Definition Of Hierarchy Research Articles

"Everything is in order, but in a different way": reinterpretation of the Areopagite concept of hierarchy

"Order", "subordination", "power", "repression" are the phenomena with which the concept of "hierarchy" is most often associated. As far as we know, the term "hierarchy" is found for the first time in the Areopagite corpus. After a hermeneutic analysis of the definition of hierarchy in its first usage, a number of some new and not so obvious meanings are revealed: hierarchy is not only an order, but also a knowledge, an action (or energy) and an imitation of God, it is associated with a difference in the nature of things, but at the same time it is dynamic, not static. In the basis of the central role the concept of "Divine action (or energy)" plays in describing hierarchy, we argue that in the Areopagitics can be traced the procedural logic of the Arab-Muslim world, rather than the substantial logic of the Greek-Western European world. An explanation of this paradox is proposed based on the commensurability of the Areopagite and Akbari traditions, which is confirmed by historical data.

Analyzing the Interactions among Barriers to the Use of Solar Energy for Heating in Residential Buildings in Van, Türkiye

In terms of environmental sustainability, the barriers—and interactions between these barriers—to the use of solar energy for active and passive heating in residential buildings stem from location-specific housing production patterns and the actors involved in these patterns. A clear definition of hierarchies and priorities between barriers helps managers set strategic priorities and action plans to find solutions. After the earthquake in Van in 2011, 6000 hectares of land were opened for new development, and research using the sampling method discovered that the most common type of housing production in the city is the build-to-sell housing production method. The actors involved in build-to-sell housing production are technical staff, local–central administrations, entrepreneurs, end users, landowners, financial companies, non-governmental organizations, and building inspection institutions. This article examines the barriers to the use of solar energy for active and passive heating purposes, the interactions between these barriers using ISM and MICMAC methods, and the build-to-sell housing production method and actors. Barriers were identified through a literature review and semi-structured interviews. The barriers were further categorized under eight main headings according to their subject matter. The hierarchies of barriers in creating problems and solutions were determined using ISM and MICMAC methods and the findings were interpreted. In the City of Van, with regard to the houses produced via the build-to-sell production method, the barriers against the use of solar energy for heating purposes in houses considering active and passive methods are ranked in order of priority in creating the problem and the solution. Barriers caused by political and administrative issues are ranked first; barriers caused by social awareness and end users are ranked second; barriers caused by social and sociological events are ranked third; barriers caused by laws and regulations are ranked fourth; barriers caused by the knowledge, skills, and awareness of designers are ranked fifth; barriers caused by deficiencies in technical issues are ranked sixth; and barriers caused by economic and financial issues are ranked seventh. Even though the barrier caused by the working mode of build-to-sell productions is the largest in creating the problem, it is the least effective barrier to solving the problem in the ISM hierarchical and MICMAC schemes. The research process is presented in the Methods section.

The Stratification of Universities Revisited: Status, Followers, and the Shape of National Hierarchies

It is generally accepted that Canadian universities are less stratified than their southern neighbours, a hypothesis popularized in the mid-2000s and verified by subsequent comparative empirical research. Through this piece, we revisit the Canadian “flatness” hypothesis, embracing a more sociological definition of status hierarchies and using social media followers as a focal proxy for status. Despite our theoretically based skepticism, adoption of an alternative status proxy, and use of more recent data, our analyses validate the flatness hypothesis. We theorize the implications of these findings, and our novel approach, for the study of organizational stratification in higher education.

Devoid Elites and the Need for a New Elite Configuration: An Analysis of Post-Soviet Societies on the Example of Azerbaijan

This paper provides a comprehensive study of the Azerbaijani ruling elites. This study aims to describe the post-Soviet Azerbaijani elites, their interaction, and their influence to elaborate a basis for studying the impact on the government and the economy. The study focuses on the definition and origin of the Azerbaijani elites after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the analysis of their interactions, and the definition of behavior and hierarchy. The study relies on Higley and Burton’s (2006) elite configurations framework and Wedel’s (2003) concept of clans. It draws on qualitative analysis and applies analytical autoethnographic approaches to analyze and interpret the information received. The study used data from 113 informal dialogue interviews with those who worked closely with the elite and the elite representatives. These data provided detailed descriptions of their life and behavior in Central Asia and the South Caucasus. The total number of respondents was 1,817 people. Not all elites have equal access to power. Some, called “hyperagents,” control most decisions. Others, whom the author defines as “devoid elites”, have very little or no real power, although they have some privileges that the elites are endowed with in society. The researcher proposes a new elite configuration entitled “imposed unity elites”, which better describes the majority of Azerbaijani elites. This elite configuration implies the existence and behavior of devoid elites. It also describes elites that seem to be united in public but lacks any basic ideology or common goals. The research contributes to the further development of Higley and Burton’s (2006) framework of elite configurations and the theory of the influence of elites. The possible application of the obtained research results will allow scientists to better understand the development characteristics of the elite configuration in the post-Soviet space and their impact on the state.

