High Amounts Of Vitamin Research Articles

A quantitative analysis of vitamin C in fruits, khat (Catha edulis), and pharmaceutical tablets using potassium iodate titration

Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is an essential antioxidant in various resources, such as pharmaceutical tablets, fruits, and vegetables. The human body cannot synthesize it by itself. This research aims to measure the vitamin C content in 29 commonly assessable compressed tablets, effervescent tablets, fruits, and khat (Catha edulis) leaves that are found in the Yemeni local markets. This study used a redox titration method with potassium iodate. These results reveal confirmed European and American standards and no significant difference between the measured vitamin C content in the commercial tablet (p <0.05) and the amount stated on the product label, as well as the highest amount of vitamin C content in fruits in guava (111.21 mg/100 g), while the lowest amount of vitamin C is in apple (8.72 mg/100 g).

Sustainable Utilization of Food Biowaste (Papaya Peel) Extract for Gold Nanoparticle Biosynthesis and Investigation of Its Multi-Functional Potentials.

Papaya contains high amounts of vitamins A, C, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin, ascorbic acid, potassium, and carotenoids. It is confirmed by several studies that all food waste parts such as the fruit peels, seeds, and leaves of papaya are potential sources of phenolic compounds, particularly in the peel. Considering the presence of numerous bioactive compounds in papaya fruit peels, the current study reports a rapid, cheap, and environmentally friendly method for the production of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) employing food biowaste (vegetable papaya peel extract (VPPE)) and investigated its antioxidant, antidiabetic, tyrosinase inhibition, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and photocatalytic degradation potentials. The phytochemical analysis gave positive results for tannins, saponins, steroids, cardiac steroidal glycoside, protein, and carbohydrates. The manufactured VPPE-AuNPs were studied by UV-Vis scan (with surface plasmon resonance of 552 nm), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) (with average crystallite size of 44.41 nm as per the Scherrer equation), scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), particle size, zeta potential, etc. The mean dimension of the manufactured VPPE-AuNPs is 112.2 d.nm (PDI-0.149) with a -26.1 mV zeta potential. The VPPE-AuNPs displayed a significant antioxidant effect (93.24% DPPH scavenging and 74.23% SOD inhibition at 100 µg/mL); moderate tyrosinase effect (with 30.76%); and substantial α-glucosidase (95.63%) and α-amylase effect (50.66%) at 100 µg/mL. Additionally, it was found to be very proficient in the removal of harmful methyl orange and methylene blue dyes with degradation of 34.70% at 3 h and 24.39% at 5 h, respectively. Taken altogether, the VPPE-AuNPs have been proven to possess multiple biopotential activities, which can be explored by the food, cosmetics, and biomedical industries.

Optimization of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) Conditions on Vitamin C from Roselle Flower

Roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has many benefits. Vitamin C is an antioxidant in which the human body required. It contains a high amount of vitamin C. However, vitamin C is susceptible to high temperatures. Proper extraction treatment conditions produce optimum vitamin C. This study aims to determine the optimization of vitamin C in rosella flowers. This research uses UAE with Qsonica type – Q500 (500 W, 20 kHz). Extraction treatment conditions control amplitude, time and amount of solvent. The research method used is a laboratory experiment with the RSM (Response Surface Methodology) type CCD (Central Composite Design) approach. The research method was an experimental laboratory using a CCD (Central Composite Design) via RSM (Response Surface Methodology) with an amplitude level from 20% to 50%, a time level from 10 minutes to 20 minutes, and a ratio of the amount of solvent from 140 mL to 260 mL by weight. The results showed that the length of time and the amount of solvent had a significant effect, while the amplitude had no significant effect. The significant quadratic model at p value 0.05 and R2 0.9221 with optimum UAE conditions in the treatment combination of 50 percent amplitude, 20 minutes of time, and 140 ml of solvent resulted in an optimum vitamin C content of 38.76 mg/100g. This research can be used as a reference to determine the value of vitamin C with different amplitude, time, and amount of solvent from the research data.

