Highest Amount Of Flavonoids Research Articles

Olive Cultivar Reaction and Biochemical Changes Due to Infection by Root Rot Pathogens

Root rot disease was studied in several olive nurseries and orchards in Ismailia, Behera, Giza and Fayoum governorate. Observed disease symptoms were leaves internal rolling, partial wilt, yellowing or browning of leaves, drying of branches and leaves, twig dieback and severe root rot. Fusarium konzum was the most pathogenic fungus, followed by F. solani. All evaluated olive cultivars were susceptible to the tested fungi however, cultivar Picual was the most susceptible while Koratina was the least one. The infection of Picual, Maraki, Kroneiki and Koratina with F. konzum increased the total sugars and decreased total sugar contents and non-reducing sugars in Toffahi. Also, the infection of olive transplants of cultivar Kroneiki with F. konzum or F. solani increased the total phenols however, decreased the total phenols in cvs. Toffahi, Maraki and Koratina. Oleuropin, Pyrogallol and E-vanillic increased in infected olive transplants of cv. Picual by F. konzum or F. solani. The highest amounts of flavonoids in both of healthy and infected tissues of cvs. Koratina and Picual were Luteo.6-arbinose8-glucose and Apig. 6-glucose8-rhamnose. The oxidative enzymes peroxidase, poly-phenoloxidase and catalase recorded an increment in infected tissues of the tested olive cultivars compared to the control and catalase was the highest activity however, poly-phenoloxidase was the least one.

In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of isolated compounds of ethanol extract from Sanchezia speciosa Leonard's leaves.

Sanchezia speciosa has been used in traditional medicine for gastritis treatment in Vietnam. Some phytochemical study showed that S. speciosa contains high amounts of flavonoids and cardiac glycoside compounds. In the present study, we isolated four compounds from the ethanol extract of the S. speciosa leaf, and we evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of the isolated compound from the ethanol extract of the S. speciosa leaf. The leaf of S. speciosa Leonard was extracted with ethanol 96%. Compounds were isolated using column chromatography and identified by spectroscopic method, including IR, MS, and NMR and by comparing their physicochemical and spectral data with those published in literatures. These isolated compounds were investigated for their antioxidant activity using DPPH and inflammation inhibitory activity by inhibition of albumin denaturation assay. We have isolated four compounds quercetin 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosid (quercitrin) (1), quercetin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosid (hyperosid) (2), sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosid (daucosterol) (3), and 3-methyl-1H-benz[f]indole-4,9-dione (4) from the ethanolic extract of the S. speciosa leaf. The antioxidant activities were in the following order: compound 2>compound 1>compound 4>compound 3. The IC50 values of scavenging DPPH radicals for compound 2 was 20.83±1.29 μg/mL. For anti-inflammatory activities, the order was compound 4>compound 3>compound 2>compound 1. Compound 4 showed the strongest inhibition, with IC50 values of 193.70±5.24 µg/mL. These compounds 1, 2, and 4 were isolated for the first time from the leaves of S. speciosa. These compounds showed strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Characterization and quantification of flavonoid glycosides in the Prunus genus by UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS.

Widely distributed in plants, flavonoids reduce the incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease. In this study, flavonoid content and composition in members of the Prunus genus were evaluated using liquid chromatography with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (UPLC-DAD-ESI/QTOF-MS). Flavonoids in plants of the Prunus genus include the basic structures of kaempferol, quercetin, and catechin, and exist as mono-, di-, or tri-glycoside compounds mono-acylated with acetic acid. A total of 23 individual flavonoids were isolated and confirmed, three of which appear to be newly identified compounds: quercetin 3-O-(2″-O-acetyl)neohesperidoside, quercetin 3-O-(4″-O-acetyl)rutinoside, and kaempferol 3-O-(4″-O-acetyl)rutinoside. Japanese apricot and Chinese plum contained the highest amounts of flavonoids in the Prunus genus. During the ripening stage of Japanese apricot, the total flavonol content was reduced, while the catechin content was increased.

