for lactic acid production owing to its lignin-free, high carbohydrate content and high productivity. Herein, the D-lactic acid production from red macroalgae Gelidium amansii by Pediococcus acidilactici was investigated. The fermentable sugars in G. amansii acid-prehydrolysate were mainly galactose and glucose with a small amounts of xylose. P. acidilactici could simultaneously ferment the mixed sugars of galactose, glucose and xylose into D-lactic acid at high yield (0.90 g/g), without carbon catabolite repression (CCR). The assimilating pathways of these sugars in P. acidilactici were proposed based on the whole genome sequences. Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) of the pretreated and biodetoxified G. amansii was also conducted, a record high of D-lactic acid (41.4 g/L) from macroalgae biomass with the yield of 0.34 g/g dry feedstock was achieved. This study provided an important biorefinery strain for D-lactic acid production from macroalgae biomass.

Sustainable energy enhancement strategy from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae biomass resource

ABSTRACT Growing demand for renewable and sustainable energy sources has prompted research into bioethanol production as a viable alternative to hydrocarbon fuel for automobile engines. Based on their high carbohydrate content, Chlorella vulgaris microalgae were chosen for this study as a feasible biomass for bioethanol synthesis. After conducting microwave-based acid hydrolysis with varying acid concentrations of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 1–15 min, this study found that 3% H2SO4 for 5 min yielded the highest yield of reducing sugar (6.77 g/L). In this work, the RSM approach of central composite design (CCD) was utilized for modeling and optimization of ethanol fermentation and the MATLAB Simulink approach was employed for the simulation of ethanol fermentation. This study compared the effects of using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast for fermentation at different fermentation times (12 to 48 h), temperatures (28 to 32°C), and size of inoculum (0.5–1.5 g/L). Based on the actual and predicted results, the best conditions for fermentation were 36 h of time, 30°C of temperature, and 1.5 g/L of inoculum size. This gave the maximum ethanol concentration of 3.31 g/L. Furthermore, the RSM method provides minimum error and maximum R2 value results for ethanol production compared to MATLAB simulation prediction (MSP). In addition, residue biomass from biofuel production is evaluated for its suitability for a further form of biofuel production. This research explores the opportunities for zero-waste biomass utilization in the development of biofuels.

Development of a Fermented Probiotic Beverage Inoculated with Kefir Grain

Background: Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer to have health benefits when consumed directly or processed. Regular administration of Probiotics would help in improving the gut microflora that has gained importance as bacteriotherapy which prevents the gastro-intestinal disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Vegans who are allergic or intolerant to dairy products can have the benefits of organic acids that are produced through fermentation. The present study was carried out to know the benefits of fermented products using kefir grains and fruits. Methods: The fermented product was tested for the evaluation of flavours, sensory, and shelf life which seemed to be very promising. In context to biomolecules, the product had a high concentration of absorbable protein, carbohydrate, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Result: The production of fermented beverages of certain fruits on a large scale, and its consumption may promote additional health benefits. The kefir beverage that is produced in this work may help to fill the gap between actual and innovative consumption of the fruits and kefir that may be recommended in the human diet with concern for their health.

Pengaruh Perlakuan Awal terhadap Karakteristik Bioetanol dari Limbah Kulit Singkong Karet (Manihot glaziovii)

Rubber cassava peel waste (Manihot glaziovii) has a high carbohydrate content, so it is feasible to convert it into bioethanol. In general, bioethanol production consists of four steps, pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitable treatment for obtaining bioethanol with the finest characteristics from rubber cassava peel using three treatment variations, the pretreatment process with variations in the dissolving ratio of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 0.5 M of 1:10; 1:12.5; and 1:15 (w/v), the hydrolysis process with various concentrations of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) of 0.15 N; 0.30 N; and 0.45 N, and the fermentation process with variations in the fermentation time for 3 days, 7 days, and 9 days. Based on the research results, the highest glucose content was 0.91%, with variations in dissolving NaOH 0.5 M 1:15 (w/v) in the pretreatment process and variations in the concentration of 0.30 N H2SO4 in the hydrolysis process, while the highest ethanol content was 68.05% at a fermentation time of 7 days.

Differential utilisation of subcellular skeletal muscle glycogen pools: a comparative analysis between 1 and 15min of maximal exercise.