Identification of a novel drug molecule for neurodegenerative disease from marine algae through in-silico analysis

Cognitive functions are lost due to the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine including Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Marine algae-derived compounds were reported for their neuroprotective activities and hence they can be utilised for treating neurodegenerative ailments like Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease which are due to the loss of cognitive functions. Major attention is currently paid to seaweeds due to their health benefits and high nutritional values. Sea weeds are of a rich sense of natural bioactive compounds which antioxidants, pharmaceutical compounds, flavonoids and alkaloids. They also contain a high amount of vitamins A, D, E, C and Ca, K, Mg and Fe. Regular consumption of a marine algae-based diet may boost immunities. In searching for natural cholinesterase inhibitors, the present study is focussed on some marine bioactive compounds reported from brown, red and green algae. Molecular docking studies have been carried out along with molecular dynamics simulations studies and binding energy calculations resulting in three best bioactive compounds when AChE is used as the target. The results are compared with cocrystal studies. Two best compounds, namely, Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol and Phlorofucofuroeckol from the brown seaweeds are identified as the potential lead compounds for neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Postharvest of acerola fruits grown in a semi-arid region: characteristics and levels of bioactive polyphenols

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of acerola genotypes regarding the postharvest quality of fruits of the genotypes BRS 366 Jaburu, Clone 09, Clone 13, Clone 14, Junko, and Sertaneja, cultivated in southwestern Piauiense, northeastern Brazil. A randomized block design (BCT) was used, with treatments consisting of six genotypes, three repetitions, and three plants per plot. Productivity, fruit mass, fruit length, fruit diameter, color, juice yield, anthocyanins and flavonoids, carotenoids, pH, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid were evaluated. The results show a high productive potential of Clone 13. However, the genotype BRS 366 Jaburu stands out regarding the physical characteristics of the fruit, providing a better balance in the titratable acidity, good contents of total polyphenols, and high amount of vitamin C allied to the juice yield, which is required for acerola fruits. Thus, BRS 366 Jaburu shows promise for cultivation in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Sudoeste Piauiense region.

Toxicological effects of acute and repeated doses (180 days) of fruits from Malpighia emarginata (acerola) in rodents

Malpighia emarginata has a high amount of vitamin C with pharmacological or food preservation potential. However, despite its wide use and application possibilities its toxicity in repeated doses and for a long time (6 months) has not yet been studied. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and repeated doses from fruits of this plant. The extract was produced with the pulp (EMe) of the lyophilized fruit and submitted to chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis (HPLC and ESI-IT-MSn). In the acute test, the EMe was administered orally and parenterally to rodents (mice and rats) for 14 days, at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Subsequently, the repeated dose toxicity test was administered orally for 180 days at doses of 50, 300 or 1000 mg/kg. The HPLC assay revealed a high concentration of vitamin C (16.3%), and spectroscopic analyses pointed to the presence of five other polyphenolic compounds. In the acute test, the plant extract showed no apparent toxicity or lethality in rodents. The LD50 was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg and falls into category 5 (low toxicity). In the repeated dose assay, there was no evidence of toxicity, and no differences were observed in water intake, food, weight development, or behavior of the animals in relation to the vehicle group (water). However, hematological and biochemical evaluations pointed out some nonconformities in the levels of cholesterol, leukocytes, and neutrophils of the male rats, but overall, these results did not reveal significant toxicity. Therefore, the Level of Unobserved Adverse Effects (NOAEL) was 1000 mg/kg. Together, the results suggest that the extract obtained from the fruits of M. emarginata does not present representative toxicity in rodents.

Overview of Pleurotus spp., edible fungi with various functional properties

Pleurotus fungi, also known as basidiomycetous fungi, have been a part of human culture for thousands of years. They exhibit anticancer, antitumor, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory effects, having biotechnological, medicinal, and aesthetic applications. They are also versatile, highly resistant to illnesses and pests, and do not require special growing conditions. These properties make them readily marketable, and can be found in supermarkets worldwide, generating multimillion-dollar sale revenues. The global edible mushroom market was valued at USD 5.08 billion in 2021, which is expected to grow to USD 6.43 billion in 2028. China produces about 87% of Pleurotus spp. globally; other Asian countries generate 12%, and Europe and America account for approximately 1%. Pleurotus spp. have distinct functional characteristics, including high protein content with a proper essential amino acid score pattern, dietary fibre profile, high amounts of vitamins (e.g., B and D) and minerals (e.g., Fe, Zn, Cu, and Se), and low fat. Therefore, Pleurotus spp. can provide alternative industrial tools. The present review discusses Pleurotus spp. as biotechnological tools for acquiring metabolites of interest, studying them, and analysing bioactive substances that can be used in various fields, including medicine and food.

