Higher Boiling Point Hydrocarbons Research Articles

Henry's Constants Prediction Study of VOC in Several Types Solvents by UNIFAC-FV

Absorption of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as toluene, was studied. In order to characterise the absorption capacity of toluene/oil solvent systems, the Henry's constant (H) was determined. Prediction of Henry's constants are also carried out using UNIFAC-FV model which is known to be suitable for hydrocarbon gases and high-boiling point hydrocarbon solvent.kg/cm2, 220 kg/cm2 dan 260 kg/cm2.

Crude Oil Contaminated Soil: Its Neutralization and Use

The paper represents the research results for the process of crude oil-contaminated soil neutralization with the use of a neutralizer obtained on the basis ofhumic substances. Using physical methods (gas and liquid chromatography, fluorimetry, atomic absorption spectrometry, IR spectrometry), the element and group compositionswere determined for the crude oil-contaminated soil, neutralizer, and neutralized soil. Optimal parameters were determined for the process of the crude oil-contaminated soil neutralization under laboratory conditions:weight ratios of the crude oil-contaminated soil, neutralizer and water, and the temperature and neutralization process duration. The technological scheme was developed for the neutralization of the crude oil-contaminated soil in field conditions. It was found that low-boiling point hydrocarbon fractions (C12–C17) disappear completely at neutralization, the content of high-boiling point hydrocarbon fractions (C20–C23) is essentially increased, and the content of oil components and metals, including the toxic ones, is decreased. The engineering characteristics for nine mixtures of the stabilized soil, containing the neutralized soil, were evaluated under laboratory conditions and the conditions were determined for their use in road construction (with regard to road category, characteristic pavement layer, minimal air temperature). An experimental road section was constructed with the use of the stabilized soil with neutralized soil (40%).

Thermodynamic study on vapour-liquid equilibrium of toluene and several types of oil as absorbent

Thermodynamic study on vapour-liquid equilibrium of toluene and several types of oil as absorbent Gas cleaning system is one of important step in the utilization of biomass via gasification process. The producer gas obtained from the gasification process must be very clean before it is used in an internal combustion engine. In order to gaseous fuel get cleaned with a tar content below 100 mg/Nm3, a gas cleaning system using scrubbing oil is being developed and taking the advantage of a lower vapour pressure of oil than scrubbing water. Study on vapour-liquid equilibrium is being conducted to understand the phenomena taking place in the absorption of tar with oil. In our present study, the producer gas containing tar is represented using air containing toluene. This producer gas model with a toluene or benzene concentration then bubbled with a rate of 27.6 mL/min into a bath of oil at a various temperature. The progress of absorption of tar model in oil measured gas chromatography until saturated condition. Considering that the concentration of toluene in the gas stream is very low, the toluene and oil vapour-liquid equilibrium follows the Henry’s law. Prediction of Henry’s constants is also carried out using UNIFAC-FV model which is known to be suitable for hydrocarbon gases and high-boiling point hydrocarbon solvent. Keywords: tar, oil, Henry’s constant AbstrakSistem pembersihan gas merupakan salah satu langkah penting dalam pemanfaatan biomassa melalui proses gasifikasi. Gas produser yang dihasilkan dari proses gasifikasi harus sangat bersih sebelum digunakan dalam mesin pembakaran internal. Untuk mendapatkan bahan bakar gas yang bersih dengan kandungan tar di bawah 100 mg/Nm3. Sebuah sistem pembersihan gas dengan menggunakan minyak sebagai media penyerap dikembangkan dengan mengambil keuntungan dari tekanan uap minyak lebih rendah air penyerap. Studi kesetimbangan uap-cair yang dilakukan untuk memahami fenomena yang terjadi dalam penyerapan tar dengan minyak. Dalam kami studi ini, gas produser yang mengandung direpresentasikan dengan udara yang mengandung toluena. Model gas produser ini dibuat dengan menggelembungkan konsentrasi benzena atau toluena dengan laju 27,6 mL/menit ke dalam bak minyak pada berbagai suhu. Kemajuan penyerapan model tar dalam minyak diukur dengan cromathograpy gas sampai dengan kondisi jenuh. Mengingat konsentrasi toluena dalam aliran gas sangat rendah, maka kesetimbangan uap-cair toluena dan minyak mengikuti hukum Henry. Konstanta Henry juga dapat diprediksi dengan menggunakan model UNIFAC-FV yang cocok untuk gas hidrokarbon dan pelarut hidrokarbon dengan titik didih tinggi. Kata kunci: tar, minyak, konstanta Henry