Accumulation of secondary metabolites in response to antioxidant activity of turmeric rhizomes co-inoculated with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

The present study was aimed at investigating the therapeutic potential of methanol crude extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) rhizome co-inoculated with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus, Gigaspora and Acaulospora sp.), phosphate solubilizer Bacillus megaterium and diazotrophic bacteria, Azospirillum amazonense and Azotobacter sp. To achieve the goals, parameters like free-radical (DPPH, ABTS) scavenging capacity, total phenolic contents, total flavonoids contents and percentage of curcumin content were examined. A significant increase of these secondary metabolites were observed in inoculated plants compared to non-inoculated controls revealing strong antioxidant activities of turmeric against DPPH and ABTS radicals in the range of 80–97%. The high amount of flavonoids (179.07–493.15mg REg−1), phenolic contents (83.07–151.54mg GAEg−1) and percentage of curcumin (4.81–6.09%) present in all the methanolic extracts of dried rhizomes might be responsible for the observed antioxidant activity.

Piper betle L. (betel quid) shows bacteriostatic, additive, and synergistic antimicrobial action when combined with conventional antibiotics

Piper betle L., commonly chewed as betel quid (paan), has been extensively acclaimed in a panoply of countries for both its nutritive and medicinal values. The present study was geared towards investigating the antibacterial activities of P. betle extracts and its antibiotic modulating activity. A decoction of P. betle (AQE) leaves as used traditionally, as well as ethanolic (EE), ethylacetate (EAE), acetone (ACE), and dichloromethane (DCME) extracts were evaluated using the broth microdilution assay against six bacterial ATCC strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal activities of the extracts were evaluated. Additionally, the ability of the extracts to modulate conventional antibiotics (synergistic, additive, indifference, antagonistic) was assessed using a modified Checkerboard method and the fractional inhibitory concentration index (ƩFIC) was calculated. The phytochemical profile of each extract was determined and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to establish any association between the MIC, ƩFIC, and phytochemical content. All the five extracts inhibited at least one of the six bacterial strains tested with EAE and ACE exhibiting the most potent antibacterial activity. The lowest MIC (0.2500μg/μl) recorded was against Staphylococcus aureus. Piper betle has been further shown to exhibit only bacteriostatic effect. Results from the Checkerboard indicated additive and synergistic effects of P. betle extracts especially in the 50% EAE-50% antibiotic and 50% ACE-50% antibiotic combinations. The greatest synergy was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ƩFIC 0.09) in the 70% ACE-30% Chloramphenicol combination. Synergy was also observed against S. aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Phytochemical screening revealed that ACE and EAE contain the highest amount of phenols while DCME contains the highest amount of flavonoids. Statistical analysis showed that lower MICs occurred with increasing phenol content (R=−0.392, p≤0.05) and increasing flavonoid content (R=−0.551, p≤0.01). However, no correlation was established between ƩFIC and phytochemical content which could indicate a different mechanism of action employed by the combinations. Data amassed have provided insight into the antibacterial activity, antibiotic modulating activity, and the phytochemical profile of P. betle.

Application of the pulsed electric field to release bound phenolics in sorghum flour and apple pomace

Abstract The mild intensity pulsed electric field (PEF) was studied to release bound phenolics in sorghum flour (SF) and apple pomace (AP). In this study, SF and AP, naturally fermented at optimized conditions, were treated at different flour to water ratios (FWRs) of 10, 27.5, 45% (w/v) and 5, 8.75, 12.5% (w/v), respectively. In addition, three levels of PEF electric field intensity (EFI) as 1, 2 and 3 kV/cm were used to treat SF and AP for the treatment time of 500, 875 and 1250 μs. Both the treated samples were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and phenolic characterization. For SF, optimized conditions were determined as 45% (w/v) FWR, 2 kV/cm EFI and 875 μs treatment time, while these values were 12.5% (w/v) FWR, 2 kV/cm EFI and 500 μs for AP. At these conditions, TPC and AA of SF were 24.8% and 33.9%, respectively higher than the control SF, while for AP, these numbers were observed as 37.4% and 86%, respectively. The study suggests that PEF treated SF and AP may be very useful for the preparation of processed foods with the increased levels of phenolic antioxidants. Industrial relevance Sorghum, millets and fruit or vegetable by-products contain high amounts of flavonoids and phenolic acids among other bioactive compounds. Results explicate that the application of a PEF treatment following the fermentation could improve the phenolic antioxidants in the sorghum flour and apple pomace. Consequently, this technology could be used in the food industry to enhance the healthy properties of millets and other by-products prior to further processing like mild extrusion or baking. Also the use of the mild intensity pulsed electric field has the benefit of minimizing any damage to the other nutrients of any product.