Characterization of Diverse Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Germplasms Based on Agro-Morphological Traits and Phytochemical Contents

Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the most important crops worldwide. The fruits of Capsicum species are known to contain high amounts of vitamins and carotenoids, and they have health-promoting properties. In this study, a total of 513 pepper accessions belonging to two Capsicum species, C. annuum and C. frutescens, were investigated for their morphological characteristics and contents of phytochemicals including carotenoids, β-carotene, vitamin C, capsaicinoids, and total soluble solids. The results revealed wide variations in morphological traits and phytochemical contents between the accessions and across species. In addition, the association of fruit color and orientation with phytochemical contents was evaluated; the results indicated that germplasm with yellow-colored and pendant-oriented fruits could be important due to their high vitamin C levels. Multivariate analysis of the agro-morphological and phytochemical parameters revealed that Capsicum germplasm were clearly distinguished according to species. Furthermore, cluster analysis showed that germplasms belonged to three groups, and six genotypes were determined as being good genetic resources with high health-promoting phytochemical contents. Especially, vitamin C content was positively correlated with fruit diameter, weight, and wall thickness. Our findings revealed morphological and phytochemical characteristics potentially useful for breeding programs.

Effect of different atmospheric and subatmospheric cooking techniques on physical and chemical qualitative properties of pork loin

In this paper, the effects of four cooking procedures were evaluated, two occurring in atmospheric (in ventilated and steam oven) and two in subatmospheric (vacuum and sous vide cooking) conditions on pork Longissimus lumborum. The main objective of the study was to compare and evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics. Samples were cooked in four independent trials namely Oven (O), Steaming (ST), Vacuum Cooking (VC) and Sous Vide (SV). The analyses included temperature, cooking effect, percentage weight loss, texture (cutting and double compression tests), colour (superficially and inside the sample), microstructure (optical microscopy) and fibres shortening analysis. To assess cooking effects on significant nutritional constituents, the fatty acid composition and the content of B vitamins were analysed. Volatile profiles of samples were also compared using solid-phase microextraction. SV cooking resulted in the less favourable meat texture, presenting the highest hardness and chewiness. Moreover, high hardness values measured on SV samples is also related to the high weight loss. The technique of oven cooking (O) demonstrated superior results in terms of mechanical properties, which are closely associated with the cooking values. Specifically, the cook value C0 was significantly higher in the case of oven cooking compared to SV, VC, and ST. Mild temperature conditions and cooking times of the four considered cooking techniques did not induce significant variations in the fatty acid composition and volatile profile. Conversely, SV and VC allowed the highest amount of vitamin B retention in cooked meat. This work suggests that some differences emerged on the effects due to sub-atmospheric and atmospheric cooking compared to traditional ones.

A one size vial does not fit all: An evaluation of the micronutrient status of adult patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN)

Patients with chronic intestinal failure require HPN. Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies. We examined the micronutrient status of our patients receiving. We measured vitamins A, E, D, B12, Folate, Zinc, Selenium and Copper. Patients were excluded if they had undergone surgery or amendments in IV or oral micronutrient provision in the past six months. Blood samples were excluded if C-reactive protein was >15mg/L. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on concentrations below normal to determine if clinical or demographic categories were significant. 93 samples were included (33 males:60 females). Samples were excluded due to surgery (n=8) amendment in micronutrient provision (n=42) or if C-reactive protein >15mg/L (n=18). Vitamins A, D and E were below normal in 26%, 33% and 13% of patients respectively. Lower vitamin A was more likely in patients >50 years (P=0.02) and lower vitamin E was more likely in men (P=0.02). No patients had low vitamin B12 or folate whereas 29% and 9% had concentrations above the normal range respectively. Zinc and selenium were below normal in 19% and 13% respectively. Patients with surgical complications were more likely to have lower zinc (P=0.007) and selenium (P=0.04). Lower zinc was more likely in patients with a BMI of >25kg/m2 (P=0.01) and those who received Additrace® ≤3day/week (P=0.06). Low and high concentrations were observed in our patients but clinical and demographic factors did not impact consistently on micronutrient concentrations highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring and adequate supplementation as per ESPEN guidelines. Current micronutrient preparations may be inadequate for some patients with dependent on HPN. Our results indicate a need for a preparation with higher amounts of vitamin D.

