High Allowance Research Articles

Effects of energy and protein allowances during lay on the reproductive performance of broiler breeder hens

1. Broiler parent stock were fed daily allowances of 1.88, 1.73 or 1.52 MJ apparent metabolisable energy (AME) per bird at two different daily protein intakes (27, 21.3 g crude protein (CP) per bird) or daily protein intakes of 24.6 and 19.4 g CP per bird at a daily energy intake of 1.88 MJ AME per bird from 21 to 64 weeks of age. 2. Body‐weight gain and carcass fat and water content increased and fertility decreased with increasing energy allowance. Maximum egg production occurred at an energy intake of 1.73 MJ AME/bird d. 3. Differences in egg weight and hatchability were related to differences in both energy and protein intake. The highest egg weight occurred at the highest allowance of energy and protein. Hatchability was depressed where the daily allowances of protein and energy were in a ratio of more than 15 g protein: 1 MJ AME. 4. Apart from egg size no significant effects on reproductive performance were observed when dietary protein intake was varied from 27 to 19.5 g/bird d. 5. Requirements of ...

Performance Review of a Large-Scale CO2-WAG Enhanced Recovery Project, SACROC Unit Kelly-Snyder Field

Introduction This paper reviews the performance of the CO2-WAG (water-alternating-gas) project conducted at the SACROC (Scurry Area Canyon Reef Operators Committee) Unit since early 1972. Numerous papers published previously describe in great detail the reservoir, previously describe in great detail the reservoir, the CO2 displacement process, the transmission of CO2 to the field, the mechanics of the operation of the project, a progress report through 1975, and other matters. Since detailed descriptions are available of reservoir characteristics, field history before the inception of the CO2 project, planning and design, and facilities installations, these subjects will be reviewed only briefly here. The performance of CO2 project itself since it began in J an. 1972 is emphasized. project itself since it began in J an. 1972 is emphasized. Kelly-Snyder Field, located in Scurry County, TX, is the major unitized field among four continguous fields along the 35- x 5-mile (56.3- x 8.05-km) Canyon Reef formation (Fig. 1). Reservoir and fluid properties are summarized in Table 1.Estimated original oil in place in the SACROC Unit area, based on a volumetric determination, was 2.73 billion STB (434 Mm3). This volume was used for the evaluation and design of the CO2 miscible flood and for early estimates of incremental oil recovery resulting from CO2 processing.In 1973, Chevron Oil Co., SACROC Unit operator conducted a 24-year history match of more than 1,500 wells in Kelly-Snyder Field using a two-dimensional black-oil simulator. On the basis of this study, the estimated original oil in place in the SACROC Unit area was reduced to 2.113 billion STB (335.9 Mm3). History of Kelly-Snyder Field and the SACROC Unit Before the CO2-WAG Project Project The reservoir was discovered in Nov. 1948. Subsequent development was rapid and essentially complete by Nov. 1951 when 1671 producing wells had been drilled. The production and injection history of the field is shown production and injection history of the field is shown in Fig. 2.Early production performance indicated that solution gas drive was the primary producing mechanism and that a pressure maintenance program would be required to prevent excessive loss of reserves. To improve recovery prevent excessive loss of reserves. To improve recovery the operators and royalty owners of Kelly-Snyder Field agreed to unitize to begin pressure maintenance. In 1953, the Texas Railroad Commission approved formation of the SACROC Unit.Water injection into a unique pattern involving 72 center-line injectors began Sept. 1954. Because of increased oil demand and resulting higher allowables, injection capacity had to be added beginning in 1969. During 1969-71, 72 additional wells were converted to injection service, resulting in a total of 144 center-line injectors. Operational of this center-line injection system continues presently. JPT p. 217

Social remedial measures for multiple sclerosis patients in Denmark.

A total of 57 patients admitted to the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Society's treatment and nursing home in Haslev have been interviewed about their socio-medical situation concerning their course of disease, physical, psychic and economic status, family relationships, and different assistance needs. Sixty per cent lived together, and of the solitary only 9 were unmarried. None were employed fulltime and as a whole they received higher allowances than other disabled persons. All suffered from walking impairment. 17 had no wheelchair, 21 had a wheelchair and limited walking ability, 19 could move around only by wheelchair. None were bedridden. The distribution of housing corresponded to that of other disabled persons but was inferior to that of the population as a whole. 54 per cent had got modifications to housing paid for by the public authorities and 42 per cent had a car for the disabled. 47 per cent alleged that their need for transportation remained uncared for. None of the patients were lonely to a severe degree. Expenses for medicine and transportation varied greatly, showing inequality of grant administration. The results of the investigation are discussed.

