Hierarchy Of Values Research Articles

Racism, Not Race: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions

Book Review| October 01 2022 Racism, Not Race: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions Racism, Not Race: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions. By Joseph L. Graves Jr. and Alan H. Goodman. 2021. Columbia University Press. (ISBN 9780231200660). 320 pp. Paperback, $18.95. Hardcover and ebook also available. Kirstin Milks, Kirstin Milks Department Editor Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Frank Brown Cloud, Frank Brown Cloud Department Editor Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar David Upegui David Upegui science teacher Central Falls High School, Central Falls, RI, upeguid@cfschools.net Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (2022) 84 (8): 508–509. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2022.84.8.508 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation David Upegui; Racism, Not Race: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions. The American Biology Teacher 1 October 2022; 84 (8): 508–509. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2022.84.8.508 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search During my doctoral exploration of race and racism, I attended a lecture by Dr. Graves and was impressed by his insightfulness, diligence, and clarity. When ABT reached out to ask if I would review this book, they didn’t know how thrilled I’d be to review this important and timely work. With great precision, Graves and Goodman build the case against notions that race is biologically justifiable, instead demonstrating that racial injustices are the result of socially constructed racism. Importantly, the authors also provide strategies for addressing the ideology of a hierarchy of human value, which is a root cause of systemic racism. Given the significance of the information it conveys and the approachability of the writing, every biology educator will benefit from reading this book and sharing its ideas with students. As the authors note, racism was a foundational reality in the history of the United States, and it remains... You do not currently have access to this content.

Towards Epistemic Justice: Constructing Knowers in Multilingual Classrooms

AbstractIn this study of a postcolonial school, we expand understandings of epistemic justice from the perspective of language, addressing issues of know-ledge, understanding, and participation in communicative practices. We suggest that monoglossic language-in-education policies constitute a form of epistemic injustice by diminishing learners’ ability to make epistemic contributions, a capacity central to human value. We further suggest that translanguaging in formal school settings generally promotes epistemic access rather than epistemic justice, leaving value hierarchies and relations of knowing unchanged. Conversely, this study presents linguistic ethnographic data from a three-year project where learners could choose their language of learning to Grade 6 and use all languages in subject classrooms. We analyse how a Grade 6 learner used laminated, multilingual stances to construct others as knowers, negotiate epistemic authority, and promote solidarity. We argue that she thereby constructed new decolonial relations of knowing and being. Moreover, the shift from monolingual to multilingual episteme, which substantially improved performance overall, enabled new social, epistemic, and moral orders to emerge from below, laying the basis for greater epistemic justice.

Classification Algorithms Used in Predicting Glaucoma Progression.

In this paper, various machine learning algorithms were used in order to predict the evolution of open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The datasets were built containing clinical observations and objective measurements made at the Countess of Chester Hospital in the UK and at the “St. Spiridon” Hospital of Iași, Romania. Using these datasets, different classification problems were proposed. The evaluation of glaucoma progression was conducted based on parameters such as VFI (Visual field index), MD (Mean Deviation), PSD (Pattern standard deviation), and RNFL (Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer). As classification tools, the following algorithms were used: Multilayer Perceptron, Random Forest, Random Tree, C4.5, k-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, and Non-Nested Generalized Exemplars. The best results, with an accuracy of over 90%, were obtained with Multilayer Perceptron and Random Forest algorithms. The NNGE algorithm also proved very useful in creating a hierarchy of the input values according to their influence (weight) on the considered outputs. On the other hand, the decision tree algorithms gave us insight into the logic used in their classification, which is of practical importance in obtaining additional information regarding the rationale behind a certain rule or decision.

Why Do Trees Need Herding? J. R. R. Tolkien’s Mastery of Trees in The Lord of the Rings