Phytochemical status and antioxidant capacity of selected hot pepper varieties cultivated in Tanzania

Hot pepper is one of the most important economic fruits with abundant of nutritional qualities. Thus, the consumption of foods of plant origin with high nutritional and bioactive compounds of high antioxidants capacity is a major concern nowadays. A study was conducted to determine and quantify concentrations of important bioactive compounds present in the nine selected hot pepper varieties cultivated in Tanzania. Hot peppers were grown in the field at Botany department research farm, University of Dar es Salaam from March to September, 2021. Then, ripe-fruit extracts were used to determine vitamin C, beta-carotene, lycopene, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC)among the varieties quantitatively. The results indicated that there were very high significant variations on the nutrients and bioactive compound concentrations (p<0.0001) among all varieties of hot pepper evaluated. The highest amount of vitamin C was 948.30 ± 22.6 mg/100g recorded from orange bird eye variety. The high concentration of beta-carotene was 0.62 ± 0.006mg/ 100 ml recorded from orange bird eye. The highest concentration of lycopene was 0.55 ± 0.0003 mg/ 100 ml from Big red cayenne. The highest concentration of TPC was 454.247 ± 20.9mg GAE/ 100g obtained from Big red cayenne. The highest concentration of TFC was 8.92 ± 0.15 mg RE/ 100g obtained from Big red cayenne. High variability was observed among the hot pepper varieties; Big red cayenne variety with the highest concentrations of TPC, TFC and lycopene, showed to have the highest radical scavenging capacity. Big red cayenne can be a cheap source of natural antioxidants, therefore recommended for future development of nutraceuticals or healthy food products and conveying great benefits for food and pharmaceutical industries, consumers, and producers.

Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of marula fruit (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. Caffra) steamed and boiled before juice extraction.

Marula fruit is one of the most underutilized fruits in South Africa, and it has been reported to contain a high amount of vitamin C which is regarded as the cheapest antioxidant. The fruit pulp is traditionally extracted and boiled into juice, a process that adversely affects the vitamin C and bioactive phenolic profile of the resulting juice. This study evaluated the effects of boiling and steaming on the physicochemical properties of marula fruit juice. The pH, percentage yield, total titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TSS), total phenolic content (TPC), radical scavenging capacity, and vitamin C content of the fruit juice were examined. The study also investigated the total carotene, color, and sensory properties of the fruit juice. The results showed that boiling and steaming significantly decreased the Vit C content of the juice (75.67 and 60.05 mg/100 g) compared to control sample (95.11 mg/100 g). The TPC, radical scavenging capacity, and total carotene content of the fruit juice increase because the heating processes softened the matrix of the fruit increasing the extractability of the phenolics and carotene content of the samples. The color of the marula fruit juice was increased by both boiling and steaming, while the sensory properties of the marula fruit juice extracted from steamed marula fruit had the highest scores in all the measured parameters. Steaming of marula fruit before juice extraction improved the nutritional composition, antioxidant activities, and sensory properties of marula fruit juice.

Characterization of oil and amino acids obtained from yellow corvina by-products using subcritical and supercritical fluids

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction and subcritical water hydrolysis were utilized to extract the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enriched edible oils and amino acid rich hydrolysates from head and viscera of yellow corvina (YC). The omega-3 fatty acid content in the SC-CO2 extracted head oil (SHO) and viscera oil (SVO) was 7.62% and 15.51%, respectively. SVO contained the highest amount of vitamin A, D, E, and K with 7.96 ± 0.43 mg/100 g, 336.44 ± 1.43 μg/100 g, 26.59 ± 1.26 mg/100 g, and 89.41 ± 1.52 μg/100 g, respectively. The de-oiled YC head and viscera were consecutively hydrolyzed using subcritical water at different temperatures (160–235 °C). Taurine was the most abundant amino acid among the hydrolysates. The maximum anticancer activity was detected in viscera hydrolysate (VH) at 235 °C (IC50 = 1795.75 μg/mL). These findings can provide valuable insights of YC by-products to use in functional food development.

