High Allowance Research Articles

A cross-sectional study on online food delivery applications (OFDAs) in the United Arab Emirates: use and perceptions of healthy food availability among university students.

Online food delivery applications (OFDAs) have seen a surge in popularity during the COVID-19 Pandemic, particularly among young adults. This study aimed to assess the use of OFDAs and the perception of food healthiness and safety among university students in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among university students in the UAE via snowball sampling (n = 1096). Sociodemographic characteristics, OFDAs usage, and perceptions toward food healthiness and safety were investigated. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the association between categorical variables and healthy food choices. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used to determine differences between different groups and perception statements. Over half (52%) of the students were frequent users of OFDAs with fast food being the most popular choice (88.4%). Older participants, those living in the university dorms, and those with higher allowances used the OFDAs more frequently (P < 0.05). Price (78.0%) and food appearance (65.7%) had the highest impact on food selection. Most subjects (69.3%) reported looking for healthy food but were worried about affordability (43.1%) and taste (27.1%). Most participants (57.8%) agreed that OFDAs increased their appetite and food intake. Participants believed that having a hygiene rating system in OFDAs would give them the chance to make informed decisions (82.3%). Unhealthy food options were popular among university students. The study highlights the need to provide more affordable and appealing healthy food options and suggests that improved nutrition information and hygiene standards could help to promote healthy food choices among university students.

The economic consequences of IPO sales growth management: Evidence from ChiNext‐listed companies in China

AbstractBased on a sample of Chinese ChiNext (Growth Enterprise Market) firms during their initial public offerings (IPOs) from 2009 to 2019, this study explores whether these firms engage in sales growth management and examines its economic consequences. We provide evidence that ChiNext firms tend to manage their sales growth to influence issuance prices during IPOs. Further, the study identifies several indicators that suggest growth‐managing firms engage in more aggressive and riskier promotional strategies, such as longer turnover days of receivables, lower gross profit margins and higher allowance ratios for doubtful accounts. The study also finds that growth‐managing firms are more likely to have higher price‐to‐earnings ratios, offer prices, overfund ratios, first‐day closing prices and a higher percentage of positive posts, suggesting that these firms aim to inflate their growth to attract more funds from financial markets by influencing investors' expectations. Additionally, we find a negative relationship between sales management and post‐IPO stock returns, indicating that investors cannot effectively identify sales management by ChiNext IPO firms. Cross‐sectional analysis also shows that growth‐managing ChiNext IPO firms are likely to have depressed post‐IPO performance, whereas the market intermediary (brokers, auditors and asset appraisal institutions) with a good reputation helps to alleviate future performance reversals.

Credit Constraints and Bank Failures: A Macroprudential Perspective on the U.S. Commercial Banking Sector

We examine the impact of economy wide credit tightening on bank failures and investigate the relationship between bank failures and tighter monetary policy while accounting for bank balance sheet variables. Using a sample of U.S. banks from 1984 to 2020, we find the following: i) increases in corporate credit spreads lead to a significant increase in aggregate bank failures; ii) lower aggregate bank return on equity and higher allowances for loan losses are associated with a higher incidence of bank failures; iii) no robust evidence suggesting that tighter monetary policy drives higher bank failures. Finally, we show that lower bank failures, contraction in corporate credit spreads, higher bank profitability, and higher stock market returns contribute to higher economic growth, highlighting the interconnectedness of banking, stock markets, credit availability, and the macro-economy. These results may have potential macro-prudential policy implications.

Patenting inventions or inventing patents? Continuation practice at the USPTO

AbstractContinuations allow inventors to add new claims to old patents, leading to concerns about unintended infringement and holdup. We study how continuations are used in standard essential patent (SEP) prosecution. Difference in differences estimates suggest that continuation filings increase by 80%–121% after a standard is published. This effect is larger for applicants with licensing‐based business models and for patent examiners with a higher allowance rate. Claim language is more similar for SEPs filed after standard publication, and late‐filing is positively correlated with litigation. These findings suggest widespread use of continuations to draft patents that are infringed by already‐published standards.

A Forage Allowance by Forage Type Interaction Impacts the Daily Milk Yield of Early Lactation Dairy Cows.

