High Band Gap Research Articles

Phosphorus-based heterojunction tunnel field-effect transistors: from atomic insights to circuit renovations.

Tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) are gaining interest for low-power applications, but challenges like poor drive current, delayed saturation, and ambipolarity can hinder their performance. This work proposes a dopingless heterojunction TFET (DL-HTDET) utilizing advanced materials, all based on phosphorus, to address these issues. Our approach involves a comprehensive and accurate analysis of the DL-HTDET's behavior. It employs a hybrid simulation technique integrating atomistic modeling, device simulation, and circuit design. For the first time, we use density functional theory to compute the electrical parameters of a two-dimensional material, 10-layer black phosphorus, configured in the armchair direction as the source region. InP serves as the pocket, while AlP, with its high bandgap, acts as the drain region to suppress ambipolarity. Key parameters, including bandgap, effective mass, mobility, static dielectric constant, and electron affinity, are utilized to simulate the device characteristics. Three mechanisms are considered in the device design: interband tunneling, intraband tunneling, and thermionic emission. The effect of pocket length (Lpocket) on performance is studied, and the impact of different types of interface trap charges, ranging from low to high density, is considered, and the optimized device demonstrates good durability. Additionally, the gate leakage current, which is crucial for static power consumption, is taken into account. The DC and analog/radio frequency performance of the device are evaluated. The optimized DL-HTDET achieves an ON-state current of 125 μA μm-1, a current switching ratio of 1016, an average subthreshold swing of 5.10 mV dec-1, and a transconductance of 1.47 mS μm-1. A 7T SRAM cell is implemented, demonstrating high noise margins, low delay, and ultra-low power consumption. These achievements underscore the potential of the proposed device for high-speed, ultralow power applications.

Sustainable Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles from Bromelia pinguin L.: Photocatalytic Properties and Their Contribution to Urban Habitability

Aguama (Bromelia pinguin L.), a plant belonging to the Bromeliaceae family, possesses a rich content of organic compounds historically employed in traditional medicine. This research focuses on the sustainable synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles via an eco-friendly route using 1, 2, and 4% of Aguama peel extract. This method contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing the use of hazardous chemicals in nanoparticle production. The optical properties, including the band gap, were determined using the TAUC model through Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis). The photocatalytic activity was evaluated using three widely studied organic dyes (methylene blue, methyl orange, and rhodamine B) under both solar and UV radiation. The results demonstrated that the ZnO nanoparticles, characterized by a wurtzite-type crystalline structure and particle sizes ranging from 68 to 76 nm, exhibited high thermal stability and band gap values between 2.60 and 2.91 eV. These nanoparticles successfully degraded the dyes completely, with methylene blue degrading in 40 min, methyl orange in 70 min, and rhodamine B in 90 min. This study underscores the potential of Bromelia pinguin L. extract in advancing sustainable nanoparticle synthesis and its application in environmental remediation through efficient photocatalysis.

Effects of terbium concentrations on the characteristics of Ga2O3 films

Abstract This study investigates the incorporation of Tb into Ga2O3 films and its influence on their structural, optical, and luminescent properties. Tb composition in Ga2O3 films was controlled by adjusting the Tb composition in the targets. X-ray diffraction analysis unveiled lattice expansion as Tb composition increased. Atomic force microscopy images depicted consistently smooth film surfaces across varying Tb compositions. Optical transmission spectra demonstrated high transmittance and direct bandgap transitions, with no notable alteration observed in the bandgap concerning Tb composition. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited characteristic Tb ion emission peaks, with intensities initially increasing before reaching a plateau, attributed to a balance between increased luminescent centers and deteriorated crystal quality. This study significantly enhances our understanding of Tb doping effects in Ga2O3 films and offers valuable insights for their application in optoelectronics.