Correlation of polyphenolic content with radical-scavenging capacity and anthelmintic effects of Rubus ulmifolius (Rosaceae) against Haemonchus contortus

Phenolic content, antioxidant and anthelmintic activities of herbal extracts are of particular interest to drug industry; plant extracts with significant anthelmintic activity have the potential to be used as alternatives to conventional chemical drugs. In the present study, Rubus ulmifolius fruit extracts obtained using solvents of increasing polarity (water, methanol, chloroform and hexane) were examined for their antioxidant and anthelmintic activities in correlation with their polyphenolic content. In vitro antioxidant activity of all extracts was carried out using free radical-scavenging activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethilenebenzotiazolin)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation. In vitro anthelmintic activities were investigated on the egg and adult worms of Haemonchus contortus from sheep in comparison to albendazole.Total polyphenol content of R. ulmifolius was higher in more polar extract, ranging from 64.5 in aqueous extract to 1.57mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight (GAE/g DW) in hexanic extract. Likewise, highest amounts of flavonoids and condensed tannins were found in aqueous extract (28.06mg QE/g and 7.42mg CE/g DW, respectively) compared to hexanic extract (0.71mg QE/g and 0.29mg CE/g DW, respectively) (p<0.05). Both DPPH and ABTS antioxidant assays showed that all tested extracts possess free radical scavenging activity, while the inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) range values were similar for both assays (2.13–45.54μg/mL and 1.2–43.82μg/mL, respectively).All plant extracts showed ovicidal activity at all tested concentrations. Fruit methanolic (IC50=2.76mg/mL) and aqueous (IC50=2.08mg/mL) extracts showed higher inhibitory effects than chloroformic (IC50=7.62mg/mL) and hexanic (IC50=12.93mg/mL) extracts on egg hatching (p<0.05). There was a significant correlation of total polyphenol, flavonoids and tannins content with scavenging of either DPPH (r=0.722, 0.764 and 0.752, p<0.01, respectively) or ABTS radicals (r=0.893, 0.765 and 0.722, p<0.01, respectively) and with inhibition of egg hatching (r=0.874, 0.883 and 0.862, p<0.01, respectively). Highest inhibition of motility (100%) of worms was observed 8h post-exposure in aqueous and methanolic extract at 8mg/mL.To our knowledge, these results depict for the first time that R. ulmifolius possesses in vitro anthelmintic properties.

Comparative Study of the Effect of Sample Pretreatment and Extraction on the Determination of Flavonoids from Lemon (Citrus limon).

BackgroundFlavonoids have shown to exert multiple beneficial effects on human health, being also appreciated by both food and pharmaceutical industries. Citrus fruits are a key source of flavonoids, thus promoting studies to obtain them. Characteristics of these studies are the discrepancies among sample pretreatments and among extraction methods, and also the scant number of comparative studies developed so far.ObjectiveEvaluate the effect of both the sample pretreatment and the extraction method on the profile of flavonoids isolated from lemon.ResultsExtracts from fresh, lyophilized and air-dried samples obtained by shaking extraction (SE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and superheated liquid extraction (SHLE) were analyzed by LC–QTOF MS/MS, and 32 flavonoids were tentatively identified using MS/MS information. ANOVA applied to the data from fresh and dehydrated samples and from extraction by the different methods revealed that 26 and 32 flavonoids, respectively, were significant (p≤0.01). The pairwise comparison (Tukey HSD; p≤0.01) showed that lyophilized samples are more different from fresh samples than from air-dried samples; also, principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clear discrimination among sample pretreatment strategies and suggested that such differences are mainly created by the abundance of major flavonoids. On the other hand, pairwise comparison of extraction methods revealed that USAE and MAE provided quite similar extracts, being SHLE extracts different from the other two. In this case, PCA showed a clear discrimination among extraction methods, and their position in the scores plot suggests a lower abundance of flavonoids in the extracts from SHLE. In the two PCA the loadings plots revealed a trend to forming groups according to flavonoid aglycones.ConclusionsThe present study shows clear discrimination caused by both sample pretreatments and extraction methods. Under the studied conditions, liophilization provides extracts with higher amounts of flavonoids, and USAE is the best method for isolation of these compounds, followed by MAE and SE. On the contrary, the SHLE method was the less favorable to extract flavonoids from citrus owing to degradation.

