High Caloric Intake Research Articles

Non-native earthworms increase the abundance and diet quality of a common woodland salamander in its northern range.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10530-023-03168-3.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Based on the Dietary Habits and Physical Activity of Korean Women Cancer Survivors.

Cancer is a major cause of death in Korea. Improving dietary habits and encouraging physical activity (PA) are important in managing the quality of life and health of patients. Cancer survivors (CS) often exhibit a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) than non-cancer (NC) individuals. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of MetS according to dietary habits and PA in women who survived various cancers: stomach, colorectal, breast, cervical, lung, thyroid, and others. The participants (n = 12,676; NC: 11,673, CS: 1003) were analyzed cross-sectionally over a 6-year period. Caloric intake, eating-out frequency, breakfast frequency, dietary supplements, dietary therapy, nutritional education, participation in aerobic activity, strength training frequency, and sedentary lifestyle were evaluated. The prevalence of MetS was 1.22 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.39) times higher in CS than in NC, exhibiting a 1.77-fold (95%CI, 1.14-2.74) increase in colorectal cancer, 1.72-fold (95%CI, 1.29-2.30) in cervical cancer, and 3.07-fold (95%CI, 1.14-5.31) in lung cancer. A higher-than-recommended caloric intake and frequent eating out increased MetS 1.43-fold (95%CI, 1.09-1.79) and 1.11-fold (95%CI, 1.01-1.64), respectively, in NC, and 1.31-fold (95%CI, 1.03-1.75) and 2.65-fold (95%CI, 2.29-3.07), respectively, in CS. Aerobic activity below the recommended level resulted in a 1.37-fold (95%CI, 1.13-1.71) and 1.36-fold (95%CI, 1.10-1.87) increase in NC and CS, respectively, whereas muscle strength increased 1.36-fold (95%CI, 1.08-1.70) and 1.49-fold (95%CI, 1.07-2.57), respectively, at below recommended levels. MetS was more prevalent in CS than in NC; high caloric intake, frequent eating out, low PA, and more sedentary time increased the risk of MetS.

Evaluation of bergenin in amylase enzyme inhibition and lipid uptake in liver cells

Changes in the global economy contribute to a sedentary lifestyle and higher caloric intake, increasing the incidence of metabolic diseases. It is estimated that the number of individuals diagnosed with metabolic diseases will increase by 25% by 2030 and 51% by 2045. Natural products have been tested in metabolic diseases with positive results, as shown by bergenin. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the possible effects of bergenin in models of metabolic disease through in silico and in vitro experimental procedures. Bergenin showed the ability to inhibit protein glycation by 19.88 ± 4.22% in the oxidative pathway and 8.32 ± 1.85% in the non-oxidative pathway. This study showed for the first time that bergenin has the potential to inhibit the α-amylase enzyme (33.89 ± 0.96%) using in silico and in vitro assays. Bergenin was not able to significantly inhibit lipid uptake by the Oil Red method. After these results, it is understood that bergenin has the potential to be better studied as a therapeutic option in metabolic diseases. However, additional in vivo studies are needed to better elucidate the possible pharmacological effects of bergenin in metabolic diseases.

Use of sodium D, L-3-hydroxybutyrate as adjunct therapy in two siblings with HMG-CoA lyase deficiency

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) lyase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive mitochondrial disease characterised by recurrent life-threatening metabolic crises generally presenting in neonates or infancy during catabolic stress triggered by prolonged fasting or intercurrent illness. Acute decompensations with lethargy, vomiting, hypoketotic hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis may evolve into Reye-like syndrome if untreated, with acute liver failure, hyperammonemic encephalopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and death in 20% of cases. Long-term health complications include psychomotor retardation, white matter abnormalities, epilepsy, hepatic steatosis, pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy, and arrythmia. The mitochondrial enzyme catalyses the cleavage of HMG-CoA to acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate, the common final step of ketogenesis and leucine degradation, resulting in diagnostic urinary organic acid pattern (elevated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric, 3-methylgutaconic, 3-methylglutaric, and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acids) with the absence of ketonuria, when deficient. Therapeutic interventions include dietary protein or leucine and fat restriction, carnitine supplementation, avoidance of fasting, and use of carbohydrate-based high caloric intake when unwell. We describe the clinical course and diagnostic work-up in two affected siblings, with the proband presenting with severe neonatal onset disease with metabolic acidosis, non-ketotic hypoglycaemia, hyperammonemia and white matter changes on brain MRI. High-risk screening for a younger sibling led to pre-emptive management with good outcomes. Sodium D, L-3-hydroxybutyrate (S-DL-3OHB) was used in both siblings as an adjunct therapy to prevent cerebral dysfunction and cardiomyopathy, with the rationale that decreased ketogenesis in this disorder may impact the major energy source for the brain and heart during starvation. S-DL-3OHB therapy is a well-tolerated and effective therapeutic option for this disorder.