Photocatalytic degradation evaluation using ternary structures of titanium dioxide, silver and carbon quantum dots

The catalytic photodegradation of organic pollutants offers an eco-friendly alternative to improving water quality by reducing the use of strong oxidants. This method is particularly promising in dealing with emerging pollutants that are not completely removed using only the traditional methodologies. However, limitations of the main photocatalysts used such as high bandgap value and electronic recombination are a challenge to face when trying to upscale applications. In this study, photocatalytic heterostructures were synthesized using TiO2 P25, carbon quantum dots (CQDs), and silver (Ag) to enhance photocatalytic performance and overcome these challenges. The results demonstrated significant improvements in photodegradation efficiency, with an 827% increase for the catalyst containing only CQDs and a 400% increase for the heterostructures containing both CQDs and Ag. These enhancements are attributed to the synergy of the ballistic electronic transferer properties and the diminished availability of recombination sites of the semiconductor which enables the generation of oxidative radicals.

Half 4-inch wafer-scale 2D MoS2 with high uniformity direct bandgap grown using ion beam sputtering and vulcanization

Half 4-inch wafer-scale 2D MoS2 with high uniformity direct bandgap grown using ion beam sputtering and vulcanization

Experimental investigation on climate-control nano-composite polycarbonate sheets enhanced with TiO2, ZnO, and zeolite nanoparticles for polyhouse use

Abstract Optimal food production is achieved when crops receive the necessary nutrients, and the desired levels of temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and sufficient water. Climate Control Agriculture, or Controlled Environment Agriculture, utilizes a technology-based approach to grow plants in a controlled environment. This study focuses on the experimental investigation of polycarbonate sheets doped with TiO2, ZnO, and zeolite nanoparticles for potential use in polyhouse applications. The thermal performance of these synthesized and standard polycarbonate sheets was tested in a laboratory setting. A specialized experimental setup, consisting of two cabinets, was designed and fabricated for this purpose. Ten synthesized sheets each with thicknesses of 50 μm and 70 μm, and two commercial sheets of 70 μm thickness were tested experimentally in the laboratory for their thermal performance. Results indicated that % doping concentration of 0.3% was the most effective, while 0.1% was the least effective. Among the three doping materials, TiO2-doped sheets demonstrated superior ultra-violate light absorption capacity due to their high refractive index and band gap energy, which enhances their ability to absorb and scatter ultra-violate light. ZnO offered stronger UV protection than the remaining three materials. However, it has a lower refractive index than TiO2. Its overall thermal performance was lower than TiO2. The desired properties of nanocomposites for use in polyhouse applications such as thermal performance in the laboratory, UV protection, mechanical strength and durability, transparency, photostability, and safety were compared based on the experimental results and the data available in the literature. It was concluded that polycarbonate doped with ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles was the most suitable.

Enhancing metal halide perovskite LED performance by minimizing ion migration through the design of a mixed 2D(RP+DJ)/3D active layer structure

Low dimensional perovskite has attracted much research attention in recent years due to its unique quantum well structure and enhanced stability. Although quasi-2D perovskites show great potential for light-emitting diodes due to their impressive performance, there are still challenges in achieving uniform n-phases and stable internal crystal structures in films. These inconsistencies can lead to reduced performance in LED devices. The fabrication of 2D/3D mixed structures has shown great potential for achieving efficient energy transfer from high band gap to low band gap and stable LEDs. In this work, the effect of 2D perovskite as an additive on the morphological, optical and optoelectronic properties of 3D MAPbBr3 perovskite was investigated. The 2D/3D mixed structure with 2D Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) phase and Dion-Jacobson (DJ) phase containing different concentrations of (OA)2PbBr4 and (BDA)PbBr4 perovskites was investigated. The effect of concentration on the crystal structure, quality and optical properties of perovskite films was also studied. Furthermore, we have mixed RP and DJ phases to preparing mixed phase 2D perovskite. The optimal concentrations of the three phases of 2D/3D mixed perovskite structures (x=20 %) were determined based on their PLQY and used as the active layer in the fabrication of LEDs. The mixture of 2D and 3D, led to a reduction in holes, defects and a subsequent increase in PLQY. The LEDs based on 2D(RP+DJ)/3D mixed perovskite, exhibited remarkable stability, with its luminance decreasing from 4639 cdm−2 to 3197 cdm−2 over a period of 15 days. This represents a 68 % retention of its initial brightness. The results show the significant reduction in hysteresis for the 2D/3D perovskite device with a mixed phase cation (RP+DJ). This indicates that the mixed cation approach is highly effective in suppressing ion migration within the perovskite layer.