Anticancer Potential of Bee Venom and Propolis Combined Treatment on Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cell Line (MCF-7)

Backgrounds: Natural remedies were used for cancer treatments, particular breast cancer. Also, the consumption of food products containing high amount of flavonoids and antioxidants had reported to lower the risk of various cancers. Bee venom (BV) and propolis were produced by honey bee. They were characterized by naturopathic formulation, affordability and containing high amount of antioxidants. Moreover, they were used safely since ancient times globally. Although that, there is no information about the synergistic or antagonistic anticancer effects of their combination. This study was designed to evaluate cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects of BV, propolis, and their combination on breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. Materials and Methods: As preliminary study, MCF-7 cells were treated with BV (5, 10, and 20µg/ml) and propolis (50, 150, and 450µg/ml) to specify the desired combination doses of each treatment with no anticancer effect individually. Consequently, doses of (5µg/ml BV+ 50µg/ml propolis and 5µg/ml BV+ 150µg/ml propolis) were chosen to evaluate the possible synergistic anticancer potential between them. All groups in this study were examined at 2, 4, and 12 hours intervals. The morphological changes were evaluated by acridine orange/ ethidium bromide dual fluorescent staining and Giemsa staining to reveal the formation of apoptotic bodies or nuclear condensation and cytoplasmic blebbing, respectively. DNA fragmentation assay was also carried out to record the reduction in DNA content and apoptosis. Bcl-2 expression, cytoplasmic anti-apoptotic marker, was used to prove the apoptotic properties, and autophagic cell death by florescent microscopy was evaluated also. Results: Morphological observation by inverted and florescent microscopy revealed apoptotic cell death under exposure to BV (10 and 20µg/ml) and propolis (450µg/ml). On the other hand, the results of combined treatments revealed significant morphological alterations after fluorescent and Giemsa staining. Apoptotic DNA fragmentation was clearly observed and Bcl-2 recoded significant down regulation which proved the apoptotic properties of combined treatments. Additionally, autophagic degradation results also supported the occurrence of stress on treated cells leading finally to cell death. All results of powerful anticancer potential were obvious among all combined-treated groups in dose and time dependent manner. This clear that, the combined treatments have possible synergistic effect which, propose it as potential candidates to be used in development of chemotherapy.

Kinetics Extraction Modelling and Antiproliferative Activity of Clinacanthus nutans Water Extract.

Clinacanthus nutans is widely grown in tropical Asia and locally known “belalai gajah” or Sabah snake grass. It has been used as a natural product to treat skin rashes, snake bites, lesion caused by herpes, diabetes, fever, and cancer. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to determine the maximum yield and time of exhaustive flavonoids extraction using Peleg's model and to evaluate potential of antiproliferative activity on human lung cancer cell (A549). The extraction process was carried out on fresh and dried leaves at 28 to 30°C with liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL/g for 72 hrs. The extracts were collected intermittently analysed using mathematical Peleg's model and RP-HPLC. The highest amount of flavonoids was used to evaluate the inhibitory concentration (IC50) via 2D cell culture of A549. Based on the results obtained, the predicted maximum extract density was observed at 29.20 ± 14.54 hrs of extraction (t exhaustive). However, the exhaustive time of extraction to acquire maximum flavonoids content exhibited approximately 10 hrs earlier. Therefore, 18 hrs of extraction time was chosen to acquire high content of flavonoids. The best antiproliferative effect (IC50) on A549 cell line was observed at 138.82 ± 0.60 µg/mL. In conclusion, the flavonoids content in Clinacanthus nutans water extract possesses potential antiproliferative properties against A549, suggesting an alternative approach for cancer treatment.