We tested for a forage allowance effect on the milk yield of early lactation dairy cow herds grazing swards sown with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) relative to perennial ryegrass alone. The examined allowances consisted of offering 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 25 kg of dry matter (DM)/cow per day of grazeable herbage, with diverse swards sown as mixtures and spatially adjacent monocultures. After adapting cows to their assigned forage type for 8 days, treatment effects on milk yield and composition, blood metabolites (beta-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids and urea concentrations), body weight change, forage intake and selection differentials for forage species and certain nutrients were monitored over 7 days. We confirmed a forage allowance effect on milk yield improvements in dairy cows grazing diverse swards relative to perennial ryegrass monocultures. Improvements in milk yield were evident at forage allowances of 14 to 20 kg of DM/cow per day, diminishing at the highest allowance of 25 kg of DM/cow per day. Improvements in milk yield for the mixture and spatially adjacent monocultures peaked at forage allowances of 18 and 16 kg of DM/cow per day, equalling increases of 1.3 and 1.2 kg of milk/cow per day, respectively.

Penerapan Waktu Siklus Singkat pada Granular Activated Carbon Sequencing Batch Reactor (GAC-SBR) untuk Pengolahan Limbah Cair Rumah Makan

Has resulted in the generation of restaurant wastewater also increasing. Restaurant wastewater contains pollutants BOD, COD, TSS, Total-N, PO4, oil and grease with high enough levels so that it might pollute the environment if discharged into river bodies without going through a processing process. In this study, an experiment was conducted by applying granular activated carbon - sequencing batch reactor to treat restaurant wastewater. In this study was operated the reactor with short HRT of 6, 9, and 12 hours and compared with a comparison HRT of 36 hours. In the reaction phase, a GAC mass of 0.4 and 2.5 grams was added. The highest allowance for BOD is 91.23%, COD is 93.35%, TSS is 98.94%, PO4 is76.60 %, Total-N is 89.78%, and oils and grease are 99,99%. GAC was affixed during the reaction phase with a mass variation of 0.4 grams and 2.5 grams, the optimal GAC mass was obtained at a GAC mass of 0.4 grams. The aeration rate was operated at a rate of 20 and 40 L/min, the optimal aeration rate was obtained at a rate of 20 L/min.

Problematic Mobile Phone Use and Life Satisfaction Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Shanghai, China.

ObjectiveThis study examined problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) and its relationship with life satisfaction in Chinese university students during the pandemic.MethodsAn anonymous online survey was conducted in a university in China. The Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were used to assess the severity of problematic mobile phone use and life satisfaction, respectively. Data on demographic and health-related factors were also collected.ResultsA total of 1,491 undergraduate students (73.3% were male) completed the survey. On average, students in the survey reported spending 7.4 ± 4.3 h/day on phone use. Their MPAI score was 38.1 ± 13.3 and SWLS score was 24.9 ± 6.8, respectively. After controlling for confounding factors, the MPAI score was significantly associated with lower life satisfaction. Multiple linear regression revealed that higher monthly allowances, frequent insomnia, longer phone use duration were significantly associated with PMPU.ConclusionUniversity students in China spend nearly half of their waking hours on mobile phone use, significantly longer than before the COVID-19 pandemic. PMPU is associated with insomnia, lower life satisfaction and higher allowances. If the trend continues after the pandemic, interventions may be needed. Increase in-person interactions, limiting online social and gaming time, awareness campaign may be effective in reducing the impact of PMPU and improve life satisfaction.

Simulating Personal Carbon Trading (PCT) with an Agent-Based Model (ABM): Investigating Adaptive Reduction Rates and Path Dependence

A decade after the publication of seminal papers on personal carbon trading (PCT), few empirical studies on its implementation exist. Investigating how to design, set up and implement a PCT scheme for a community or country raises several difficulties. For instance, it is unclear how to introduce a reduction rate of CO2 allowances to ensure a steady decrease in CO2 emissions from households. Computational approaches have been introduced to address these challenges of PCT by providing an opportunity to test counterfactual scenarios. Among the benefits of an agent-based modeling approach (ABM) is the potential to directly address dynamic developments and introduce counterfactual situations. In this paper, we review existing modeling approaches and present an ABM for PCT. With simulations of an artificial population of 1000 and 30,000 agents, we address questions on the price and reduction rate of allowances. A key contribution of our model is the inclusion of an adaptive reduction rate, which reduces the yearly allocated amount of allowances depending on a set CO2 abatement target. The results confirm that increased emissions targets are related to higher allowance prices and a higher proportion of buying households. Our analysis also suggests a significant path dependence in the dynamics of allowance prices and availability, but that adaptive reduction rates have little impact on outcomes other than the price. We discuss data availability and computational challenges to modeling a PCT scheme with an ABM. Ideal data to populate an ABM on PCT are not available due to the lack of real-world implementations of a PCT. Nonetheless, meaningful insights about the dynamics and the focal variables in a PCT scheme can be generated by the exploratory use of an ABM.