OPERATING SPECIFICATIONS OF CATALYTIC CLEANING OF GAS FROM BIOMASS GASIFICATION

The paper focuses on the theoretical description of the cleaning of syngas from biomass and waste gasification using catalytic methods, and on the verification of the theory through experiments. The main obstruction to using syngas from fluid gasification of organic matter is the presence of various high-boiling point hydrocarbons (i.e., tar) in the gas. The elimination of tar from the gas is a key factor in subsequent use of the gas in other technologies for cogeneration of electrical energy and heat. The application of a natural or artificial catalyst for catalytic destruction of tar is one of the methods of secondary elimination of tar from syngas. In our experiments, we used a natural catalyst (dolomite or calcium magnesium carbonate) from Horní Lánov with great mechanical and catalytic properties, suitable for our purposes. The advantages of natural catalysts in contrast to artificial catalysts include their availability, low purchase prices and higher resilience to the so-called catalyst poison. Natural calcium catalysts may also capture undesired compounds of sulphure and chlorine. Our paper presents a theoretical description and analysis of catalytic destruction of tar into combustible gas components, and of the impact of dolomite calcination on its efficiency. The efficiency of the technology is verified in laboratories. The facility used for verification was a 150 kW pilot gasification unit with a laboratory catalytic filter. The efficiency of tar elimination reached 99.5%, the tar concentration complied with limits for use of the gas in combustion engines, and the tar content reached approximately 35 mg/m<sub>n</sub><sup>3</sup>. The results of the measurements conducted in laboratories helped us design a pilot technology for catalytic gas cleaning.

Partial oxidation of high-boiling hydrocarbon mixtures in the pilot unit

AbstractThe reason for this investigation into the partial oxidation (POX) of high-boiling hydrocarbons with oxygen in the presence of water vapour was to ensure increased demand on hydrogen, which is essential for the deeper hydrorefining of petroleum oils to ensure better quality of motor fuels. The tests demonstrated the good performance of the pilot plant unit and also the reproducibility of the experiment. The investigation detected a significant impact of water vapour on the selectivity of the partial oxidation of high boiling-point hydrocarbons with regard to the composition of the exhaust gas. In addition, it was noted that the hydrogen content in the reaction product of the partial oxidation of the mixture of visbreaking distillate and residue diluted with pyrolysis fuel oil, achieved 50 %. The content of components in the gaseous product accorded well with a synthesis gas composition produced by the plant unit of the UNIPETROL RPA Co., designed and built under licence from the Shell Petroleum Co.

Investigation of Kinetics of Hydroisomerization of C5/C6 and C6/C7 Alkanes and their Binary Mixtures

Modern gasoline quality requirements globally became stricter. These specifications parallel with the applied developments of vehicle technologies contributing to the cleaner environment. Nowadays only the concentration of cyclo- and isoparaffins are not limited in gasoline, because they burn cleaner, have high octane number, lower sensibility and better combustion properties than aromatic or olefinic hydrocarbons. In the last decade because of the applied refinery investments both sulfur and aromatic content of gasolines decreased, but the octane mass of the gasoline pool significantly decreased against the increment of octane number requirement of spark ignition engines. Importance of isomerization of light paraffins has been publicized in many papers. However few of them investigated, studied and explained the individual hydrocarbons (C5/C6/C7) interaction with each other in multicomponent mixtures practically in similar to industrial hydrocarbon feedstocks. Binary and multicomponent hydrocarbon mixture investigations can contribute to the understanding the results of isomerization of real, feedstocks from multiple sources; which contain higher boiling point hydrocarbons (cycloparaffins, benzene, and heptanes). Further these results can help to operate with higher flexibility, safety and economically a light naphtha isomerization units. The hydroisomerization of n-pentane (n-C5), n-hexane (n-C6), cyclohexane (c-C6) and n-heptane (n-C7) and their binary mixture were studied on Pt/sulfated zirconia catalyst at temperature 150–170 °C, total pressure 20 bar, 1:1 H2-hydrocarbon molar ratio. The apparent activation energies of all individual components, further the reaction rates individually and in different composition binary mixtures were specified. Results of our experiments concluded that the rate of reaction of the higher carbon number hydrocarbon or in case of the same carbon number the cycloparaffins (lower volatility component) increased with increasing the concentration in the binary mixtures, while the rate of reaction of higher volatility component decreasing.