Hierarchical community structure in networks.

Modular and hierarchical community structures are pervasive in real-world complex systems. A great deal of effort has gone into trying to detect and study these structures. Important theoretical advances in the detection of modular have included identifying fundamental limits of detectability by formally defining community structure using probabilistic generative models. Detecting hierarchical community structure introduces additional challenges alongside those inherited from community detection. Here we present a theoretical study on hierarchical community structure in networks, which has thus far not received the same rigorous attention. We address the following questions. (1) How should we define a hierarchy of communities? (2) How do we determine if there is sufficient evidence of a hierarchical structure in a network? (3) How can we detect hierarchical structure efficiently? We approach these questions by introducing a definition of hierarchy based on the concept of stochastic externally equitable partitions and their relation to probabilistic models, such as the popular stochastic block model. We enumerate the challenges involved in detecting hierarchies and, by studying the spectral properties of hierarchical structure, present an efficient and principled method for detecting them.

“To be Good as a Manager”: Masculinities and Everyday Life Within Transnational Corporations in Colombia and Ecuador

This article examines the role of homosociality in the definition of power hierarchies within transnational corporations and the ways by which these firms control the sexual life of their managers to preserve patriarchy. It is based on the ethnographic research that I carried out to study masculinities among corporate elites in Colombia and Ecuador. More than being a good manager, to be good as a manager requires to perform traditional codes of masculinity, to actively participate in male homosocial rituals, and to act both as a sexualized, desirable, heterosexual man and as an exemplary father for the corporate family.

Extraction and analysis of risk factors from Chinese chemical accident reports

Accidents in chemical production usually result in fatal injury, economic loss and negative social impact. Chemical accident reports which record past accident information, contain a large amount of expert knowledge. However, manually finding out the key factors causing accidents needs reading and analyzing of numerous accident reports, which is time-consuming and labor intensive. Herein, in this paper, a semi-automatic method based on natural language process (NLP) technology is developed to construct a knowledge graph of chemical accidents. Firstly, we build a named entity recognition (NER) model using SoftLexicon (simplify the usage of lexicon) + BERT-Transformer-CRF (conditional random field) to automatically extract the accident information and risk factors. The risk factors leading to accident in chemical accident reports are divided into five categories: human, machine, material, management, and environment. Through analysis of the extraction results of different chemical industries and different accident types, corresponding accident prevention suggestions are given. Secondly, based on the definition of classes and hierarchies of information in chemical accident reports, the seven-step method developed at Stanford University is used to construct the ontology-based chemical accident knowledge description model. Finally, the ontology knowledge description model is imported into the graph database Neo4j, and the knowledge graph is constructed to realize the structured storage of chemical accident knowledge. In the case of information extraction from 290 Chinese chemical accident reports, SoftLexicon + BERT-Transformer-CRF shows the best extraction performance among nine experimental models. Demonstrating that the method developed in the current work can be a promising tool in obtaining the factors causing accidents, which contributes to intelligent accident analysis and auxiliary accident prevention.

Sungmoon Kim’s Democracy After Virtue

Sungmoon Kim’s <i>Democracy After Virtue</i>

An RFM Model Customizable to Product Catalogues and Marketing Criteria Using Fuzzy Linguistic Models: Case Study of a Retail Business

In the field of strategic marketing, the recency, frequency and monetary (RFM) variables model has been applied for years to determine how solid a database is in terms of spending and customer activity. Retailers almost never obtain data related to their customers beyond their purchase history, and if they do, the information is often out of date. This work presents a new method, based on the fuzzy linguistic 2-tuple model and the definition of product hierarchies, which provides a linguistic interpretability giving business meaning and improving the precision of conventional models. The fuzzy linguistic 2-tuple RFM model, adapted by the product hierarchy thanks to the analytical hierarchical process (AHP), is revealed to be a useful tool for including business criteria, product catalogues and customer insights in the definition of commercial strategies. The result of our method is a complete customer segmentation that enriches the clusters obtained with the traditional fuzzy linguistic 2-tuple RFM model and offers a clear view of customers’ preferences and possible actions to define cross- and up-selling strategies. A real case study based on a worldwide leader in home decoration was developed to guide, step by step, other researchers and marketers. The model was built using the only information that retailers always have: customers’ purchase ticket details.

EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF ORGANISATIONAL PROCESSES SYSTEM IN A BUILDING PRODUCTION WITH SIMULATION MODELING FOR CONTRACTING COMPANIES

Purpose. This paper presents the innovative scientifically-based method on efficiency evaluation of the building production management for contracting companies. Otimisation models are substantially aimed at reducing the influence of negative factors and increasing the quality indexes of the organisational process of construction production. Methodology. Methodological approaches of the organisational processes optimisation of construction production are based on the establishment of a well-defined interconnection between the units of the functional structure, the definition of strategies hierarchy of the contracting company.The correlation of duration t and cost c in building production, its influence on the economic appropriateness for projects realisation in civil engineering are analyzed. Findings. Using mathematical analysing methods for cumulative distribution function S(t,c) of two-dimensional random value of construction duration and cost, the basic principles are shown that allow to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the level of influence of the construction market external factors on the implementation of organisational processes in the construction industry, in which a large number of forming elements are involved. The implementation of this methodology permits to assess the real state of organisational processes system in building production, its stability, the degree of determinate indicators structuring in a single functional system, to generate an economic justification in complex. On basis of simulation modeling, efficiency of organisational processes system in building production S(t,c) was determined and graphically illustrated. Originality. The results of the present study demonstrate that it amounted to 58.08 % within the established limits of acceptable risk (LAR) between 0.35 and 0.65. Practical value. It has been shown an implementation practicability of using this methodology by contracting companies at decision-making stage for construction projects initiation with determinate indicators of duration Td and cost Cd. The creation of theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of structural efficiency evaluation algorithms for the organisation of construction production will allow to achieve for contractor companies the highest level of competitiveness in the market of construction services.

Defining the Emerging Blood System During Development at Single-Cell Resolution.

Developmental hematopoiesis differs from adult and is far less described. In the developing embryo, waves of lineage-restricted blood precede the ultimate emergence of definitive hematopoietic stem cells (dHSCs) capable of maintaining hematopoiesis throughout life. During the last two decades, the advent of single-cell genomics has provided tools to circumvent previously impeding characteristics of embryonic hematopoiesis, such as cell heterogeneity and rare cell states, allowing for definition of lineage trajectories, cellular hierarchies, and cell-type specification. The field has rapidly advanced from microfluidic platforms and targeted gene expression analysis, to high throughput unbiased single-cell transcriptomic profiling, single-cell chromatin analysis, and cell tracing—offering a plethora of tools to resolve important questions within hematopoietic development. Here, we describe how these technologies have been implemented to address a wide range of aspects of embryonic hematopoiesis ranging from the gene regulatory network of dHSC formation via endothelial to hematopoietic transition (EHT) and how EHT can be recapitulated in vitro, to hematopoietic trajectories and cell fate decisions. Together, these studies have important relevance for regenerative medicine and for our understanding of genetic blood disorders and childhood leukemias.

Spatial data cubes based on shared dimensions and neighbourhood relationship concepts

A data cube has exponential storage and runtime complexities with linearly increasing dimensionality; in addition, a spatial data cube further complicates the issue since it integrates spatial features into a data cube. In this paper, a new data cube approach, named spatial cubing, or simply S-cubing, implements two spatial indexing techniques and two spatial non-relational representations. S-cubing based on shared dimensions is the first non-relational solution designed to support spatial data cubes with continuous dimensions, resolution hierarchies and multiple spatial measures and is capable of running on multi-core computer architectures. S-cubing, based on neighbourhood relationships, implements a new data cube hierarchy algorithm using relationships among cells of a regular grid. Thus, this algorithm creates thematic maps from non-geopolitical regular areas, therein avoiding manual hierarchy definitions. A sequential version is found to be faster than a PostGIS implementation and the parallel version achieved a speedup of 13 with 24 threads.