In skeletal muscle, glycogen particles are distributed both within and between myofibrils, as well as just beneath the sarcolemma. Their precise localisation may influence their degradation rate. Here, we investigated how exercise at different intensities and durations (1- and 15-min maximal exercise) with known variations in glycogenolytic rate and contribution from anaerobic metabolism affects utilisation of the distinct pools. Furthermore, we investigated how decreased glycogen availability achieved through lowering carbohydrate and energy intake after glycogen-depleting exercise affect the storage of glycogen particles (size, numerical density, localisation). Twenty participants were divided into two groups performing either a 1-min (n=10) or a 15-min (n=10) maximal cycling exercise test. In a randomised, counterbalanced, cross-over design, the exercise tests were performed following short-term consumption of two distinct diets with either high or moderate carbohydrate content (10 vs. 4gkg-1 body mass (BM) day-1) mediating a difference in total energy consumption (240 vs. 138gkg-1 BM day-1). Muscle biopsies from m. vastus lateralis were obtained before and after the exercise tests. Intermyofibrillar glycogen was preferentially utilised during the 1-min test, whereas intramyofibrillar glycogen was preferentially utilised during the 15-min test. Lowering carbohydrate and energy intake after glycogen-depleting exercise reduced glycogen availability by decreasing particle size across all pools and diminishing numerical density in the intramyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal pools. In conclusion, distinct subcellular glycogen pools were differentially utilised during 1-min and 15-min maximal cycling exercise. Additionally, lowered carbohydrate and energy consumption after glycogen-depleting exercise altered glycogen storage by reducing particle size and numerical density, depending on subcellular localisation. KEY POINTS: In human skeletal muscle, glycogen particles are localised in distinct subcellular compartments, referred to as intermyofibrillar, intramyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal pools. The intermyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal pools are close to mitochondria, while the intramyofibrillar pool is at a distance from mitochondria. We show that 1min of maximal exercise is associated with a preferential utilisation of intermyofibrillar glycogen, and, on the other hand, that 15min of maximal exercise is associated with a preferential utilisation of intramyofibrillar glycogen. Furthermore, we demonstrate that reduced glycogen availability achieved through lowering carbohydrate and energy intake after glycogen-depleting exercise is characterised by a decreased glycogen particle size across all compartments, with the numerical density only diminished in the intramyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal compartments. These results suggest that exercise intensity influences the subcellular pools of glycogen differently and that the dietary content of carbohydrates and energy is linked to the size and subcellular distribution of glycogen particles.

Sugarcane: A Climate Resilient Devine Crop

Worldwide increasing demands of food, fodder, fuel and other bio-chemicals for erratically increasing population, urbanization and industrialization. Only sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) has great potential as a major feedstock for sugar, biofuel and allied related production. Sugarcane is the lead driver for production of sugar and sweeteners globally. It is considered among the best options and replace the fossil fuels for production of biofuels today due to an exceptional biomass production capacity, high carbohydrate (sugar + fiber) content, and a favourable energy input/output ratio. The conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the world. Biofuels have gained much importance due to the depleting fossil fuel resources and the over-accumulation of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the environment. Biofuel and paper production from sugarcane can be achieve the targets to replace fossil fuels to scavenge carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere and to attain environmental and economic sustainability. Fermentable sugars (40-60%) of molasses which is diluted with distilled water and by fermentation process (Saccharomyces cerevisae) produce rum (wine). Application of sugarcane by-products, such as press mud, vinasse and bagasse, to improves chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil and enhanced the crop quality and yield. For transfer the live micro-organism from agar slant of laboratory to rhizosphere then sugar press mud play key role in formulating microbial inoculant as suitable carrier. Food yeast Torulopsis utilis, is prepared from molasses used as baker’s and brewer’s yeast in bakery industry. Sugarcane improves the economy of rural population by providing lead source of fodder for livestock management as a sugarcane tops and by-products of sugarcane (molasses treated with urea, mineral mixture treated sugarcane top hays etc.). Scientific interventions have not only helped to improve the cane crop but industrial procedures have also been upgraded resulting in improved production of biofuel, paper, wine etc and other sugarcane by-products used to improve the economy of rural and urban population. However, building a bridge between science and industry requires investments in research, development and transfer of new technologies to the industry as well as specialized personnel to deal with new technological challenges.

