Adaptation of a human to different climatic and geographical conditions has two principal features: a) only man managed to master the entire land of the Earth, while remaining a single, tropical biological species (Homo sapiens sapiens); b) in contrast to animals, human colonization of all climatic-geographical provinces, including the extreme ones (Far North and high-altitude), occurred in a very short period of time. It remains unclear how it all was managed by a human. Regarding genetic mechanisms, the main question is not clarified: did a human adapt only with the help of genes, like all other living organisms, or did he use a means inherent only in H.s.sapiens? Our nearly half a century experience of studying the genetic mechanisms of human adaptation to the high-altitude climate of the Pamir and Tien-Shan, as well as to the Far North of Eastern Siberia, argues in favor of the non-gene part of the genome. Keywords: Human adaptation; Cell thermoregulation; Hypobaric hypoxia; Chromosomal Q-heterochromatin; Human body heat conductivity