Monolayer and bilayer BP as efficient optoelectronic materials in visible and ultraviolet regions

Hexagonal boron phosphide (BP) shows significant promise for optoelectronic applications due to its high carrier mobility and moderate band gap. Strain inevitably occurs during the synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. In this work, a detailed study on the strain-dependent phonon dispersion and optical properties of monolayer and bilayer BP was performed. The calculated phonon dispersion curves demonstrate that both monolayer and bilayer BP systems remain dynamically stable under tensile strain. By increasing tensile strain, the LO and TO modes soften and the phonon band gap between optical and acoustic modes becomes narrower. The LO and TO modes display expanded phonon spectra under large tensile strains in contrast to the ZA mode. The absorption edge of bilayer BP is located around 0.6 eV, lower in energy with respect to the monolayer BP at ∼ 0.8 eV. The results indicate that the optical absorption may be enhanced by applying the compressive strain. With their broad absorption range and strain-tunable absorption strength and phononic properties, monolayer and bilayer BP are highly promising for next-generation nanodevices.

High Thermal Conductive Crystalline Organohalide for Endurable Resistive Switching Non-Volatile Memory.

The organic-based memristive devices are widely studied as a next-generation electronics for eco-friendly wearable applications, thanks to materials` flexibility and biocompatibility. However, poor operational reliability and stability of the devices remain a critical challenge. Here, the study demonstrates a crystalline organohalide, Dabconium ammonium triiodide (DABCO-NH4-I3, DABCO is 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octonium)-based memristive device with exceptionally high reliability and endurance. Owing to the low dielectric constant and anisotropic hexagonal crystal structure consisting of hydrogen bonds with a high bandgap, the DABCO-NH4-I3-based conductive bridging random access memory device demonstrates millivolt-scale operating voltages with a remarkably high on/off ratio of ≈109, capable of multi-level storage. The relatively higher thermal conductivity of the crystalline organohalide (1.06Wm-1K-1), compared to most of organic materials (0.1-0.5Wm-1K-1), is found to be beneficial to suppress intense heat accumulation generated by Joule heating effect during device operation. With the facilitated dissipation of the generated heat, the simple planar heterojunction structured device shows remarkably endurable resistive switching over 103 cycles of program-erase at both room temperature and 85 °C with high switching reliability. This study introduced a new class of materials that can overcome the limitations of existing organic materials for high-performance next-generation organic electronic devices.

Optimizing Na2EDTA concentration for enhanced properties of SILAR - deposited CTS thin films

Abstract This study investigates the impact of varying Na2EDTA concentrations on the properties of copper tin sulfide (CTS) thin films deposited on soda lime glass substrates using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The aim is to optimize CTS thin film growth for photovoltaic technology applications. CTS thin films were prepared using SILAR with Na2EDTA concentrations of 0.01 M, 0.04 M, and 0.07 M, resulting in samples CTS01, CTS04, and CTS07. Characterization techniques included XRD, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, I-V curves, transmittance spectra, and Tauc plots. The results reveal significant variations in film properties with changing Na2EDTA concentration. XRD patterns indicate polycrystalline films with an orthorhombic CTS phase. SEM images show smooth, dense films with localized clusters. FTIR spectra detect hydrocarbon chains, aromatic rings, and hydroxyl or ether groups. The I-V curves of three samples (CTS01, CTS04, and CTS07) show a voltage-dependent transition from semiconducting to ohmic behavior. The CTS01 exhibits superior conductivity (3.13 × 10−5/Ωm), while the samples’ resistance and conductivity values show an inverse relationship. Transmittance curves display low UV transmittance and high visible transmittance,suggests that the samples are highly absorptive in the UV range and become more transparent in the visible range, indicating potential applications in optical filtering and photovoltaic devices. Tauc plots estimate band gap energies of 3.66, 3.89, and 3.23 eV, indicating high band gap energies suitable for buffer layers in solar cells. The correlation between band gap energy and crystallite size as a function of Na2EDTA concentration is also observed. The study demonstrates the importance of optimizing Na2EDTA concentration for achieving high-quality CTS thin films with desirable properties for photovoltaic applications. The findings highlight the potential of CTS thin films for solar cells, optical filtering, and photonic devices.