Scavenging H 2S (g) from oil phases by means of ultradispersed sorbents

Ultradispersed catalysts significantly enhance rates of reaction and mass transfer by virtue of their extended and easy accessible surface. These attractive features were exploited in this study to effectively capture H 2S (g) from an oil phase by ultradispersed sorbents. Sorption of H 2S (g) from oil phases finds application for scavenging H 2S (g) forming during heavy oil extraction and upgrading. This preliminary investigation simulated heavy oil by (w/o) microemulsions having 1-methyl-naphthalene; a high boiling point hydrocarbon, as the continuous phase. H 2S (g) was bubbled through the microemulsions which contained the ultradispersed sorbents. The type and origin of sorbent were investigated by comparing in situ prepared FeOOH and commercial α-Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles as well as aqueous FeCl 3 and NaOH solutions dispersed in the (w/o) microemulsions. The in situ prepared FeOOH nanoparticles captured H 2S (g) in a chemically inactive form and displayed the highest sorption rate and capacity. Temperature retarded the performance of FeOOH particles, while mixing had no significant effect.

Hydrocarbon-rich Products from Sunflower Oil by Alkali Catalytic Pyrolysis

Possible acceptable recycling processes of vegetable oils are cracking and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is a common practice and an effective method for recycling waste disposal. The sunflower oil can be pyrolyzed into hydrocarbon-rich products. Alkali (Na2CO3) was used in the pyrolysis experiments. Interest is focused on gasoline-rich engine fuel production. The liquid products are usually composed of higher boiling point hydrocarbons. In order to obtain useful gasoline-range hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis oil, fractional distillation is preferred for product separation. The highest yields of gasoline were 55.2% for the gasoline from sunflower oil, which can be obtained from the pyrolysis with 5% catalytic runs. The results show that the product compositions are affected by catalyst content and temperature.

Formation Characteristics of Diesel Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles formed in motor vehicle exhaust have received increasing attention due to their potential adverse health effects. But there are a lot of uncertain points for chemical properties and formation mechanisms of diesel nanoparticles. The objective of this study was to characterize nanoparticles emitted from a light-duty diesel engine operated on a dynamometer. Diesel nanoparticles which typically range in diameter from 3 to 30 nm were observed only under idling, high load and deceleration conditions. The formation characteristics of diesel nanoparticles under idling and high load conditions depended mainly on fuel distillation characteristics and sulfur content in fuel, respectively while fuel-cut control of fuel injection in deceleration process had a strong influence on those under deceleration condition. Nanoparticles under idling and deceleration conditions were composed mainly of high boiling point hydrocarbons (heavy hydrocarbons) in fuel and/ or lubricating oil and those under high load conditions consisted of sulfuric acid. The formation characteristics of diesel volatile nanoparticles was controlled by number concentration of accumulation mode particles.

Optical Microscopy inside a Heating Capillary

This paper presents a heating-capillary video-microscopy system that allows visual observation and quantification of phenomena involving biphasic dispersions with interfaces at high temperatures. The cylindrical capillaries were made to have inside diameters of ∼200 μm, while their exterior was coated with a transparent tin-doped indium oxide film that acted as an electrically heating jacket. The produced capillaries achieved temperatures ranging from ambient to at least 287 °C, the boiling temperature of n-hexadecane, a high boiling point hydrocarbon used in the temperature-calibration experiments. The generated temperatures may oscillate, with maximum deviations of about 3 °C from ambient to 80 °C, 9 °C from 80 to 170 °C, and 45 °C from 170 to 265 °C. In the range of 100−265 °C, the desired temperatures were attained at a rate from 75 to 198 °C/s and could be easily adjusted by changing the applied ac voltage with a variable transformer. Two examples of using the heating-capillary technique for interfac...