Body composition, energy expenditure and caloric intake among breast cancer patients at a teaching hospital in Nigeria-a cross sectional study.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on the associations between body composition, energy expenditure and caloric intake among 45 Nigerian breast cancer patients. Forty-five Nigerian breast cancer patients were measured and analysed for their body composition, energy expenditure and caloric intake. Statistical analyses included a chi-square test, Student's t-test, paired t-test, Spearman correlation and linear regression using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 23.0. The body fat indices (body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), and body fats percentage) show that more than 50% of breast cancer patients were either overweight or obese. The Spearman correlation showed that fat-free mass (FFM) was the most strongly correlated with energy expenditure (r = 0.84). BMI and (FMI - fat mass in relation to height) were significantly correlated with the Harris-Benedict equation for energy expenditure (p < 0.001; p = 0.002), but they were not correlated significantly with the Karnofsky performance status. A paired t-test showed that caloric intake was significantly higher than total energy expenditure (p < 0.001). FFM was the best predictor of resting energy expenditure (REE). In conclusion, FFM remains the best predictor of REE. High body mass and high caloric intake indicate the need for support from nutritional programmes.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome According to Physical Activity, Dietary Habits, Mental Status, Social Status, Health Behavior, and Obesity Phenotypes in Korean Adolescents: 2016-2021.

Environmental factors play a role in increasing or decreasing the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents. We analyzed the impact of physical activity (PA), dietary habits, and mental and socioeconomic status on MetS prevalence in 2143 (boys: 1113, girls: 1030, age: 13-18 years) Korean middle- and high-school students. Metabolically healthy obesity and metabolically unhealthy normal weight were also evaluated. MetS occurred in 215 participants (10.0%), and boys had a higher MetS rate than girls. There was no significant difference in alcohol consumption and smoking experience between individuals with and those without MetS. The odds ratio (OR) for high-school students was 1.33 (95%CI, 1.001-1.789, p = 0.043) times that of middle-school students. Depression, low aerobic PA, and high sedentary time increased the ORs to 1.64 (95%CI, 1.059-2.539, p = 0.020), 1.52 (95%CI, 1.092-2.203, p = 0.003), and 1.86 (95%CI, 1.342-2.587, p < 0.001), respectively. Higher energy intake and low weekly breakfast consumption frequency yielded ORs of 1.46 (95%CI, 1.046-2.555, p = 0.025) and 1.70 (95%CI, 1.244-2.339, p = 0.011), respectively. Strength training, stress, suicidal ideation, dining out frequency, and household income did not impact MetS prevalence. Despite obesity, MetS decreased by 29.7% with high aerobic PA and 37.9% with high weekly breakfast consumption frequency. In conclusion, MetS risk was higher for men, individuals with depression, and high-school students. Low aerobic activity, high calorie intake, and low weekly breakfast consumption frequency increased MetS risk. Despite obesity, high aerobic activity, low sedentary time, and breakfast consumption was associated with lower MetS risk.

Dumping syndrome after bariatric surgery: prevalence, pathophysiology and role in weight reduction - a systematic review.

Dumping syndrome is a frequent and wellknown adverse event after bariatric surgery and covers a dynamic spectrum of early and late dumping. Accelerated gastric emptying is generally considered to be the cause of gastrointestinal and vasomotor complaints. However, there is much uncertainty regarding the exact pathophysiology of dumping. It has been speculated that the syndrome is a desired consequence of bariatric surgery and contributes to more efficient weight loss, but supporting data are scarce. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed in July-August 2021. The prevalence of dumping after the most frequently performed bariatric procedures was analyzed, as well as underlying pathophysiology and its role in weight reduction. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is associated with the highest postoperative prevalence of dumping. The fast transit induces neurohumoral changes which contribute to an imbalance between postprandial glucose and insulin levels, resulting in hypoglycemia which is the hallmark of late dumping. Early dumping can, when received in a positive way, become a tool to maintain a strict dietary pattern, but no significant relationship to the degree of weight loss has been shown. However, late dumping is detrimental and promotes overall higher caloric intake. Dumping syndrome is common after bariatric surgery, especially after RYGB. The pathophysiology is complex and ambiguous. Currently available data do not support dumping as a necessary condition to induce weight loss after bariatric surgery.