Amorphous Doped Indium Tin Oxide Thin‐Films by Atomic Layer Deposition.Insights into Their Structural, Electronic and Device Reliability

AbstractThin semiconducting films of magnesium doped indium‐ and tin oxide are prepared by thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD). The metal oxide films are deposited at 200 °C from the precursors trimethylindium, tetrakis(dimethylamido)tin, bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)magnesium and water as oxidant. These thin‐films are observed to be amorphous by electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. However, they exhibited a near‐range atomic order with correlation lengths of up to 10 Å, as demonstrated by high energy total scattering at grazing incidence employing synchrotron radiation. Even minor alterations in composition reveal a significant impact on the thin‐film transistor (TFT) device parameters, due to magnesium's high oxygen binding capability and its ability to inhibit the formation of oxygen vacancies, resulting in a decrease of free charge carriers in the material. Stability tests indicate a device degradation after storage in ambient conditions due to water adsorption on the surface, which could be reversed by an additional annealing step which qualify the films as robust. This studie demonstrate the possibility of employing minor amounts of high band gap oxides such as MgO to manipulate and control the electric behavior of the active channel layer performance in inorganic TFT devices.

Evaluating potential power output of terrestrial thermoradiative diodes with atmospheric modeling

A thermoradiative diode is a device that can generate power through thermal emission from the warm Earth to the cold night sky. Accurate assessment of the potential power output requires knowledge of the downwelling radiation from the atmosphere. Here, accurate modeling of this radiation is used alongside a detailed balance model of a diode at the Earth's surface temperature to evaluate its performance under nine different atmospheric conditions. In the radiative limit, these conditions yield power densities between 0.34 and 6.5W.m-2, with optimal bandgaps near 0.094 eV. Restricting the angles of emission and absorption to less than a full hemisphere can marginally increase the power output. Accounting for non-radiative processes, we suggest that if a 0.094 eV device would have radiative efficiencies more than two orders of magnitude lower than a diode with a bandgap near 0.25 eV, the higher bandgap material is preferred.

Impact of graded CIGS absorber layer on Cd-free CIGS thin-film solar cell performance: numerical optimization

Abstract This paper investigates replacing the CdS buffer layer with (Zn, Mg)O and Zn(S, O) double buffer layers. To increase the efficiency of the structure, our strategy involves numerically studying and comparing three types of CIGS bandgap absorber layers: FB (Flat Band), Double Gradient Bandgap (DG) with a high bandgap near the Mo contact (back side), a low bandgap near the buffer layer (front side), and a minimum bandgap between them, and Simple Gradient Bandgap (SG) with a high bandgap near the Mo contact (back side) and a low bandgap near the buffer layer (front side). Each type features different linear graded profiles in the thickness direction to determine the optimal bandgap gradient of the CIGS layer. The performance of the three types is numerically analyzed using the SCAPS-1D simulator. Simulation enables us to test multiple structural combinations efficiently, saving both time and money, while providing results that guide experimental research. The proposed device structure is composed of the following layers: ZnO:Al/n-Zn1-xMgxO/n- ZnSxO1-x/p- Graded-CuIn1-xGaxSe2 /Mo. To study the effects of linear bandgap gradient distribution of Ga⁄((Ga+In) ) ratio according to the thickness direction on CIGS solar cell performance, the electrical properties of the proposed CIGS model were initially matched with experimental data to confirm the structure's accuracy. It was found that the Double Gradient Bandgap (DG), with maxima of 1.44 eV at the back side (near Mo contact), 1.238 eV at the front side (near n-type buffer layer interface), and a minimum of 1.154 eV at a position of 1.7 µm from the back side, has a higher efficiency than the other structures with 26.22% (Voc = 0.8134 V, Jsc = 37.82 mA/cm², FF = 85.21%). Optimizing the bandgap gradient of the CIGS absorber layer helps improve the efficiency of CIGS solar cells. 

