The Wisconsin post-glaciation climatic and vegetational changes of New England have been established in northern Maine, central Massachusetts, and southern New England by pollen-stratigraphic studies. Correlation of equivalent pollen horizons provides an internally consistent history of the climate and vegetation since deglaciation. Radiocarbon dates from specific horizons permit the correlation of the regional chronology with the glacial sequence in other parts of North America and Europe. Pollen analysis of a late-glacial sediment core from the island of Martha9s Vineyard, Massachusetts, includes the 2 major cold periods (corresponding to the Valders and Port Huron ice readvances in the Great Lakes region) recognized from other New England pollen diagrams. In addition, a third, older, cold period is recognized on Martha9s Vineyard. This cold time is correlated with the emplacement of the Buzzards Bay moraine 5 mi. to the N. of the core site. The pollen record during the period of ice advance that built the Buzzards Bay moraine shows an absolute minimum of total tree pollen (as low as 10%) and indicates the presence of a number of high-arctic plants, at least one of which (Armeria sibirica, Turcz.) is apparently restricted to true arctic tundra today. A change in the size-frequency distribution of pine pollen suggests that white and red pine pollen types replaced jack pine pollen types on Martha9s Vineyard approximately 1000 years before a similar change was recorded in central Massachusetts.