The Relationship Between Physical Activity Levels and Metabolic Syndrome in Kuwaiti Adults

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the relationship between physical activity (PA) and metabolic syndrome in the Kuwaiti population. This is the first study to examine the relationship between PA and metabolic syndrome in a nationally representative sample of adult Kuwaitis. &#x0D; &#x0D; METHODS: Data from the STEPS survey of noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factors in Kuwait were used for this secondary cross-sectional study with a total of 1616 adults (726 males; and 890 females) aged 18-69 randomly sampled from the target population using the database of the Public Authority of Civil Information (PACI).&#x0D; &#x0D; RESULTS: The Body Mass Index (BMI) of females was higher than males (31.5&amp;plusmn;7.7 vs. 29.4&amp;plusmn;5.1). Males had higher metabolic equivalent than females (2202&amp;plusmn;3394.8 vs. 1180&amp;plusmn;2379.5). The total prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Kuwaiti males and females was 28.4%. The relationship between total metabolic equivalent and the Metabolic syndrome was negatively correlated (r=-0.196), also annual household income was negatively correlated with Metabolic syndrome; the higher level of income the lower presence of metabolic syndrome. Finally, Metabolic Syndrome Score can be predicted by gender, age, BMI and Total Metabolic Equivalent (MET) as a predictors which explain approximately 32.6% of the variance in Metabolic Syndrome Score. &#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Kuwait is alarmingly high. Sedentary lifestyles and high caloric intake are few of the responsible factors. Therefore, the Ministry of Health and Policy makers should adapt strategies to promote higher levels of physical activity such as using sidewalks and bicycling facilities and promoting public health messages to decrease caloric intake.

Lipase Inhibition and Amelioration of High-fat Diet-induced Obesity Potential of Cajanus Cajan (Pigeon pea) Seeds: A legume Used by Foumban and Dschang Localities of Cameroon

Introduction: High-calorie intake and an unbalanced lifestyle are the two foremost determinants of obesity incipience. Devising new pharmaceutical molecules with low adverse events is a challenging task. Herbal medicinal plants are safer drugs and offer plenty of nutritional and therapeutic benefits. Background: Cajanus cajan seeds are traditionally used by the Foumban and Dschang localities of Cameroon in the management of obesity. No scientific study depicting the role of this plant in obesity management has been reported yet. Aim: Present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of seeds extract of C.cajan. Methods: Anti-obesity activity of seeds extract of C.cajan. was studied by in-vitro and in-vivo methods. Phytochemical screening was also performed to ascertain the presence of secondary metabolites in the extract. In-vitro lipase inhibition assay was performed using porcine pancreatic lipase enzyme in various concentrations (100-500µg/ml). In the in-vivo model, obesity was induced by a high-fat diet and seeds extract was administered orally at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Results: Phytochemical screening reported the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and flavonoids. Seeds extract inhibited lipase enzyme in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 value 205.28µg. The extract showed a decline in weight gain, diminished hyperlipidaemia and restored hepatic biochemistry. Conclusion: C. cajan seed extract possesses anti-obesity effects, which might be due to lipase inhibitory effects.

Ethnobotanical Perspective in the Management of Obesity: An Updated Review

Background: Obesity is increasing very rapidly from the past few decades in various developed countries that affects human health and produces various chronic disorders like diabetes (type 2), fat deposition in the liver, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis. Objective: Apart from the genetic and side effect of the drugs, nearly 80-90% of people become obese due to various behavioural factors, high caloric intake, and some physiological factors. Currently 15-20% male adults are overweight and 20-25% females come under the category of obese. Methods: Obesity is calculated by the body mass index and can be determined by the percentage of body fat and total body fat. Orlistat and sibutramine are two anti-obesogenic drugs which are available in the market and are approved by the Food and Drug Administration. However, these drugs possess various side effects and high in cost. Therefore, more attention goes towards the medicinal plants and their isolated compounds which are low in cost and with few or no side effects. Results: In this review, we give the information about the anti-obesogenic effect of various medicinal plant compounds isolated from them, extract dose, and the mechanism of action of in in vivo and invitro activity. During our literature work, we also found some of the plants with effective in vitro and in vivo activity against obesity. Conclusion: Therefore, the government and scientific community and other pharmaceutical companies help to find and work on a various medicinal plants not to determine their bioactive compounds but also for developing effective anti-obesity drugs.