Chemical composition and potent antibacterial activities of colony-forming cyanobacteria, Desmonostoc muscorum (Nostocales, Cyanophyceae)

Cyanobacteria are important natural sources of biomolecules and active compounds with promising biological activities against a wide range of microbial pathogens. The study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and antibacterial activities of colony-forming cyanobacteria, Desmonostoc muscorum. Proximate analysis showed that D. muscorum biomass possesses high concentration of carbohydrates (35.50 ± 0.12%), protein (20.19 ± 0.03%), and ash (16.90 ± 0.02%). The elemental composition of D. muscorum biomass is in a decreasing order of Ca > Mn > Mg > K > Na > Fe> Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Cd. Also, D. muscorum extract exhibited potent antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes with MIC values of 125 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL, and 250 μg/mL, respectively. The current study documents the promising use of D. muscorum as good sources of microelements and compounds which can be harness for food and medical applications.

Nutritional Composition and Antinutritional Factors of Five Wild Edible Fruits Grown in the Mekdela District, South of Wollo, Ethiopia.

This study was carried out to determine the mineral content and nutritional properties of five wild fruits Rhus vulgaris, Rosa abyssinica, Rhus natalensis, Euclea racemosa, and Ficus sur. The proximate composition parameters (moisture, ash, crude fiber, crude fat, and crude protein) and antinutritional factors were evaluated using methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists and elemental analysis using the atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. Among the five wild edible fruit species, Rhus vulgaris had the highest carbohydrate content (83.3 ± 0.28 g/100 g) and a high total energy (344.5 ± 2.21 kcal/100 g). Euclea racemosa was found to have the maximum ash content (12.8 ± 0.37 g/100 g), protein content (3.22 ± 0.01 g/100 g), and moisture (16.24 ± 0.003 g/100 g), respectively. Rhus natalensis showed the highest fiber content (9.54 ± 0.003 g/100 g). Mineral analysis showed that local wild fruits contained a considerable amount of minerals. The calcium concentration ranged from 99.51 mg/100 g in Euclea racemosa to 160.12 mg/100 g in Ficus sur. Potassium concentration varied from 54.34 mg/100 g in Euclea racemosa to 234 mg/100 g in Rhus vulgaris. Iron ranges from 21.4 mg/100 g in Rosa abyssinica to 41 mg/100 g in Rhus natalensis, and zinc ranges from 2.3 mg/100 g in Rhus vulgaris to 4.2 mg/100 g in Ficus sur. A high saponin content (2.12 mg/100 g) and a low tannin content (0.23 mg/100 g) were obtained in Rosa abyssinica. The phytate content (1.52 mg/100 g) and the oxalate content (0.9 mg/100 g) were high in Rhus natalensis. In conclusion, the present study shows that wild fruits can be used as food supplementation in food in a safe area.

Chemical analysis and bioactive compounds from agrifood by-products of peruvian crops

Many countries face the problem of agroindustrial waste elimination, which is linked to environmental damage caused by improper waste management. These wastes contain bioactive compounds often discarded due to a lack of knowledge. The objective of this study was to analyze five types of agroindustrial waste from Peru, including avocado (Persea americana) seeds, lucuma (Pouteria lucuma) seeds, grape (Vitis vinifera) pomace, mango (Mangifera indica) peel, and cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pods. This study includes proximal analysis, determination of total phenolic compound content, analysis of phenolic compounds by UHPLC– Q/Orbitrap/ESIMS/MS (Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry), and the evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities of different samples. The results showed that lucuma seeds had the highest protein content of 6.59 g/100 g DW. Mango peels showed the highest fat content of 4.89 g/100 g DW, cocoa pods had the highest crude fiber content of 26.91 g/100 g DW, and cocoa pods exhibited the highest ash content of 7.14 g/100 g DW. The highest carbohydrate content was found in avocado seeds at 85.85 g/100 g DW. Mango peels (56.66 mg GAE/g DW), avocado seeds (56.35 mg GAE/g DW), and cocoa pods (51.52 mg GAE/g DW) extracts showed the highest phenolic compound contents. Mango peel extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activities evaluated by the ABTS (995.01 μmol TEAC/g DW), DPPH (953.54 μmol TEAC/g DW), and FRAP (1661.13 μmol TEAC/g DW) assays. Extracts from cocoa pods, grape pomace, and lucuma seeds showed inhibitory activity on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In contrast, the extract of lucuma seeds was the only one that showed antifungal activity over Penicillium digitatum. As a result, several phenolic compounds were detected in each, indicating their potential use in developing functional foods and food preservation, among other applications.