Determination of phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity in skin, pulp, seed, cane and leaf of five native grape cultivars in West Azerbaijan province, Iran

In the present work, the phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity in the skin, pulp, seed, cane and leaf of one international (Muscat) and five native (Hosseini, Ghara Shira, Agh Shani, Ghara Shani and Ghara Ghandome) grape cultivated in West Azerbaijan, Iran were investigated. Ghara Shani grape skin was found to contain the highest content of total phenolic and anthocyanin and cane of Ghara Shani contains the highest amount of flavonoid. A remarkable DPPH radical scavenging activity up to 95% and consequently, the lowest IC50 was found for skin of Ghara Shani. According to RP-HPLC experiments, the highest concentration of phenolic compounds was identified as catechin (945μg/g), epicatechin (482μg/g), gallic acid (319μg/g) and resveratrol (29.8μg/g) in skin of Ghara Shani, quercetin in cane of Ghara Shani (956μg/g), rutin in skin of Ghara Shira (298μg/g) and caffeic acid in cane of Ghara Shira (17.4μg/g).

Inhibitory effects of wild dietary plants on lipid peroxidation and on the proliferation of human cancer cells

Thirteen hydroalcoholic extracts of edible plants from Southern Italy were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activity on three human cancer cell lines: breast cancer MCF-7, hepatic cancer HepG2 and colorectal cancer LoVo. After 48 h of incubation the most antiproliferative plant extract was rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) on LoVo cell line with IC50 of 16.60 µg/ml. Oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. viridulum) showed a selective antiproliferative activity on hepatic cancer with IC50 of 32.59 µg/ml.All the extracts, with the exception of Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC., exerted antioxidant properties, the most active plants being dewberry (Rubus caesius L.) and “laprista” (Rumex conglomerates Murray) with IC50 of 4.91 and 5.53 µg/ml, respectively.Rumex conglomeratus contained the highest amount of flavonoids (15.5 mg/g) followed by Portulaca oleracea L. (11.8 mg/g).Rosmarinus officinalis contained the highest number of terpenes. Among them ketoursene (14.7%) and aristolone (11.3%) were found to be the major constituents. P. oleracea and Raphanus raphanistrum L. subsp. landra contained the highest number of sterols.

Quality Parameters Needed for Bee Products Used in Apitherapy

Apitherapy represents the utilization of bee products for preventing and curing a series of illnesses and also the promotion of a healthy life style through consumption of these products. Due to the fact that apitherapy is a part of medical science, bee products used for this purpose must have a certain quality, namely, they must possess a series of biologically active compounds that will help in the healing process. This study aims to show the “quality standards” for bee products used in apitherapy. Different samples of honey, propolis, bee-pollen, bee bread and royal jelly were analyzed for their physico-chemical parameters as well as for their active compounds, specific for each matrix. Standard methods were adapted in the lab for each matrix, using spectrophotometric and chromatographic determinations. Physico-chemical analyses of honey, bee-pollen, bee bread, propolis and royal jelly were in accordance with literature results. High amounts of flavonoids and phenolic acids were quantified in propolis tincture, bee pollen, bee bread, royal jelly and honey. Royal jelly samples were proved to be authentic and have a high amount of 10-hydroxydecenoid acid, a compound with high antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

Antioxidant properties of garlic as affected by selenium and humic acid treatments

Garlic is an important bulb vegetable because of its medicinal and nutritional values. Selenium, an important trace element, and humic acid, a soil amendment, can positively affect garlic's nutritional values. To evaluate the impact of selenium and humic acid on antioxidant activity and phenol, flavonoid and allicin contents in garlic, Na2SeO4 solution was sprayed in concentrations of 0, 10, 20 and 30 μg Se/mL, and humic acid was used in fertigation at rates of 0, 10 and 20 kg/ha. Results showed the applied treatments had positive effects on the total antioxidant activity in garlic. The application of low concentrations of Se with moderate amounts of humic acid caused the highest antioxidant activity, as did the application of high Se concentrations with no humic acid. Humic acid at the rate of 10 kg/ha contributed more to the lower total phenol content than did the 20 kg/ha (H20) rate. The Se treatment decreased flavonoid content, and the control plants (Se0) had the highest amount of flavonoids. The results regarding sulphur and allicin contents were greatly similar in that they were both at their maximum level in the Se0H20 treatment. Se0 led to the highest allicin content, and its difference from other Se treatments was significant (P < 0.01). A strong negative correlation was found between selenium concentration and allicin content (R2 = 0.881). The findings showed that humic acid positively affects most tested traits, but negative or no effects were seen for the Se treatment. Therefore, if the production of Se-enriched garlic is the aim, a decrease in some nutritional values must be accepted.