직접분사식 디젤기관에서 EGBE 첨가에 의한 배기가스 배출특성과 분석에 관한 실험적 연구

Improvements of fuel properties have become essential for exhaust emission reduction as well as for optimization of directly-related design factors and exhaust gas aftertreatment. In this study, the potential possibility of oxygenated fuel such as ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether(EGBE) was investigated for the sake of smoke reduction from diesel engine. Because EGBE include oxygen content approximately 27%, it is a kind of effective oxygenated fuel that the smoke emission of EGBE is reduced remarkably in comparison with commercial diesel fuel, that is, it can supply oxygen component sufficient at high load and speed in diesel engine. And, it was tried to analyze the quantities of the low and high boiling point hydrocarbon among the exhaust emissions in diesel engine. It have been investigated by the quantitative analysis of the hydrocarbon ~ using the gas chromatography. This study was carried out by comparing the chromatogram with diesel fuel and diesel fuel blended EGBE 20vo1-%. The results of this study show that the hydrocarbon ~C among the exhaust emission of the mixed fuels are exhausted lower than those of the diesel fuel at the all load and speed. In particular, high boiling point hydrocarbons such as and were reduced remarkably at high speed and load.d.

Determination of kerosene and #2 diesel in soil by purge and trap vs. extraction procedure

Abstract Low‐ to medium‐boiling‐point hydrocarbons, which include the full range of gasoline (C4‐C12), are routinely analyzed by using headspace or purge and trap with gas chromatography techniques. Some of the higher boiling point hydrocarbons, including diesel motor fuels (C9‐C22) and kerosene (C10‐C16), are normally analyzed by using sonication extraction with gas chromatography technique. However, since both of these groups are medium range in numbers of hydrocarbons as well as boiling point, analysis by elevated temperature purge and trap (85°C) may prove to be an accurate and time‐saving method of analysis. Testing by purge and trap may prove successful for both kerosene (b.p. 175 to 328°C) and #2 diesel (b.p. 179 to 360°C). This research is designed to compare data using the high‐temperature purge and trap technique to the data obtained by the sonication extraction technique.

Propene oligomerization over synthetic mica-montmorillonite (SMM) and SMM incorporating nickel, zinc and cobalt

The activity and selectivity for propene oligomerization of pure synthetic mica-montmorillonite, SMM, as well as SMM incorporating various transition metals, was studied. The effect of incorporating nickel into the matrix as well as ion-exchanging (IX) nickel, zinc and cobalt into the interlayer spaces was investigated. Matrix nickel removed the long induction period characteristic of SMM and ion-exchanged SMM. Reducing the ion-exchanged nickel removed the induction period in the oligomerization reaction. Removal of the reduced nickel by carbon monoxide leaching caused an increase in activity. Water drastically decreased the catalyst lifetime. Zn (IX) SMM had a greater activity than Ni (IX) SMM, and Co (IX) SMM was initially more active than either but deactivated rapidly. Oligomerization selectivity was fairly constant throughout this study and the products were predominantly trimers and tetramers. The carbonaceous deposit formed during deactivation consisted mainly of high boiling point hydrocarbons but the presence of nickel increased the amount of “graphitic” carbon formed. Deactivation of the catalyst was mainly due to the presence of the latter deposits.

Factors affecting measurement of particulate and unburnt hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engines.

This paper describes the factors affecting measurements of particulate and unburnt hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engines. A dilution mini-tunnel was used to characterize the effects of the dilution ratio and the sample temperature on the total particulate mass concentration and the soluble organic fraction (SOF) constituents. Increasing the sample temperature resulted in changes in the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) constituents in SOF. The SOF components were separated by the column chromatographic technique, and the PAH fraction was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analytical efficiency was improved by the use of silicagel for column chromatography, and octadecylsilan-bonded column for HPLC by keeping the column at high temperature. The gaseous hydrocarbon in the raw exhaust was analysed by GC with FID. The heated temperature of a sample glass syringe affected measurements of high boiling point hydrocarbon constitunts.

Mesure des pressions de vapeur d'hydrocarbures C 10 A C 18n-alcanes et n-alkylbenzenes dans le domaine 3-1000 pascal

Vapour pressure measurements of high boiling point hydrocarbons (C 10-C 18 n-alkanes and n-alkylbenzenes) were carried out in the range: 10 −1 < P 0 < 10 mm Hg, 50 < t 0 < 250°C. The gas-saturation method for measuring low vapour pressures was used. Trial was made of several equations for the representation of the vapour pressure-temperature relationship. The best extrapolation is given by the Scott and Osborn equation. The experimental data are well correlated by this equation.

(177)石炭酸水溶液を抽剤とするベンゼン抽出において併用する高沸点炭化水素について

(177)石炭酸水溶液を抽剤とするベンゼン抽出において併用する高沸点炭化水素について