Method Hierarchies in Clinical Epidemiology

Accumulating evidence from diverse fields of inquiry suggests the existence of method hierarchies, where criteria employed by the same epistemic agent constitute a certain preference hierarchy. In this paper, we illustrate the phenomenon of method hierarchy by discussing several prominent studies in clinical epidemiology of coronary artery disease. The current “gold standard” in clinical epidemiology is the randomized controlled trial (RCT) method. Yet, in the absence of studies that satisfy the strict requirement of the RCT method, clinical epidemiologists often relax the requirements of double-blinding, complete follow-up, no treatment switching, and/or randomization. Instead, they sometimes employ less stringent requirements, such as the requirement to account for the potential imbalances between groups through statistical models. This suggests the existence of a certain method hierarchy. However, it is unclear how method hierarchies are to be conceptualized and documented. Specifically, it remains to be seen whether a method hierarchy is best understood as being composed of individual employed methods or as a single composite method with a complex system of if-s and else-s.&#x0D; Suggested Modifications&#x0D; [Sciento-2019-0013]: Accept the existence of method hierarchies.&#x0D; Accept the following definition of method hierarchy:&#x0D; &#x0D; Method Hierarchy ≡ a set of methods is said to constitute a hierarchy iff theories that satisfy the requirements of methods that are higher in the hierarchy are preferred to theories that satisfy the requirements of methods that are lower in the hierarchy.&#x0D; &#x0D; Accept the following question as a legitimate topic of scientonomic inquiry:&#x0D; &#x0D; Conceptualizing Method Hierarchies: should we conceive of a method hierarchy as being composed of individual employed methods/requirements, or should we think of it as constituting one composite method with a system of if-s and else-s, and-s and or-s?&#x0D;

Spatial Data Cubes based on Shared Dimensions and Neighborhood Relationship Concepts

A data cube has exponential storage and runtime complexities with linearly increasing dimensionality; in addition, a spatial data cube further complicates the issue since it integrates spatial features into a data cube. In this paper, a new data cube approach, named spatial cubing, or simply S-cubing, implements two spatial indexing techniques and two spatial non-relational representations. S-cubing based on shared dimensions is the first non-relational solution designed to support spatial data cubes with continuous dimensions, resolution hierarchies and multiple spatial measures and is capable of running on multi-core computer architectures. S-cubing, based on neighbourhood relationships, implements a new data cube hierarchy algorithm using relationships among cells of a regular grid. Thus, this algorithm creates thematic maps from non-geopolitical regular areas, therein avoiding manual hierarchy definitions. A sequential version is found to be faster than a PostGIS implementation and the parallel version achieved a speedup of 13 with 24 threads.

Physical co-presence intensity: Measuring dynamic face-to-face interaction potential in public space using social media check-in records.

Urban public spaces facilitate social interactions between people, reflecting the shifting functionality of spaces. There is no commonly-held consensus on the quantification methods for the dynamic interplay between spatial geometry, urban movement, and face-to-face encounters. Using anonymized social media check-in records from Shanghai, China, this study proposes pipelines for quantifying physical face-to-face encounter potential patterns through public space networks between local and non-local residents sensed by social media over time from space to space, in which social difference, cognitive cost, and time remoteness are integrated as the physical co-presence intensity index. This illustrates the spatiotemporally different ways in which the built environment binds various groups of space users configurationally via urban streets. The variation in face-to-face interaction patterns captures the fine-resolution patterns of urban flows and a new definition of street hierarchy, illustrating how urban public space systems deliver physical meeting opportunities and shape the spatial rhythms of human behavior from the public to the private. The shifting encounter potentials through streets are recognized as reflections of urban centrality structures with social interactions that are spatiotemporally varying, projected in the configurations of urban forms and functions. The results indicate that the occurrence probability of face-to-face encounters is more geometrically scaled than predicted based on the co-location probability of two people using metric distance alone. By adding temporal and social dimensions to urban morphology studies, and the field of space syntax research in particular, we suggest a new approach of analyzing the temporal urban centrality structures of the physical interaction potentials based on trajectory data, which is sensitive to the transformation of the spatial grid. It sheds light on how to adopt urban design as a social instrument to facilitate the dynamically changing social interaction potential in the new data environment, thereby enhancing spatial functionality and the social well-being.