Modified ganyong (Canna edulis Kerr.) starch prospective as wheat flour alternative

Ganyong tuber (Canna edulis Kerr.) had high carbohydrate content and has potential to be used as starch. However, the starch obtained was low quality, characterized by brownish color and limited functional properties. The main aim of this work was to obtained the optimum process to transform canna starch into commercial wheat flour SNI 3751:2009 by oxidizing with food grade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The raw material used was white canna tuber from Samarinda, East Kalimatan which have high carbohydrate content. Initially, the starch was oxidized by 35% H2O2 food grade to form 1%, 2%, 3% concentration, slurry ratio of 10%, 20%, 30% and time of oxidation was 30, 60, 90 and 120 mins. The ganyong tuber starch was then subjected to modification process by optimizing the slurry ratio and H2O2 oxidation time. The assessment was based on basic functional properties, swelling power and water solubility. The process was conducted using a mini-propeller chamber, and data were collected in triplicates for accuracy. The optimum result was achieved with a 60-min oxidation time, 10% slurry concentration and 2% H2O2 concentration. The swelling power value reached 2.9 g/g, and water solubility was measured at 6.09 g/g. Upon proximate analysis, the canna starch contained 85.956% carbohydrates, 2.365% protein, 11.425% water and 0.254% ash content. The color analysis indicated a white degree with brightness of 91.95. Despite the improvements achieved through the process, the functional and other properties of ganyong starch were still considerably below of wheat flour standard.

A New Protocol for Obtaining Mucilage and Biopolymeric Ecofilms From Cacti

ABSTRACTThe objective was to produce an innovative biopolymeric ecofilm, using hydrotested and reused alcohol for mucilage extraction and incorporation of calcium lactate into the film. The mucilage of Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm‐Dyck was extracted with ethyl alcohol P.A. (99.8%) or reused alcohol after hydrodistillation (82%). Mucilage powder was hydrated (4% w/v), glycerol at a concentration of 60% and calcium lactate (0% and 2%) were added and the emulsion was then placed in the oven for 24 h to prepare the films. The innovation of this work was the recycling of the ethanol used to extract cactus mucilage in order to prepare ecofilms, which resulted in a more environmentally friendly production process. The industrial yield of mucilage extracted using distilled ethanol (1.3%) was lower than that of P.A. alcohol (3.3%). However, the mucilage extracted using distilled ethanol had a higher concentration of carbohydrates and phenolic compounds and lower levels of Na+ and K+, leading to reduced electrical conductivity. The biopolymeric ecofilm obtained was thinner (0.15 mm) and had lower solubility in water (43%) and moisture content (15%), greater transparency (12.65%) and higher tensile strength (12.91 MPa). The addition of calcium lactate in biopolymers decreased water solubility while increasing permeability and thickness. Furthermore, it enhanced the resistance and thermal stability of biopolymeric ecofilms. Thus, biopolymeric ecofilms of mucilage obtained showed potential for use in biofilms and edible coatings on fruits and vegetables, with a strong appeal for lower environmental impact and, consequently, being able to reduce manufacturing costs for the industry.

Biochemical analysis of Justicia carnea leaves used as a hematinic

Justicia carnea is the largest genus of Acanthaceae and is a medicinal plant used widely in Nigeria, reported to have diverse functions, including blood-boosting potential. The phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals, amino acid and proximate compositions of the leaf extract of Justicia carnea were determined using standard methods. Results of the quantitative phytochemical analyses on the leaves of Justicia carnea recorded appreciable presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides, oxalate, and phytate using GC-FID. Ribalinidine with 42.08±0.03 mg/kg was the highest alkaloid, Flavan -3-ol was 21.18±0.02 mg/kg, presented the highest amount of flavonoids, and phytate with 25.69±0.07 mg/kg as the highest antinutrient. Analysis of Justicia carnea leaves recorded iron (8.61mg/kg) as the major elemental content followed by potassium (5.29±0.11mg/kg). The concentrations of vitamins in Justicia carnea leaves showed vitamin C, with the highest value of (232.32±12.26 mg/100g) followed by Vitamin A (22.16±2.12 mg/kg). The results of proximate composition on Justicia carnea leaves showed a high concentration of carbohydrate (60.35±3.05%) and appreciable amounts of ash (15.02±1.01%), fibre (9.29±0.93%), protein (8.40±0.41%), and low amount of lipid (1.50±0.09%). The amino acid results showed the presence of both essential and non-essential amino acids with their concentrations in increasing and decreasing orders. These results obtained showed that leaves of Justicia carnea may serve as rich source of natural antioxidants, this may be attributed to its rich phytochemicals, nutrients and vitamin compositions and could be recommended as a potential source of useful bioactive constituents as vegetable supplement and has no toxic effect and as an effective hematinic supplement when prepared adequately.