Fast Foods Intake of Highschool Students in Daejeon Area - Hamburger, Pizza, and Fried Chicken Intake -

간편성과 저렴한 가격, 대중매체를 통한 광고의 영향으로 청소년 소비층이 증가하지만, 한편 정크 푸드(junk food) 라는 오명을 지니는 패스트푸드에 대하여 대전에 거주하는 고등학생을 대상으로 섭취 실태를 조사하였다. 섭취빈도 조사 결과 프라이드치킨은 33회/년, 햄버거 29회/년, 피자 17회/년 섭취하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 햄버거, 피자, 프라이드치킨의 섭취빈도는 BMI 비만도별, 아침과 저녁식사빈도별, 패스트푸드를 처음 먹었던 시기별 차이가 없었으며, 용돈의 경우 피자와 프라이드치킨은 용돈액수가 많은 사람이 섭취빈도가 높았다. 패스트푸드의 섭취자제 점수는 저체중 또는 비만 학생이 정상 체중의 학생보다 높았으며, 기대체격별 패스트푸드 섭취자제 점수는 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 비만도, 식사 빈도, 패스트푸드의 처음 섭취 시기는 패스트푸드 섭취빈도와 관련이 없었던 반면, 용돈액수는 많을수록 패스트푸드의 섭취빈도가 높았던 것으로 나타나 용돈액수를 줄이는 것이 패스트푸드의 섭취빈도를 낮추는 효과적인 수단으로 확인되었다.Fast foods are very popular to adolescent and the sales are increasing due to the convenience, low price, and a broad scale advertisement through mass media. Fast foods are often named as junk foods because of high calorie and fat, low vitamins and minerals contents. This study investigated the intake frequency of hamburger, pizza and fried chicken, the 3 representative fast foods, in 306 male and female high school students living in Daejeon. Data were collected by food frequency questionnaire, and analyzed by SPSS(ver. 18.0). Intake frequency of hamburger, pizza and fried chicken were 33, 29, 17 times per year, respectively. Intake frequency of these 3 fast foods were not sig. different by BMI obesity, breakfast and supper meal frequency, and first time of fast foods intake. But intake frequency of fast foods were different by the allowance, intake frequence of pizza and fried chicken are higher in students with higher allowance. Restrain score of fast foods intake were higher in underweight and obese than normal weight students. There were no sig. difference of intake restrain score by preferable future body figure. As conclusion, the most effective way of reducing the fast food intake frequency in adolescent were cutting down the allowance. Besides that education based on analysis about what are the specific nutritional defects in each fast food may help to change the behavior of fast foods intake.

Delignification and determination of sugar concentration in fertilizer as the preliminary process of bioethanol production by Aspergillus fumigatus

Water hyacinth is an aquatic weed that causes an imbalance of the ecosystem hence, it needs to be processed into useful products. This research conducted the degradation of lignocellulose-containing biomass, utilizing Aspergillus fumigatus fungi to form bioethanol. This study was initiated with the cultivation of A. fumigatus in Potato Dextrose Broth media and the preparation of water hyacinth as a substrate up to 25 mesh in size. Pretreatment was carried out using varying ratios of fungi to substrate of 1: 1, 1: 5, and 1:10 and contact time is 24, 72, and 120 hours. Furthermore, the lignin level was determined using the gravimetric method and hydrolysis was carried out afterwards in order to prepare the sugar for the fermentation procedure. The sugar content produced was analyzed using the DNS method. In this study, the highest allowance for lignin at the pretreatment stage was 25.9%, this produced the highest sugar at the hydrolysis stage (0.5 g/L). Fungi A. fumigatus functions as a biocatalyst which is suitable in the delignification process as a pretreatment and hydrolysis. A fermentation procedure and further research is needed to determine the potential of water hyacinth as a raw material in the production of bioethanol.