Investigations of optoelectronic and scintillating properties of novel halide perovskites Cs2KSnX6 (X=Cl, Br, I)

In this paper, using density functional theory (DFT) formalism, optoelectronic properties of new halide perovskites Cs2KSnX6 (X = Cl, Br, I) are explored. The lattice constants of these double perovskites with Cl,Br, and I were found to be 11.75Å,12.34Å, and 13.24Å, respectively. Trans-Blaha modified Becke-Johnson (TB-mBJ) exchange-correlation functional was used to calculate the energy bandgap by incorporating spin-orbital coupling effects into it. The double perovskite with Cl was observed to possess a higher band gap value due to the increase in the size of halide anions. Due to the inverse relationship between bandgap values and lattice constants, it has been observed that increasing the lattice constant value results in the decrease of the electronic band gap and vice versa. From the density of states calculations, the nature of the electronic states involved in forming the energy bands has been determined. The upper light yield (LY) with the limit of 100 % under ideal conditions is found to be 544217 ph/MeV, 950118 ph/MeV, and 1600000 ph/MeV for Cs2KSnCl6,Cs2KSnBr6, and Cs2KSnI6 respectively, which suggests their potential applications in scintillating devices. Moreover, the optical properties like complex dielectric functions, absorption coefficients, reflectivity, and refractive index are calculated for these new proposed compounds. A systematic analysis of the optical and scintillating properties suggests the usefulness of Cs2KSnI6 among other compounds, as a potential candidate for high-energy radiation detection and other optoelectronic applications.

Halogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon for Hole Selective Layer/Perovskite Interface Modification and Passivation for Efficient Perovskite‐Organic Tandem Solar Cells with Record Fill Factor

AbstractPerovskite whentandemed with organic photovoltaics (OPV) for double‐junctions have efficiencypotentials over 40%. However, there is still room for improvement suchas better current matching, higher fill factor, as well as lower voltage and fill factor losses in the top perovskite cell. Here weaddress the issue associated with the top perovskite cell by utilising anovel halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound, 1‐naphthylammoniumchloride (NA─Cl) playing dual roles of surface modification for the hole selectivelayer (HSL) and passivation of HSL/perovskiteinterface. Results of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functionaltheory calculations reveal that NA─Cl retains self‐assembly property for the HSLwhile demonstrating high dipole moment and polarizability. This induces asurface dipole at the HSL/perovskite interface reducing the energetic barrierfor hole extraction by 210 meV thereby enhancing voltage output and fill factorof the device. Such scheme when implemented in a high bandgap (1.78 eV)perovskite solar cell, results in a respectable efficiency of 19.7% and thehighest fill factor of 85.4% amongst those of 1.78 eV perovskite cells reported.We have also achieved 23% cell efficient monolithic perovskite‐OPV tandem withan impressive fill factor of 84%, which is the highest for perovskite‐OPVtandem cells reported to‐date.

Non-linear effects in α-Ga2O3 radiation phenomena

The rhombohedral phase of gallium oxide (α-Ga2O3) is of interest because of its highest bandgap among the rest of the Ga2O3 polymorphs, making it particularly attractive in applications. However, even though the ion beam processing is routinely used in device technology, the understanding of radiation phenomena in α-Ga2O3 is not mature. Here, we study non-linear effects for radiation disorder formation in α-Ga2O3 by varying both the defect generation rate and the density of collision cascades, enabled by comparing monoatomic and cluster ion implants, also applying systematic variations of ion fluxes. In particular, we show that the collision cascade density governs the surface amorphization rates, also affected by the ion flux variations. These trends are explained in terms of the non-linear in-cascade and inter-cascade defect interactions occurring during ballistic and dynamic defect annealing stages. As such, these data reveal new physics of the radiation phenomena in α-Ga2O3 and may be applicable for more predictive ion beam processing of α-Ga2O3-based devices.

Facile hydrothermal synthesis of melamine-based polymers for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Solar photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water splitting has been recognized as a promising hydrogen production technology, the development of efficient, cheap, and practical new photocatalysts is the key to realizing this technology. Compared with semiconductor photocatalysts, polymeric photocatalysts have emerged due to their high structural diversity and adjustable band gaps. The synthesis process of the polymeric photocatalysts is generally complicated, and the reaction conditions are also harsh (such as oxygen free, using catalyst). In this work, melamine-based polymers (MP-1 and MP-2) were synthesized by a simple one-step hydrothermal method using melamine (MA) and p-phthalaldehyde (PPA) as precursors under air atmosphere without any additives. MP-1 and MP-2 display photocatalytic H2 evolution from water splitting in the presence of Pt as a co-catalyst and TEOA as a sacrificial hole scavenger. The effect of different structure of polymers on photocatalytic H2 evolution was discussed. The hydrogen evolution rate of MP-1 is 1784.2 umol·h−1·g−1, distinctly higher than that of MP-2 (1139.8 umol·h−1·g−1). The separation and migration of photoinduced carriers for MP-1 and MP-2 were investigated by electrochemical measurements and PL. It is thought that the imine (–C = N–) structure of MP-1 has a good conjugated system, which could generate more photoinduced electron-hole pairs under light excitation, and the charge migration is also more facile, compared with the aminal structure (–N–C–N–) of MP-2. This study is expected to contribute toward the development of “green hydrogen” using solar photocatalysis over synthetically facile polymeric photocatalysts.