Waste on Impulse? Food ordering, calorie intake and waste in out-of-home consumption

The fast-growing out-of-home consumption sector is responsible for monumental food waste. At the same time, this sector is transforming and increasingly introduces pre-ordering via smartphones and mobile devices to cater to consumers’ busy lifestyles. Drawing on construal level theory, we show in two behavioral studies that acquiring food for a distant consumption moment leads to more impulsive food acquisitions and higher calorie intake. Emphasizing the (un)healthiness of food by using traffic light labels does not dampen impulsive acquisitions at the point of sale, but does help consumers to consume fewer calories at the expense of wasting more food. Our findings introduce a dilemma for managers in the out-of-home consumption section. While making it easy for consumers to change or add to their order placed in advance boosts sales, this practice leads to more calories consumed and more waste.

Advancements in Inpatient Medical Management of Malnutrition in Children and Adolescents with Restrictive Eating Disorders

There is an urgent need to identify best practices for hospital treatment of youth with malnutrition secondary to restrictive eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa (AN) and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). Certain physical health complications of malnutrition, such as bradycardia, hypotension, and hypothermia, often lead to hospitalization. These acute medical complications improve with refeeding, or short-term nutritional rehabilitation, and will resolve with ongoing recovery. Historically, refeeding was approached with extreme caution, with lower calorie protocols that advanced slowly and required weeks to restore medical stability.( 1 Shamim T. Golden N.H. Arden M. Filiberto L. Shenker I.R. Resolution of vital sign instability: an objective measure of medical stability in anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health. 2003; 32: 73-77 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar , 2 Garber A.K. Mauldin K. Michihata N. Buckelew S.M. Shafer M.A. Moscicki A.B. Higher calorie diets increase rate of weight gain and shorten hospital stay in hospitalized adolescents with anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc Health. 2013; 53: 579-584 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar , 3 Golden N.H. Keane-Miller C. Sainani K.L. Kapphahn C.J. Higher caloric intake in hospitalized adolescents with anorexia nervosa is associated with reduced length of stay and no increased rate of refeeding syndrome. J Adolesc Health. 2013; 53: 573-578 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (100) Google Scholar ) Prolonged hospitalizations place eating disorders among the top 6 most “common and costly” pediatric mental health diagnoses.( 4 Bardach N.S. Coker T.R. Zima B.T. Murphy J.M. Knapp P. Richardson L.P. Edwall G. Mangione-Smith R. Common and costly hospitalizations for pediatric mental health disorders. Pediatrics. 2014; 133: 602-609 Crossref PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar ) This paper reviews current evidence on refeeding approaches for hospitalized youth with eating disorders. Recent findings suggest that high calorie refeeding is a clinically safe method of inpatient management and, more importantly, improves clinical outcomes.

Browning of Adipocytes: A Potential Therapeutic Approach to Obesity

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity suggests that current strategies based on diet, exercise, and pharmacological knowledge are not sufficient to tackle this epidemic. Obesity results from a high caloric intake and energy storage, the latter by white adipose tissue (WAT), and when neither are counterbalanced by an equally high energy expenditure. As a matter of fact, current research is focused on developing new strategies to increase energy expenditure. Against this background, brown adipose tissue (BAT), whose importance has recently been re-evaluated via the use of modern positron emission techniques (PET), is receiving a great deal of attention from research institutions worldwide, as its main function is to dissipate energy in the form of heat via a process called thermogenesis. A substantial reduction in BAT occurs during normal growth in humans and hence it is not easily exploitable. In recent years, scientific research has made great strides and investigated strategies that focus on expanding BAT and activating the existing BAT. The present review summarizes current knowledge about the various molecules that can be used to promote white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and energy expenditure in order to assess the potential role of thermogenic nutraceuticals. This includes tools that could represent, in the future, a valid weapon against the obesity epidemic.