Mapping and Detection of Genes Related to Trichome Development in Black Gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper).

Black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) is a pulses crop with good digestible protein and a high carbohydrate content, so it is widely consumed as human food and animal feed. Trichomes are large, specialized epidermal cells that confer advantages on plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. Genes regulating the development of trichomes are well characterized in Arabidopsis and tomato. However, little is known about trichome development in black gram. In this study, a high-density map with 5734 bin markers using an F2 population derived from a trichome-bearing and a glabrous cultivar of black gram was constructed, and a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) related to trichomes was identified. Six candidate genes were located in the mapped interval region. Fourteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or insertion/deletions (indels) were associated with those genes. One indel was located in the coding region of the gene designated as Scaffold_9372_HRSCAF_11447.164. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis demonstrated that only one candidate gene, Scaffold_9372_HRSCAF_11447.166, was differentially expressed in the stem between the two parental lines. These two candidate genes encoded the RNA polymerase-associated protein Rtf1 and Bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 1A (BAZ1A). These results provide insights into the regulation of trichome development in black gram. The candidate genes may be useful for creating transgenic plants with improved stress resistance and for developing molecular markers for trichome selection in black gram breeding programs.

Proximate, Minerals and Vitamins Analyses of Some Common Foods in Nigeria

Nutritional composition is a key factor that must be considered in our daily choice of diets. Hence, the need for nutritional analysis of these five (5) common Nigerian solid foods (poundo yam, semovita, corn flour, cassava flour, and wheat flour). The flour samples were chemically analysed for proximate and Mineral elements: magnesium, iron, sodium and calcium composition, using the methods described by Association of Analytical chemist. Vitamin A content was determined by spectrophotometric method while Vitamin C content was determined using the spectrometric method coupled with DNPH procedures. The result revealed that Poundo yam had the highest carbohydrate content (82.695%) and least in the following parameters; moisture (7.55%), calcium (30.075mg), iron (9.20mg), sodium (15.565mg), and magnesium (26.185mg) among other samples. Semovita has the highest protein content (16.3%), vitamin A (0.52mg) and vitamin C (3.61mg). Wheat flour was rated highest in ash (1.82%) and sodium (25.3mg) contents respectively. It was also observed that wheat flour had the least content of vitamin A (0.09mg). Corn flour was highest in crude fat (5.5%). Cassava flour had the highest crude fibre (1.9%), calcium (228.55mg), iron (17.85mg) and magnesium (88.55mg), and turned out to be least in protein (1.025%) and vitamin C (0.44mg) content.

Chemico-nutritional characterization and anti-inflammatory potential of Chirabilva (Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb.) seed: alternate source of protein supplement and fatty acids.

Exploring unconventional protein sources can be an alternative strategy to meet the deficiency. The seeds of Chirabilva (Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb., Family- Ulmaceae) are eaten raw by the ethnic communities of Southeast Asian countries. The present study assessed the chemical, nutritional, and biological potential of the seeds (HIS) and pericarp (HISP) of H. integrifolia. The seeds contain mainly fixed and very few essential oils. The fixed oil of HIS is composed primarily of unsaturated oleic (47%) and saturated palmitic (37%) acids. The HIS are exceptional due to a high content of lipid (50%), protein (24%), carbohydrates (19%), fiber (4%), and anti-nutritional components within permissible limits. The high content (in mg/Kg) of phosphorus (6000), magnesium (422), Calcium (279), and essential nutrients (Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Cr) in the range of (0.04-6.69) were observed. The moderate anti-oxidant potential of HISP was evident in single electron transfer in-vitro assays. Moreover, HISP extract and HIS solvent-extracted fixed oil showed anti-inflammatory action in lipopolysaccharide-induced HaCaT cells by significantly attenuating pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) without causing cytotoxicity. Results support de-oiled HIS cake as an alternative source of a high-protein diet and its oil with anti-inflammatory attributes for topical applications.