The DFT prediction of comprehensive properties of antiperovskites Mg6CX4 (X = S, Se, Te) and effects of defects and surface adsorption

It is important to search potential materials to meet ever-increasing demand in various fields. In order to understand the new hexagonal antiperovskites material Mg6CX4 (X=S, Se, Te), their mechanical, electronic and optical properties were studied based on density functional theory (DFT). The structural stability has been confirmed by the elastic constant criteria, formation energy, phonon dispersion spectra and ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation performed at 300 K. Besides, the Poisson's ratios over 0.26 demonstrate the ductility of the studied materials. They all have direct electronic band structures with bandgaps of 0.977 eV for Mg6CS4, 0.809 eV for Mg6CSe4 and 1.274 eV for Mg6CTe4, respectively. The calculated melting temperatures are all around 1000 K, which indicates the potential for high-temperature application. Therefore, Mg6CTe4 fits most for absorber in solar cells due to its proper bandgap and dispersive band edge. The antiperovskites exhibit high and broad light absorption in visible and near ultraviolet region with absorption coefficient greater than 104 cm−1, which inidcates a broad applicable prospect in optoelectronic field. Mg6CTe4 is also a candidate for efficient solid-state refrigeration due to its lowest thermal conductivity as 0.0046 W/(K•m). The defect analysis suggests that oxygen defects are the most favorable and have complex effects on bandgaps. The high bandgap sensitivity to surface adsorbates implies potential application in gas detector.

Direct band gap white light emission from charge carrier diffusion induced nanowire light-emitting diodes

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been investigated during the past decades, for which a major challenge is total internal reflection that limits the light extraction efficiency. ‘Nanotree’ LEDs elegantly solve this bottleneck. Lower band gap nanowire branches are grown on higher band gap core wires. Charge carriers diffuse into the branches and recombine there. Total internal reflection is impeded since the branch diameter is much smaller than the wavelength of light emitted from the material. Our ‘nanotree’ LEDs show direct band gap emission with color corresponding to the semiconductor materials composition. By stronger biasing of the core wires, we provoke white light emission without down-converting phosphors. The concept of nanoscale-enhanced charge carrier diffusion LEDs may be a game changer for industrial LED design.

Conductance Channels in a Single-Entity Enzyme.

For a long time, the prevailing view in the scientific community was that proteins, being complex macromolecules composed of amino acid chains linked by peptide bonds, adopt folded structure with insulating or semiconducting properties, with high bandgaps. However, recent discoveries of unexpectedly high conductance levels, reaching values in the range of dozens of nanosiemens (nS) in proteins, have challenged this conventional understanding. In this study, we used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to explore the single-entity conductance properties of enzymatic channels, focusing on bilirubin oxidase (BOD) as a model metalloprotein. By immobilizing BOD on a conductive carbon surface, we discern its preferred orientation, facilitating the formation of electronic and ionic channels. These channels show efficient electron transport (ETp), with apparent conductance up to the 15 nS range. Notably, these conductance pathways are localized, minimizing electron transport barriers due to solvents and ions, underscoring BOD's redox versatility. Furthermore, electron transfer (ET) within the BOD occurs via preferential pathways. The alignment of the conductance channels with hydrophilicity maps, molecular vacancies, and regions accessible to electrolytes explains the observed conductance values. Additionally, BOD exhibits redox activity, with its active center playing a critical role in the ETp process. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the intricate mechanisms that govern ETp processes in proteins, offering new insights into the conductance of metalloproteins.