Adeqate allowance for vitamin C

Observations on C-vitamin nutrition in Iceland do not lend support to the assumption that a state of near-saturation is required for full benefit to be attained from this vitamin. Here a great part of the population rarely exceed 30 mg./day and values of about 20 mg. and less are frequent. Yet, the standard of health is in the highest range. In general, these observations are in concord with the results of the well known Sheffield experiments. It is maintained that it remains to be shown conclusively that an increased intake above 20–30 mg. per day is of any benefit under otherwise normal conditions. The apparent increase of catabolism of ascorbic acid at the higher intake levels might, as the increased urinary excretion, be interpreted as a means to deal with surplus intake. According to present knowledge, therefore, it is found that there is no need to recommend a higher allowance for vitamin C than the standard of 30 mg./day for the adult adopted by the Technical Commission on Nutrition of the League of Nations.

Social Security in Britain—Twenty Years After Beveridge

SummaryIn one major respect British experience with social security policies since 1946 has vindicated Beveridge's analysis, namely that to be successful, any income maintenance program must be buttressed by an effective attack on other social problems. Two of these, the complications resulting from the varying size of families and the burden of medical care costs, have been the subject of special measures, Children's Allowances and the National Health Service. The former is not as effective as it might be, owing to the still modest level of the allowance per child; the latter has undoubtedly made the task of the income maintenance and public assistance services much easier by freeing them from the necessity of attempting to pay benefits or allowances to cover medical care costs, a particularly important consideration in regard to the aged.But in the areas of housing and employment less has been done. The lack of adequate housing means that in many cases the Assistance Board has to grant higher allowances to cover unduly high rents or to carry a heavy burden of supplementation to meet rent charges. And although Britain has, until recently, enjoyed a surprisingly high degree of full employment, there is little evidence that this has been the result of deliberate policy; the situation now seems to be changing. The next few years may well see social security policy responding, as in the prewar period, to the needs of the unemployed rather than so exclusively to the needs of the aged. And it seems likely too that the needs of the unemployed will be interpreted more broadly than was the case in the prewar period, when it was thought sufficient merely to ensure some modicum of income. In the future it can be anticipated that there will be much greater pressure on the government to provide employment, through general expansionist policies, measures to revive depressed areas, more effective retraining and transfer programs, and perhaps also expanded public works.In another respect, however, Britain's postwar social security experience has demonstrated that income security policy itself can never be determined once and for all. Increasing affluence has called in question the appropriateness of Beveridge's assumption that all that was needed was to ensure a very low minimum social insurance payment. Greater knowledge of the circumstances of those with little or no income has raised doubts as to the extent to which economic insecurity could be eliminated through universal coverage by social insurance, unsupported by a quite extensive national assistance system. It has also become clear, in view of the persistence in a period of high employment of groups of employable persons who for personal reasons are unable to secure or retain jobs, that assurance of income alone is not enough. The future is likely to witness a considerable expansion of social services other than income maintenance, not only for such groups but also for the aged whose needs are increasingly seen to demand something more than minimum income maintenance.

Proration and Well Spacing in Texas

Introduction In determining proper well spacing today we must consider the effect worldwide overproduction of crude oil will have on the oil producer in Texas both today and in the future. No longer can a producer here expect to enjoy high allowables, nor have any assurance that the price of his oil will be stabilized. We have seen both low allowables and an erosion of the price level. With this overproduction of crude oil seeking a market, most of the foreign crude is far cheaper to produce than the oil found in Texas. In fact, oil is cheaper to produce in many states in the United States than it is in Texas because of higher allowables or no proration laws. In effect, Texas is holding an umbrella over the heads of our neighbors. In addition, we find that we are competing with ourselves in that our gas production is taking away our oil markets. As you are all aware, the demand for gas is expanding at a much greater rate than the demand for oil-in some instances because gas is cheaper on a Btu basis and in other instances because consumers are willing to pay a premium price. Foreign Production - World Oil Market The Chase Manhattan Bank in its "Monthly Review of the Petroleum Situation" for July, 1959, made the following observation regarding gas: As the expansion of gas shrinks the market for fuel oils, requirements for crude oil are lessened. And that reduces the incentive to search for new reserves. As the process continues, producers may increasingly shift their operations to foreign areas where the combination of economic factors may look relatively better. Exploratory dollars spent abroad won't find reserves in this country - neither crude oil nor natural gas. This trend, already in evidence, if carried to the extreme, could lead to a deficiency in the United States of both oil and gas reserves. Once that happens, it is doubtful that petroleum would continue to be available at bargain prices. For Texas production to compete with oil from the Near East, where wells produce 5,000 B/D, we must work toward reducing our individual well costs and producing new wells at higher daily rates.

Todd Deep Field, Crockett County, Texas

The Todd Crinoidal pool was discovered, April, 1940, as the result of surface and subsurface geological work. Deeper drilling discovered the Ellenburger pool, February, 1945. Production limits for both pools have been established, and the subsurface reveals the presence of a Strawn crinoidal limestone reef on the west flank of a sharply folded and faulted Ordovician uplift. There are 34 wells completed in the crinoidal producing zone and 62 wells completed in the Ellenburger. Declining bottom-hole pressure in the crinoidal reservoir during the recent years of higher allowables has brought forth a plan of unitization of this reservoir. If this program is finally completed, water injection will be used to supplement the partly effective natural water drive.