Combined effects of intermittent fasting with swimming-based high intensity intermittent exercise training in Wistar rats

High caloric intake and physical inactivity are known precursors to the development of several chronic metabolic diseases. For obesity and sedentarism, High Intensity Intermittent Exercise (HIIE) and Intermittent Fasting (IF) have emerged as individual strategies to attenuate their negative effects by improving metabolism. To study their combined effects, Wistar male rats (n = 74, 60 days old) were divided into four groups: Sedentary Control (C), swimming-based HIIE only (HIIE), Intermittent Fasting only (IF), and swimming-based HIIE associated with Intermittent Fasting (HIIE/IF). Over an eight-week period swimming performance, body composition, weight and feeding behavior were analyzed. The final morphology of white adipose tissue showed a significant reduction in adipocyte size consistent with a higher number of cells per area in exercised animals (vs C and IF, p < 0.05), which also displayed characteristics of browning through UCP-1 levels and CD31 staining. These results suggest that the increased performance in the HIIE/IF group is, in part, by modifications of WAT metabolism through the browning process.

Gut microbiota-bile acids-glucagon like peptide-1 axis contributes the resistance to high fat diet-induced obesity in mice

In human and rodents, some individuals may remain lean even when they are challenged with high calorie intake. Here, we used C57BL/6J mice to establish animal models of high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity sensitive (DIO) mice and obesity resistant (DIR) mice. In DIR mice, improved metabolic profile through brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation was observed, while plasma unconjugated bile acids (BAs) were decreased together with increased intestine tauro-conjugated BAs (e.g., T-β-MCA). The composition of the gut flora also differs greatly between DIR and DOR. Using fecal microbiota transplants from DIR mice, HFD fed recipient mice exhibited a trend toward reduced adiposity and improved glucose tolerance, showing increased serum tauro-conjugated BAs levels. STC-1 cell experiments confirmed T-β-MCA could activate FXR/TGR5 pathway and induce the production of GLP-1, inhibiting genes that regulate the ceramide synthesis. Our results indicated that the DIR mice exhibited higher energy expenditure by activating BAT thermogenesis, which may be related to altered gut microbiota-bile acids-glucagon like peptide-1 axis.

Immune regulation in obesity: a narrative review

Obesity is a condition triggered by many risk factors, but the main one is due to high calorie intake and low physical activity. Various studies have explored the relationship between obesity and metabolic complications, namely chronic degenerative disorders. In the condition of obesity, there are biochemical changes including chronic inflammation. This condition mainly occurs due to the load on the metabolic tissue due to weight gain and fat tissue dysfunction. These changes result in changes in the distribution of leukocytes, lymphocyte activity, and in general the immune defense system. The changes that occur include the occurrence of a chronic inflammatory process. Among the various inflammatory mediators, there are three mediators that play an important role in the regulation of the immune system due to obesity, namely TNF-α, IL-6, and adiponectin. In addition, the accumulation of free fatty acids in obesity can activate a cascade of a series of pro-inflammatory kinases, such as IkB kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, which triggers fatty tissue to release IL-6. Other effects include activation of the inflammasome, and hyperleptinemia. Leptin is then associated with cell survival, cytokine release, and chemotaxis. In addition, leptin can also be related to the proliferation of T cells.

ASSESSMENT OF LIFESTYLE CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON HEALTH AMONG CHILDREN OF ≤15 YEARS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC, IN NORTH INDIA

Objective: The objectives of the study were: (1) To assess life style changes among children of ≤15 years of age during COVID-19 pandemic and (2) to find out the effect of the life style changes on health of children of ≤15 years of age. Methods: The cross-sectional comparative study conducted at department of pediatrics, Vivekananda Polyclinic and Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow for duration of 1 year and sample size found to be 276 on calculation by applying the formula. Results: Out of 278 children, about 39% (108) were female children. Most of children were studying in primary level classes (52.51%) and most of enrolled children had joint family (66.18%). Level of physical activity reduced significantly due to closure of school and restriction on outdoor activities. Weight of children increased significantly during COVID-19 pandemic seems to be due to decreased in physical activities and consumption of more fast food/fried food (high calorie intake) and sedentary life style. Conclusion: During COVID-19 pandemic due to closure of schools and restricted outdoor activities results in decrease level of physical activities, increased consumption of high calorie food and sedentary behavior lead to increase in weight of children and changes in sleeping pattern of children.