A Vitamininin Subteratojenik Dozlarının Sıçan Fetüs Böbreği Üzerine Etkileri: Stereolojik Bir Çalışma

Background: Vitamin A (retinol) and its derivatives are essential for maintaining cell differentiation in adult organisms as well as for normal embryonic development in fetuses. On the other hand, high amounts of vitamin A are known to be teratogenic. The formation of urogenital structures depends heavily on retinoic acid receptors. The effects of low and moderate dosages of retinol on the urinary system have not been adequately studied. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of moderate and low doses of vitamin A on the fetal kidney. Materials and Methods: Pregnant rats were divided into 6 groups. On day 10 to 12 of pregnancy (P10-P12) the first group was administered 10000 IU/kg, the second group 20000 IU/kg, the third group 30000 IU/kg, the fourth group 40000 IU/kg and the fifth group 50000 IU/kg oral vitamin A. The control group only received 1 ml of corn oil on the same days. The fetuses were delivered via cesarean section at P19. The kidneys of the fetuses were removed after cardiac perfusion was used to fixate them. After histological preparation of the kidneys, the slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. By using stereological methods, the kidneys' volume (V), glomeruli per unit area (NAg), and glomeruli diameter (D) were all estimated. The results were statistically analyzed. Results: The renal volumes of the 20000, 30000 and 40000 IU/kg groups were higher than those of the other groups. It was also found that the NAg levels of the group receiving 50000 IU/kg Vitamin A were lower than those of all other groups. Moreover, the NAg levels of the groups receiving 20000, 30000 and 40000 IU/kg vitamin A were higher than those of the control group and the group receiving 10000 IU/kg. While the glomeruli diameters of the experimental groups were not different from those of the control group, the glomeruli diameters of the group receiving 20000 and 50000 IU/kg retinol were larger than those of the groups receiving 10000 and 40000 IU/kg vitamin A. Conclusions: Given the estimated higher V, Na, and D values of the group receiving 20000 IU/kg vitamin A, we can assume that this particular dose has a significant effect on renal morphology and development.

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Population in Iraq: Review Article

Vitamin D is a lipid-soluble substance that has two forms, vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). UV light is the main source of vitamin D that induces the conversion of 7-dehydrcholestrol to vitamin D in the skin. Food sources that contain a high amount of vitamin D are egg yolk, fish, and liver. Several studies revealed the wide prevalence of deficiency in Vit. D among the healthy population, in addition, different diseases have a relation with their inadequacy in the body. This review study summarized the results recorded by published articles in different regions in Iraq regarding vitamin D deficiency. The review concluded that there is a high prevalence of Vit. D deficiency among the population in different regions of Iraq.

Physical and Physicochemical Characteristics, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity of Cladodes from Erect Prickly Pear Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw.

Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. is well adapted to arid and semiarid regions and has great potential for industrialisation. One- to four-year-old cladodes of this species harvested in Drâa-Tafilalet region in the southeast of Morocco, were characterised by examining physical and physicochemical parameters. Their bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity were also investigated. The cladode age had a significant impact on all the studied characteristics except some morphological parameters. Cladodes of different ages have a nutritional value comparable to a wide range of vegetables, particularly in terms of calcium, potassium, betalain, total polyphenol, and vitamin C contents. They are very rich in calcium (37.8–42.5 g/kg of dry matter (DM)) and have high betalain content. The content of phenolic compounds (133.9–165.0 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g DM) is especially noteworthy. These cladodes also contain very high amounts of vitamin C, especially the one-year-old cladodes (8.1–18.5 mg GAE/100 g DM). The recorded flavonoid contents vary from 3.8 to 7.6 mg of quercetin equivalent per 100 mL of cladodes mash. Condensed tannin contents range from 10.9 to 21.8 µg/100 mL of cladodes mash. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents also vary from 5.55 to 23.76 and from 1.9 to 6.0 mg/100 g DM, respectively. One- and two-year-old cladodes are rich in total soluble solids (TSS) and ash with high total titratable acidity (TTA), compared to three- and four-year-old cladodes. Four-year-old cladodes have the highest TSS/TTA ratio, while two-year-old cladodes are the wealthiest in betalains with a dominance of indicaxanthins (yellow pigments). The oldest cladodes have the lowest inhibitory concentration (IC50) for antioxidant activity. Three-year-old cladodes have some traits significantly different, which may have resulted from physiological changes related to their great buds emission at this age. This study highlights the nutritional and functional potential of Opuntia stricta cladodes and the importance of their valorisation, particularly in agri-food and pharmaceutical industries.