Processing of Agricultural Residues with a High Concentration of Structural Carbohydrates into Biogas Using Selective Biological Products

Biomass, particularly agricultural residues and biomass rich in structural carbohydrates, offers significant potential for sustainable biogas production. Biological pretreatment using microorganisms, particularly Trichoderma species, is discussed as a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable approach to improving the decomposition of structural carbohydrates into fermentable sugars. This study aimed to assess the impact of employing a selective biological product (BP) on the biogas production process and biomethane potential using winter wheat straw (WWS) as a representative feedstock. The biological product, consisting of microorganisms of the Trichoderma spp. genus, was introduced to enhance microbial activity. The biogas potential results showed that WWS treated with the BP exhibited a remarkable improvement in biogas production. Specifically, biogas yield increased from 364.1 L/kg of mass in untreated straw to 439.9 L/kg in BP-treated straw, representing a substantial 20.8% increase. Furthermore, in continuous loading tests, the steady-state biogas yield from BP-treated straw ranged from 553.6 to 582.0 L/kg VS, which was notably higher compared to untreated straw with a yield of 490.0 L/kg VS. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the application of selective biological products significantly enhanced biogas production and biomethane potential from structural carbohydrates containing biomass sources.

Effect of extraction method on the structure and bioactivity of polysaccharides from activated sludge

Resource recovery is a pivotal facet of waste activated sludge treatment, particularly within the framework of carbon neutrality and the circular economy. Polysaccharides are emerging as a valuable resource from waste activated sludge, and the choice of extraction method affects the properties of the polysaccharides, which is of utmost importance for subsequent application. This investigation examined the effects of six extraction methods (i.e., acidic, alkaline, ultrasonication, hot-water, microwave, and electric treatments) on the yield, chemical composition, structural characteristics, and bioactivities of polysaccharides extracted from sludge. For each extraction method, two operational parameters, namely the treatment time and strength (e.g., the acid and alkali concentration), were initially optimized in terms of the polysaccharide yield. The polysaccharide yield varied from 1.03 ± 0.12 % to 5.34 ± 0.10 % adopting the extraction methods under optimized conditions, and the alkaline extraction method had the highest yield of polysaccharides with a treatment time of 120 min and NaOH concentration of 1 %. At least one polysaccharide fraction was successfully purified from the crude polysaccharide of each extraction method. The compositions and structures of these fractions, including carbohydrate, protein, sulfate, uronic acid contents, and monosaccharide compositions, were determined. Carbohydrate was the dominant component, with the hot-water-2 fraction having the highest carbohydrate content (77.90 % ± 2.02 %). Monosaccharides in the polysaccharides were measured, with mannose, rhamnose, glucose, and xylose being found in all fractions, whereas ribose was exclusively found in the acid-1 fraction. The molecular weights of these fractions ranged between 1.60 × 104 Da and 7.11 × 106 Da. Furthermore, the bioactivities of the polysaccharides, encompassing five anti-oxidant and three anti-coagulant properties, were assessed, with the ultrasonication-1 fraction having superior performance in seven of the assays. Finally, the association among the fractions in terms of composition and bioactivity was assessed adopting cluster analysis and regression methods. The findings underscore the effect of the extraction method on the properties of polysaccharides extracted from sludge, thereby providing valuable insights for the prospective applications of polysaccharides.

Karakteristik Kimia dan Sensori Brownies Ubi Jalar Putih dengan Penambahan Tepung Kacang Hijau

Brownies are a kind of cake that is dark brown in color, has a smooth texture and special taste, and does not require baking powder. White sweet potatoes and mung beans can be used as raw material for brownies, where white sweet potatoes have a fairly high carbohydrate content while mung beans have a high protein content. The purpose of this study was to obtain the effect of white sweet potato and mung bean flour on the chemical and sensory characteristics of brownies and to obtain the best ratio. The treatment in the study consisted of five treatments and three replications and used a CDR (Completely Randomized Design). The ratios of white sweet potato and mung bean flour, namely 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40. The results of the research on the selected treatment were 80% white sweet potato flour : 20% mung bean flour, which had moisture content of 30.44%, ash content of 0.96%, fat content of 20.31%, protein content of 12.42%, carbohydrate content of 35.88%, and fiber content of 6.62%. The descriptive test showed that the brownies had a brown color, mung beans and sweet potato flavor, mung beans and sweet potato taste, and soft texture.