Prevalence and Determinants of Electronic Cigarettes Use among Governmental Secondary School Students in Makkah, 2018

Background: Since introduction in the early 2000s, e-cigarette use has rapidly increased among adolescents worldwide. However, little is known about e-cigarette uptake among adolescents in Saudi Arabia. Objectives: To explore the prevalence and determinants of the e-cigarette use among governmental secondary school students in Makkah, 2018. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, including a random representative sample of students attending governmental secondary schools in Makkah during 2018-2019. A self-administered validated questionnaire was adopted and modified from WHO Youth Tobacco Survey 2011 consisting of socio-demographic and personal characteristics and associated determinants. Results: The study included 301 governmental secondary school students. More than half of the students (54.2%) were females and 56.8% were Saudis. Forty-five students (15%) ever tried to use electronic cigarettes whereas twenty-seven (9%) students have used e-cigarettes in the past 30 days. Higher school grades, higher allowance, working fathers, higher educated mothers, parental smoking, friend smoking, ignorance of the fact that e-cigarettes contain nicotine and of the harmful impacts of the e-cigarettes on health are significantly associated with e-cigarette use. The main reasons for e-cigarette use among those who ever tried them (n=45) were the desire to have an experience with e-cigarette (77.8%), feeling that e-cigarette can help them quit smoking (64.4%), trying to taste and smell the e-cigarette (62.2%) and feeling that e-cigarette is safer than tobacco cigarette (60.0%). Conclusion: E-cigarettes have been tried and currently used by a considerable proportion of students enrolled in governmental secondary schools in Makkah. Some associated factors were identified.

An Economic Analysis of the Costs Associated with Pre-Weaning Management Strategies for Dairy Heifers.

Simple SummaryRearing of replacement female calves on a dairy farm is of critical importance to maintain herd sizes, improve the genetic quality of the herd, and remain economically sustainable. A 2-year investment period is needed for replacement female heifers to grow before entering the milking herd. The management of replacements over this 2-year period can vary greatly among operations, making it difficult to compare producers’ cost to benchmark. The objective of this project was to develop a model to calculate the cost of rearing a replacement heifer from birth to weaning under different housing, milk source, allotments, and labor and health management decisions to be used as a dairy farm decision support tool. We calculated the cost for management options with general cost values. We found that the average feed cost represented 46% of the total cost while labor, and fixed and variable costs represented 33%, 9%, and 12%, respectively. The total cost increased as milk allotment increased, but cost per Kg of gain decreased. The ranges in total cost within each management scenario often exceed the difference in cost from one scenario to the next. In conclusion, variable costs have the potential to vary among operations, playing a major role in the total cost of rearing replacements from birth to weaning.Dairy calves are raised in various housing and feeding environments on dairy farms around North America. The objective of this study was to develop a simulation model to calculate the cost of raising replacement dairy heifers using different inputs that reflect different management decisions and evaluate their influence on the total cost. In this simulation, 84 calves were modeled between 0–2 months of age to reflect a 1000 heifer herd. The decisions associated with housing, liquid diet source and allowance, labor utilization, and health were calculated. Costs and biological responses were reflective of published surveys, literature, and market conditions. A 10,000-iteration economic simulation was used for each management scenario using @Risk and PrecisionTree add-ons (Palisade Corporation, Ithaca, NY, USA) to account for variation in pre-weaning mortality rate, weaning age, and disease prevalence. As milk allotment increased, total feed cost increased. Feeding calves a higher allowance of milk resulted in a lower cost per kg of gain. Average feed cost percentage of the total cost was 46% (min, max: 33%, 59%) while labor, and fixed and variable cost represented 33% (20%, 45%), 9% (2%, 12%), and 12% (10%, 14%), respectively. Total pre-weaning costs ranged from $258.56 to $582.98 per calf across all management scenarios and milk allotments.

Investors’ sentiment and accruals anomaly: European evidence

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether investors’ sentiment affects accruals anomaly across European countries.Design/methodology/approachThe authors estimate the model using Fama–MacBeth regressions. The sample includes 54,572 firm-year observations for 4,787 European firms during the period 1994–2014.FindingsThe authors find that investors’ sentiment influences accruals mispricing across European countries. The effect is pronounced for stocks whose valuations are highly subjective and difficult to arbitrage. The cross-country analysis provides evidence that sentiment influences accruals anomaly in countries with weaker outside shareholder rights, lower legal enforcement, lower equity market development, higher allowance of accrual accounting and in countries where herd-like behavior and overreaction behavior are strong.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings suggest the generalizability of the sentiment-accruals anomaly relation in European countries characterized by different cultural values, levels of economic development and legal tradition.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest to caution individuals investors. These investors would be wise to take into account the impact of sentiment on the performance of their portfolio. They must keep in mind that periods of high optimism are accompanied by a high level of accruals and followed by low future stock returns.Originality/valueThe research supplements previous American studies by showing the significance of the level of sentiment in understanding the accruals anomaly in Europe. Hence, it is important for future studies to consider investor sentiment as an important time-series determinant of the accruals anomaly, particularly for stocks that are hard to value and difficult to arbitrage.