363 Association between self-monitoring and ketogenic diet adherence in a technology-assisted lifestyle intervention

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Self-monitoring (SM) improves adherence to low-fat low-calorie (LFLC) diet for weight management. Ketogenic diet (KD) is a promising alternative to LFLC, however, it is unclear whether SM improves KD adherence. We examined the association between SM and KD adherence during the first 12 weeks of a 6-month technology-assisted lifestyle intervention. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We included 30 (50.8 ± 12.4 years, 70% female) overweight/obese (body mass index: 37.1 ± 7.2 kg/m2) participants in the analysis. They received personalized KD goals with very low-carbohydrate (22–62 g/d), moderate protein (52 -87 g/d), and high-fat (115 - 219g/d) and calorie intake goals (1338–2554 kcal/d). Additionally, participants performed daily diet, exercise, and weight SM. Adherence to KD was measured by (1) self-monitored dietary intake, and (2) percent of days in ketosis state (blood ketone≥0.5 mmol/L) captured by a fingerstick blood ketone meter. SM frequency was defined as percent of days participant logged food intake, wore fitness tracker, and weighed body weight. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to examine the correlation between SM in diet, exercise, and weight with KD adherence. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Percentage of days participants SM for diet, exercise, and weight was 58.4 ± 32.2%, 66.4 ± 30.9%, and 59.0 ± 32.6%, respectively. Correlational analysis more frequent diet SM was positively correlated with more days in ketosis (r = 0.58, p = 0.003), higher fat intake (r = 0.68, p = 0.0001), and higher calorie intake (r = 0.67, p = 0.002) within the fat and calorie goals set; more frequent weight SM was positively correlated with more days in ketosis (r = 0.48, p = 0.02), higher fat intake (r = 0.45, p = 0.023), and higher calorie intake (r = 0.44, p = 0.027). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We found that diet and weight SM were positively associated with fat and calorie intake, as well as days in ketosis. Given the reported promising effect of KD on weight loss and the challenges of adhering to KD, our findings suggested that promoting SM on diet and weight might be a promising avenue for improving KD adherence leading to successful weight loss.

Assessment of Physical Health of Final-Year Medical Students and Young Doctors

Background: By the end of university, the proportion of medical students with chronic diseases usually increases while physical activity and fitness decrease. Objective: To assess physical development of final-year medical university students and clinical residents. Materials and methods: We have assessed physical health of 16 final-year medical students and 14 first-year medical residents (20.0 % and 25.0 % of the sample population in 2019–2022, respectively). We measured body height, weight, chest circumference, leading hand force, lung capacity, hemodynamic parameters at rest, after exercise and recovery and the mean dynamic pressure in all study participants. We also estimated Quetelet, Pignet, and Robinson indices and those of force, vitality, endurance, and functional changes. In addition, we assessed living conditions, nutrition, and daily energy expenditures of the young people. Results: We established that, under conditions of an organized team, a regulated mode of learning and a high calorie intake, two students (12.5 %) were overweight while the number of overweight residents was six (42.9 %), which was probably related to changes in the lifestyle, nutrition, and daily routine. Estimation of the body mass index showed that 10 (62.5 %) students and 11 (78.6 %) residents were overweight and obese. A more positive body build index among the residents was attributed to a higher number of overweight subjects and confirmed by strength and vital indices and chest circumference measurements. We revealed more considerable preclinical shifts in the health status of the residents in terms of the functional state of the cardiovascular system (diastolic blood pressure at rest and after exercise, heart rate and diastolic blood pressure after exercise, mean dynamic pressure after a period of rest, endurance coefficient, Robinson index) and the index of functional changes. Conclusions: Changes in the synergistic factors of learning and lifestyle of medical residents at the beginning of their professional career cause more significant preclinical alterations in the body compared with students, which necessitates raising their awareness of a healthy lifestyle.

Feeding Habits, Nutritional Condition, Fecal Intestinal Metabolites, and Risk of Developing Diabetes Mellitus II in the Mexican Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

Early identification of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk factors prevents its consequences. Fecal volatile organic compounds (FVOCs) can serve as disease biomarkers. The objective was to compare nutritional condition, feeding habits, and FVOCs into low-risk and high-risk (HR) T2DM developed in the Mexican population. A cross-sectional study was conducted in healthy adult volunteers between 18 and 59 years of age from Tepic, Nayarit, México. The FVOCs p-cresol and acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acids were evaluated. The values of body mass index (BMI), body fat, visceral fat index, metabolic age, and basal metabolic rate were higher in the HR group. In addition, high total calorie intakes and high macronutrient calorie intakes were found in the HR group. Both groups showed the same values for the evaluated FVOCs. Through principal component analysis, it was found that when BMI, metabolic age, weight, and visceral fat index increase, adults will be more likely to be at high risk for developing T2DM.