Estimation of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents in Some Medicinal Plants and Their Antioxidant Activities

Quercetin was isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of a methanol extract of the outer scale of onion by repeated sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Methanol, 50% aqueous methanol and 70% aqueous acetone extracts of different parts of four medicinal plants, Ficus benghalensis, Elaeocarpus sphaericus, Ipomea carnea and Azeratum conyzoides were prepared and screened for total phenolic and flavonoid contents and free radical scavenging activity. The total phenolics contents were measured spectrophotometrically by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and total flavonoids content by using aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. All the investigated medicinal plant extracts contained high amount of phenolics. The highest amount was detected in 70% aqueous acetone extract of E. sphaericus (298.8±9.03 mg GAE/g extract) and lowest amount in 50% aqueous methanol extract of F. benghalensis (6.7±0.73 mg GAE/g extract). The highest amount of flavonoid was found in methanol extract (78.2±2.72 mg quercetin/g extract) and the lowest amount was detected in 50% aqueous methanol extract (2.1±0.25 mg quercetin/g extract) of F. benghalensis. DPPH free radical scavenging assay was carried out only in 70% acetone extracts. The highest IC50 value was observed for E. sphaericus (34.0 μg/ml). A strong linear correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was found indicating that the major antioxidants are phenolics.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12010 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.1 (2014) 53-60

In vitro Antioxidant Activity and Polyphenolic Content of a Polyherbal Tea and Its Constituents

Aims: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with debilitating co-morbidities, mainly due to chronic hyperglycaemia-induced damage which is mediated by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plant preparations have been shown to contain polyphenolic compounds that function as antioxidants. Various herbal teas have been sold as treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate a commercial, polyherbal tea, Diabetea and its constituents: Achillea millefolium L., Agathosma betulina Bartl. & Weidl., Salvia officinalis. L., Taraxacum officinalis L., Thymus vulgaris. L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L. and Urtica urens L. to assess their antioxidant and polyphenolic content. Methodology: The polyphenol-linked cell-free and cell-based antioxidant activities of hot water (HW) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of Diabetea and its constituents were evaluated for ABTS ●+ and DPPH ● radical scavenging ability and for ROS scavenging activity using 2',7'dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) in Ea.hy926 endothelial cells, respectively. The phenolic and flavonoid content was also assessed. Results: All HW extracts were rich in polyphenols. T. vulgaris contained the highest amount of flavonoids (760.2±1.3 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g) of all extracts, followed by S. officinalis Original Research Article Paddy et al.; EJMP, 7(4): 215-226, 2015; Article no.EJMP.2015.084 216 (491.7±12.5 mg RE/g). The extracts of T. vulgaris were the most active against ABTS (~600.0 mg trolox equivalents (TE)/g activity) and DPPH ● (535.0 mg TE/g activity). The HW extracts of T. vulgaris, S. officinalis and U. urens significantly (p<0.05) mitigated cellular ROS, whereas none of the DCM extracts had this effect. The HW extracts of the Diabetea, A. betulina, T. officinalis and T. foenum-graecum and most DCM extracts (exception A. betulina) had a significant (p<0.05) intracellular pro-oxidant activity. The cell-free antioxidant activity of the HW extracts correlated significantly (r=0.98) with its polyphenolic content. Conclusion: Diabetea exerted strong cell-free antioxidant activity. The HW extracts contained greater polyphenol-linked antioxidant activity than the DCM extracts. The HW extracts of T. vulgaris, S. officinalis and U. urens contain bioactive compounds that exert in vitro antidiabetic potential. Identification of the compounds responsible for this activity is warranted.