Determination of the Micronutrient (Vitamin A, C, E, Zinc and Selenuim) Content of Four Indigenous Aromatic Spices in Nigeria

Micronutrients are nutrients required for human’s physiological functions and health maintenance. They are described as organic compounds required in micrograms or milligrams This study is aimed at comparing the micronutrient (VitaminA, C, E, zinc and selenuim) content of four indigenous spices (Scent leaf, garlic, Aidan seed and guinea pepper) in Nigeria. Standard analytical methods was utilized for the analysis. Results revealed that Xylopiaaethiopca (guinea pepper) had the highest amount of vitamin C and E contents (38.17mg/100g and 113.63mg/100g)respectively. Tetrapleuratetratera contained the highest concentration of Zinc and selenium (4.74mg/g and 3.39mg/g) content while Allium Sativum (garlic) has the highest amount of beta-carotene (1.75mg/g).Overall, these results demonstrate that these different spices possess varying levels of essential vitamins and minerals. Guinea pepper and garlic are particularly rich in vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene, while Tetrapleuratetratera stands out for its high zinc and selenium content. Incorporating these spices into the diet can provide additional nutritional and potential health benefits.

Comparative analysis of chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of different pomelo varieties from China

China, the largest pomelo producer, has many famous pomelo varieties. However, there has been limited research on the comparative of chemical compositions and antioxidant activities among different pomelo varieties from China. In the work, five pomelo varieties and one grapefruit variety from China were studied by investigating their chemical composition and antioxidant activity. Volatiles in dichloromethane extract of pomelo peels were measured using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Shatianyu pomelo contained 27 volatile compounds, was the most abundant in volatiles. Total protein, phenols, and flavonoid were determined by spectrophotometry. Changshanhuyou grapefruit contained more phenols and flavonoids, while Shatianyu pomelo contained more protein. The amount of vitamin C, sugars, and organic acids were evaluated using liquid chromatography. Shatianyu pomelo had the highest amount of vitamin C and sugars, and the lower amount of organic acids. Guanximiyu pomelo had the highest amount of organic acids. Shatianyu pomelo and Changshanhuyou grapefruit possessed the higher antioxidant activities as compared to other four pomelo varieties. The antioxidant activities of pomelo pulp had no obvious correlation with the amount of total phenols, total falconoid, and vitamin C. This study is helpful to understand the nutritional value and health function of six Chinese famous pomelo varieties.

Effect of Cold Temperature Environment on Fruit Juice Samples during Storage

Vitamin C in different citrus juice samples were investigated; Citrus Limon, Citrus reticulate, Citrus paradise, and Citrus sinensis. Iodine titration was utilized for the determination of vitamin C in the different samples. The highest amount of vitamin C concentration observed in Citrus sinensis was 95 mg / 100 ml whereas Citrus reticulate showed low levels of 82 mg / 100 ml. The same tendency was observed in packed citrus juice, with the effect of cold temperature as though the content of vitamin C was less than in fresh citrus juice. Results revealed that; there is a loss of vitamin C content in all four storage conditions (days), Vitamin C reduces differently in citrus juice samples stored in different conditions. On the Fourth day Table 1. The rate at which vitamin C is lost depends on the temperature and time methods employed. It has been found that the hot environment provides the conditions for fast decay of vitamin C content and the room environment provides the conditions for slow decay of vitamin C content. In present analyzed samples values are different because of the fact that the composition of content vitamin c depends upon environmental factors. Hence it is always suggested to consume fresh juice rather than packed and stored one.

Low dietary vitamin E intake is associated with high risk of incident dementia among older adults: The Shanghai Aging Study.

Growing evidence has shown the association between vitamin E intake and the risk of cognitive decline, but the conclusions were inconsistent. This study aimed to verify the hypothesis that vitamin E intake is associated with incident dementia and deterioration of global cognition. We followed 1,550 non-demented community residents aged ≥60 years for an average of 5.2 years in the Shanghai Aging Study. Baseline vitamin E intake were measured by the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Cognitive function was evaluated by a battery of neuropsychological tests. Consensus diagnosis of incident dementia was made based on the DSM-IV criteria. During the follow-up, 135 cases (8.7%) of incident dementia were identified. The incidence rates of dementia in low, low-medium, medium-high, and high vitamin E intake groups were 2.8, 1.5, 1.6, and 0.7 per 100 person-years, respectively (P < 0.001). Participants with low vitamin E intake had a significantly higher risk of incident dementia than those with higher intake [compared with the highest intake group: hazard ratio (HR) 2.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20-4.57] after adjusting for confounders. Vitamin E intake was negatively correlated to the rate of annual decline of Mini-Mental State Examination score with the adjustment of confounders (β = 0.019, p = 0.001). Vitamin E intake is negatively correlated with the risk of dementia in older adults. An appropriate high amount of vitamin E intake from the diet might be helpful to prevent future cognitive decline.