Determinants of Patent Quality: Evidence from Inter Partes Review Proceedings

We study the determinants of patent “quality” — the likelihood that an issued patent can survive a post-grant validity challenge. We do so by taking advantage of two recent developments in the U.S. patent system. First, rather than relying on the relatively small and highly-selected set of patents scrutinized by courts, we study instead the larger and broader set of patents that have been subjected to inter partes review, a recently established administrative procedure for challenging the validity of issued patents. Second, in addition to characteristics observable on the face of challenged patents, we utilize datasets recently made available by the USPTO to gather detailed information about the prosecution and examination of studied patents. We find a significant relationship between validity and a number of characteristics of a patent and its owner, prosecutor, examiner, and prosecution history. For example, patents prosecuted by large law firms, pharmaceutical patents, and patents with more words per claim are significantly more likely to survive inter partes review. On the other hand, patents obtained by small entities, patents assigned to examiners with higher allowance rates, patents with more U.S. patent classes, and patents with higher reverse citation counts are less likely to survive review. Our results reveal a number of strategies that may help applicants, patent prosecutors, and USPTO management increase the quality of issued patents. Our findings also suggest that inter partes review is, as Congress intended, eliminating patents that appear to be of relatively low quality.

Gender Differences in Sexual Behaviors in Korean Adolescents

PurposeThe purposes of this study were to identify whether there are gender differences in sexual behaviors among Korean adolescents and to explore the factors that influence safe sex practices across both sexes. MethodsA secondary analysis was conducted using nationally representative data obtained from the 2014 Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Sample consisted of 3,210 adolescents who had experience of sexual intercourse. The dependent variable in this study was practicing safe sex. The independent variables included a range of individual, family, and school factors. ResultsFemale adolescents were less likely to practice safe sex (i.e., always using a condom). Individual (smoking, no drinking before sexual intercourse), family (living with parents, higher allowance per week) and school factors (non-coeducational school students, had received school-based sex education) were significant predictors of practicing safe sex in males. In contrast, family (lower economic status) and school factors (middle school students) predicted practicing safe sex among female adolescents. ConclusionWe demonstrated that gender plays an important role in the sexual behavior of adolescents. The findings of this study indicate a need to design and implement gender-specific interventions.

Smoking Prevalence and Associated Factors among Students of Balıkesir University

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the smoking prevalence and associated factors among the students of Balikesir University and determine the level of nicotine dependence in smokers. Methods: Six faculties and two graduate schools located at the Balikesir University campus were enrolled. The cluster method was used as the sampling method. To observe the rates of smoking initiation while studying at the university, first-year and final year students were compared. Results: A total of 1096 students were enrolled, with a mean age of 20.4±2.2 years. The regular smoking prevalence rate was 25.5%, occasi- onal smoking rate was 9.5%, alcohol consumption rate was 28.0%, and drug abuse rate was 5.0%. The mean age for attempting to smoke was 16.6±2.2 years. The leading causes of smoking were curiosity, spiritual space, affection, and to comply with friends. According to the Fagerstrom questionnaire, the level of nicotine dependence was low in 53.0% of the participants, moderate in 8.7%, and high in 28.4%. The average smoking prevalence rate was 23.6% in first-grade students, whereas it was 44.8% in last-grade students. The factors that influence smoking were as follows: being in the last grade, mother, siblings, and friends who smoke, higher allowance, use of alcohol and drugs. Smoking was found to be more prevalent among males. Conclusion: Last-grade students had a higher smoking prevalence rate than the first-grade students. Family, social environment, and smoking behavior of friends have an influence on smoking. All risk factors, including past history and university period, should be considered together in tobacco control.