Production of Sterilizing Agents fromCalendula officinalisExtracts Optimized by Response Surface Methodology

The aim of this study was to produce hand sterilizing liquid and wet wipes with the extracts of Calendula officinalis. Since this plant has well known antimicrobial activity due to its phytochemical constituents, the increase in the extraction yield was chosen as the principle part of the production process. To achieve the maximum yield, parameters of solid-to-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and time were studied. The optimum conditions were determined by response surface methodology as 41°C, 7 h, and 3.3 g/200 mL for temperature, time, and solid-to-liquid ratio, respectively. The yield achieved at those conditions was found to be 90 percent. The highest amounts of flavonoids were detected at optimum, whereas the highest triterpene and saponin constituents were determined at different design points. The microbial efficiencies of extracts were determined by the inhibition of the growth of selected microorganisms. Different dilution rates and interaction times were used as parameters of inhibition. Not any of the constituent but symbiotic relation in-between reached the highest inhibition of 90 percent. The pH values of the extracts were 5.1 to 5.4. As a result, the extraction of Calendula officinalis at the optimum conditions can be used effectively in the production of wet wipes and hand sterilizing liquid.

Antiherpes Activity and Skin/Mucosa Distribution of Flavonoids from Achyrocline satureioides Extract Incorporated into Topical Nanoemulsions.

This study investigated the inhibitory effects of Achyrocline satureioides extract (ASE) incorporated into a topical nanoemulsion on Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1/KOS strain) replication, as well as the distribution of the main ASE flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, and 3-O-methylquercetin) in porcine skin and mucosa. The ASE-loaded nanoemulsion showed more pronounced effects against HSV-1 replication when compared to the ASE or pure quercetin, as determined by the viral plaque number reduction assay. All flavonoids were detected in the skin epidermis (2.2 µg/cm2) and the mucosa upper layers (3.0 µg/cm2) from ASE-loaded nanoemulsion until 8 h after topical application. A higher amount of flavonoids was detected when these tissues were impaired, especially in deeper mucosa layers (up to 7-fold). Flavonoids were detected in the receptor fluid only when the mucosa was injured. Such results were supported by confocal microscopy images. Overall, these findings suggest that the tested ASE-loaded nanoemulsion has potential to be used topically for herpes infections.

Antioxidant activities and quali-quantitative analysis of different Smallanthus sonchifolius [(Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson] landrace extracts

Five landraces of Smallanthus sonchifolius [(Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson], known as yacon, were investigated in total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of ethanol extracts (EEs) and decoction extracts (DEs). The results demonstrated that DEs are rich in phenolic acids as caffeic acid, while the EEs show an higher amount of flavonoids, as luteolin 3′,7-O-diglucoside and luteolin 7-O-glucoside. These flavonoid glycosides were identified for the first time in yacon extracts, together with apigenin and luteolin. The phytochemical profile explains the different antioxidant activities shown in our study. The landraces PER6-DE and PER4-DE showed the highest radical-scavenging activity and reducing power related to their polyphenolic contents. Results also show that yacon can be considered an important source of bioactive compounds with significant differences among the analysed landraces.

Persicaria maculosa S. F. Gray 1821 – Comparative analysis of herb and root extracts: Chemical composition and antioxidant activity

Persicaria maculosa (Polygonaceae, lady's thumb) is an annual herb distributed around the northern temperate regions. Extracts of its aerial parts exhibit a number of pharmacological activities (hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, analgesic, and diuretic) [1], which is probably due to a number of phenolic compounds present in this species. There has been no report on chemical composition of underground parts of this plant. Our goal was to compare the chemical composition and biological activity (DPPH radical scavenging activity and protective effect on lipid peroxidation [2]) of ethanolic extracts prepared from the herb and roots of P. maculosa. Plant material was collected from two localities in Serbia. Chemical composition of the prepared extracts was determined by quantitative LC-MS-MS analysis [3]. Based on our results (shown in table), there is a great difference in chemical composition, particularly in flavonoid content, between the aerial and underground parts of this plant, although there is a significant amount of gallic and quinic acids in both aerial parts and root extracts. Aerial parts extracts (unlike the root ones) are rich in quercetin and its derivatives: quercetin-3-O-Glc, hyperoside, quercitrin, rutin, which is in accordance with the previous reports [4]. Also, apigenin aglycone and chlorogenic acid are present in high amounts in the aerial part of this plant, which has never been reported before. Root extracts contain only flavan-3-ols in similar amounts to those in herb extracts. There is no significant difference in DPPH scavenging activity between the herb and root extracts (results shown in table). Therefore, it can be assumed that the high content of gallic acid in both extracts has an important role in the antioxidant activity. On the other hand, herb extracts exhibit significantly higher LP inhibiting ability thus indicating that a high amount of flavonoids in herb extracts is responsible for protective effect against LP.