Governing by prizes: how the European Union uses symbolic distinctions in its search for legitimacy

ABSTRACT Since their creation and with an increasing intensity since the 1980s, European institutions have used prizes, labels and other distinctions as political resources to perform and legitimize their action. The purpose of this article is to make sense of this governance by prizes. It documents the occurrences, uses and meanings of European prizes and what it reveals of EU politics and policies. It shows how the EU mobilizes and updates the three usual functions of prizes as claim of centrality and authority by the prize-giver, creation of incentives and compliance for recipients and construction/solutions of/to social problems. The conclusion is that the European governance by prizes mirrors what happens at other levels of governance while adapting it to its politico-institutional singularity. The EU operates with its own logic of symbolic production but remains secondary to member states in the definition of hierarchies of honours and values.

The Design and Development of a Semantic File System Ontology

Semantic File System (SFS) is the vision for the future of file systems where information is given with explicit meaning to be processed by machines automatically and consumed by the users easily. SFSs extend traditional file systems to organize and retrieve information according to their semantics, intent and relationships with other resources rather than their physical locations. Ontology-based file system is a step to dissolve the borders between semantic web and semantic desktop to make the desktop part of a single giant web. Unfortunately, to the best of the authors’ current knowledge, so far, no effort has been exercised to develop an ontology for SFSs. This work contributes a SFS ontology, which extends NEPOMUK information element ontology framework into the domain of SFSs. The proposed SFS ontology is freely available with full technical definitions of terms and complete class hierarchy to be used for any purpose in information technology (IT). In addition, as a proof-of-concept implementation, we deploy the proposed ontology in the 360ᵒ SFS. Finally, to get most of the benefits of the ontology, this paper also presents a semantics-aware file manager.

An automatic generation method of the coordinate system for automatic assembly tolerance analysis

The automation of tolerance analysis is the ambitious goal of the researcher. In order to achieve this aim, the homogeneous coordinate transformation is a usual method for the position calculation of geometric features and parts in the assembly tolerance analysis method. The hierarchy definition and the automatic creation of the coordinate system are the key work for the automation of tolerance analysis. In this paper, the position calculation equations of the geometric feature in assembly model are described firstly, then the error propagation relation graph for geometric features in the part model is analyzed based on the datum–target mechanism of geometric tolerance. The assembly errors propagation graph of the part in the machine model is described based on the assembly relation and assembly precedence. The controlling points variation model (CPVM) of a geometric feature is used to generate and represent the position of the substitute geometry of the geometric feature, and the position parameters of substitute geometry are generated using Monte Carlo simulations. Based on the CPVM model and datum–target mechanism, the hierarchy of the coordinate system for a geometric feature is defined on the part level. Based on the assembly relations and the real part model, the assembly coordinate system between the locating part and the assembling part is established. According to these two errors propagation graphs, the homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix between the related coordinate systems is generated automatically. Finally, a case study is provided to illustrate the proposed method.

The colour of family happiness: adoption and the racial distribution of children in contemporary France

In France, the notion of itself – which echoes both (post-)colonialist discourses and a long history of state-regulated racism – is usually publicly inexpressible, despite its implicit presence that nonetheless saturates public debates. However, in some specific cases, such as transnational adoption, the verbalisation of racial preferences and desires are encouraged by social workers and family experts, as a mean to prevent racism. This article aims to analyse the kind of practical institutional framing which produces and supports such a verbalisation, and to explore its consequences with respect to the definition of racial hierarchies. Hence, instead of considering the preference of skin colour as a pre-established parental desire that informs the racial distribution of children, I suggest focusing on the French case to analyse the racialization of familial desires produced by and for the apparatus that frames adoption. Thus, by concentrating on the governance of family intimacy, this article aims to question the social dynamics that construct race as a meaningful performative category requiring professional expertise and action, that allow its public expression, and that even facilitate the verbalisation of racial preferences in an institutional context supposedly defined by colour-blindness.

OS-37 BEMSの活用に向けたグラフ画面とデータエクスポートの標準仕様の提案 : (第2報)BEMSの活用階層と管理手法の考え方

OS-37 BEMSの活用に向けたグラフ画面とデータエクスポートの標準仕様の提案 : (第2報)BEMSの活用階層と管理手法の考え方