An Efficiency Evaluation of the EU’s Allocation of Carbon Emission Allowances

The allocation of carbon dioxide emission allowances has become one of the most important global issues. The main argument is the equity in the allocation of emission allowances. If the allocation is unfair, then economic development of some countries will be impeded. Therefore, to promote an emissions trading system, an equitable and reasonable allocation method that benefits every participant country is needed, so that countries will accept and implement the system accordingly.This study uses emission allowance as an input variable for evaluation and analysis. The output variables are energy consumption, government spending, and gross domestic product, based on the model developed by Gomes and Lins (2008). The study takes the zero sum game data envelopment analysis model to explore the allocation of emission allowances and the reallocation of emission allowances among 24 European Union members, hoping to find a comparatively fair and efficient allocation method for them. The empirical results show that first, the current allocation of emission allowances is inefficient. Second, after reallocation, those countries which implemented it most efficiently have more allowances. andThird, after the reallocation, G8 countries including the United Kingdom, France, and Italy have higher allowances than their initial allowences, implying that industrialized countries need more allowances to maintain their economic growth.

English

Attachment lug joints are commonly used in aerospace and mechanical structures. Lug joints are generally used to connect major structure components for transfer of loads and they often subjected to repeated load spectra. Lug and pin joints have been designed based on theoretical strength of materials models. In this study, geometry was determined and analysed using theoretical Strength of material calculations. The ultimate loads and allowable stresses by using different materials (Inconel718, Waspaloy, Stellite6, 2024T351 plate, 7075T651 plate, Mg Bronze, 4130 steel) in the current lug joint geometry are caliculated by strength of material calculations. From calculations we determined the allowable limiting loads for those different materials in the double shear lug joint. It is suggested the highest allowable limiting load of a double shear lug joint by using different materials in the geometry under allowable stresses.

Complex realities: community engagement for a paediatric randomized controlled malaria vaccine trial in Kilifi, Kenya

BackgroundCommunity engagement (CE) is increasingly promoted for biomedical research conducted in resource poor settings for both intrinsic and instrumental purposes. Given the potential importance of CE, but also complexities and possibility of unexpected negative outcomes, there is need for more documentation of CE processes in practice. We share experiences of formal CE for a paediatric randomized controlled malaria vaccine trial conducted in three sites within Kilifi County, Kenya.MethodsSocial scientists independent of the trial held in-depth individual interviews with trial researchers (n = 5), community leaders (n = 8) and parents (15 with enrolled children and 4 without); and group discussions with fieldworkers (n = 6) and facility staff (n = 2). We conducted a survey of participating households (n = 200) and observed over 150 CE activities.ResultsThe overall CE plan was similar across the three study sites, although less community-based information in site C. Majority perceived CE activities to clear pre-existing concerns and misconceptions; increase visibility, awareness of and trust in trial staff. Challenges included: some community leaders attempting to exert pressure on people to enrol; local wording in information sheets and consent forms feeding into serious anxieties about the trial; and concerns about reduced CE over time. Negative effects of these challenges were mitigated through changes to on-going CE activities, and final information sharing and consent being conducted individually by trained clinical staff. One year after enrolment, 31% (n = 62) of participants’ parents reported malaria prevention as the main aim of the activities their children were involved in, and 93% wanted their children to remain involved.ConclusionThe trial teams’ goals for CE were relatively clear from the outset. Other actors’ hopes and expectations (like higher allowances and future employment) were not openly discussed, but emerged over the course of engagements. Encouraging open discussion of all actors’ intentions and goals from the outset takes time, risks raising expectations that cannot be met, and is complex. However, doing so in future similar trials may allow successes here to be built upon, and some challenges minimized or avoided.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT00866619 (registration 19-Mar-2009).

Deposit Insurance Coverage, Ownership, and Bank Risk-Taking Behavior: Evidence from Indonesian Commercial Banks

In the first part, this paper aims to examine how explicit deposit insurance coverage affects bank stability using the data from the Indonesian commercial banking industry, which offers a unique setting of natural experiment for this purpose. In the second and third parts, this paper studies how market power and ownership structure affect bank stability. My analysis shows that blanket and full guarantee have adverse impact to the Indonesian bank stability, as well as low explicit coverage, suggesting an inverted U-shaped relation. The analysis then shows that higher degree of market power is significantly associated with lower bank stability, supporting the competition-stability hypothesis. Moreover, the analysis reveals that higher cash flow right is associated with lower bank stability, while central government ownership is associated with higher bank stability, as well as foreign and family ownership. Publicly held banks tend to be lower in overall risk, but have relatively higher allowance for loan losses and lower equity-to-asset ratio compared to private banks. Meanwhile, findings on local government and managerial ownership are mixed. The analysis further shows that bank ownership structure interact with the explicit deposit insurance coverage to influence bank stability.