Why Do Trees Need Herding? J. R. R. Tolkien’s Mastery of Trees in The Lord of the Rings Mary-Anne Potter (bio) and Deirdre C. Byrne (bio) Introduction J. R. R. Tolkien is known to have loved trees and advocated for them against the forces of industrialization. He wrote to The Daily Telegraph in 1972: “In all of my works, I take the part of trees as against all their enemies” (419).1 The “enemies” of trees include industry and machines; the entire modern era of manufacture and sale of commodities; the densification of housing; and the demand for more edible crops to support livestock for meat. The Ents represent Tolkien’s righteous anger against those who would turn the trees into material for imperialist ends. Saruman needs timber for his war effort on behalf of Sauron, but the Ents do not take this kindly, and Saruman receives the punishment he deserves for mistreating the trees. The march of the Ents and Huorns to Isengard, which they destroy, inspired by the Birnam Wood march to Dunsinane to defeat a tyrant in Macbeth, is emblematic of Tolkien’s “tak[ing] the part of trees” in The Lord of the Rings (LotR).2 This article explores Tolkien’s advocacy of trees, particularly focusing on contrapuntal voices in his depiction of trees in LotR. Tolkien’s hierarchy of values is shown in that all his forests are cared for by human, or humanoid, stewards.3 Environmental critic John Elder defines stewardship in LotR as “faithful and discerning action on behalf of a beloved landscape and community . . . the knowledgeable and practical service of living communities” (Dickerson and Evans xi). This sounds very loving, but implies superior human knowledge and insight. The trees do not act or speak on their own and are not represented from their own perspective; they are always seen, [End Page 277] and spoken for, by their stewards. We trace Tolkien’s propensity to speak for trees to his Catholic humanism, which leads him to adopt a position of control and mastery4 over his fictive creations. The question of “who speaks?” reminds us of postcolonial theorizing about subaltern voice and agency,5 and raises concern about who has the right to speak and act. We begin with an exploration of Tolkien’s, specifically LotR’s, Catholic humanism. We then discuss non-humanist paradigms that we find useful in thinking about the portrayal of trees in LotR. Finally, we read the relationships between forests and their eco-stewards in LotR (Lothlórien, the Old Forest and Fangorn) diffractively through nonhumanist paradigms. For Barad, diffractive reading “place[s] the understandings that are generated from different (inter) disciplinary approaches in conversation with each other” (92–93) to “produce a new way of thinking about the nature of difference” (73). Our diffractive reading of LotR concludes that, while the novel constitutes a paean to trees, it also keeps its author’s humanism intact. A Liberal Humanist Love of Trees Tolkien’s love of trees permeated his capacity to make sense of his context and life events, as well as his self-expression in language. Further, Tolkien’s Catholic humanism directs his response to trees. First, he often used arboreal images in his personal writings. Following the death of fellow Inkling and close friend, C. S. Lewis, Tolkien wrote: “So far I have felt the normal feelings of a man of my age—like an old tree that is losing all its leaves one by one: this feels like an axe-blow near the roots” (“Letters” 258). He also refers to LotR as “my own internal tree” (“Letters” 341), implying that the story takes root and grows from within his psyche. The story appears to have been Tolkien’s inner Yggdrasil: a World Tree and the central axis of his inner world. Frodo’s journey to Mordor serves as the trunk, from which numerous branches grow: Aragorn’s ascension to the throne of Gondor; the war with Sauron and Saruman; Gandalf’s ascension to White Wizard; the Elves’ departure; the hobbits’ growth to warriors and their liberation of the Shire, and so on. Patrick Curry reinforces the arboreal emphasis when he describes Tolkien’s...

Hacking age

AbstractThis article is a critical interdisciplinary study of biohacking as a specific case of transhumanism and its goals of enhancement and age intervention. It focuses on the organising principles underlying the biohacking movement's relationship to ageing and technoscience. The argument traces how the historical and scientific body technologies of molecularisation, functional age, optimisation, and quantification made possible the biohacking vision of the ageing body as amenable to modification, enhancement and improvement beyond its natural limits. Conclusions consider the wider implications of biohacking by pointing out four important issues that frame our cultural ambivalence about ageing: the tension between biohacking's supposedly liberating enhancement technologies and their obeisance to a tyranny of self‐disciplinary practices and the authority of bio‐data; the social meaning of biohacking hierarchies of human value, based on modifiable fitness and enhanceable performance; the implications of the biohacking program for gendered ageism; and the ethical limits of biohacking, not only in terms of potential harms to a person but what it can mean to exceed the natural limits of life.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ПРЕЦЕДЕНТНИХ ІМЕН У ПОСТМОДЕРНІСТСЬКОМУ ХУДОЖНЬОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

This article examines intertextuality of artistic texts of postmodern discourse in the aspect of linguosemiotic research; defines intertextuality as a text category that occupies one of the central places among other text categories; summarizes and systematizes the functioning of precedent names in postmodern artistic texts; considers postmodern artistic discourse as a special semantic focus of intertextual connections on the example of precedent names; highlights that intertextuality changes the idea of ​​artistic texts as homogeneous structures, suggesting their consideration as heterogeneous formations. Recently, in linguistic science, general tendencies in the study of artistic texts as an intertextual phenomenon are observed. However, the lack of postmodern artistic discourse research in intertextual context by and large is noticed. Artistic texts of postmodern literature reflect the text-creating tendencies of postmodern creativity, the change of ideological system, the restructuring of values hierarchy, the creation of hybrid artistic forms, the production of new writing ways, and the manifestation of topical issues. Postmodern artistic texts are characterized by the presence of a large number of expressive precedent names. Introduction to the structure of artistic texts names, surnames, nicknames of prominent historical figures, biblical and mythological characters, writers of previous eras, heroes of their works, etc., that are emphasized with deep authorial intentions and meanings, defines literary characters’ destinies in a certain way, and affects the development of artistic text plot lines in general. The category of intertextuality creates a fragmented text in postmodernism fiction. Postmodern artistic text is a complete cognitive and conceptual, communicative and semiotic unity It is a heterogeneous structure marked by intertextual connections and lines with other texts. Therefore, it becomes possible to correlate cultural signs with background knowledge and with the specificity of linguistic consciousness, as well as create a special semiotic space.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S SOCIAL ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF FAMILY STABILITY

The article is devoted to problem of the social role, status and activity of a modern woman. Since the middle of 20th century the problem became the subject of research in the context of family stability in which the main role was given to the spouse’s vision of woman’s social activity. The social activity is considered as an external function of family and includes social, political, educational, professional orientation, intellectual merits, skills and abilities, i.e. the activity of spouses outside the family. It gives the satisfaction of needs that are practically impossible to meet within the family.
 We have studied the hierarchy of family values ​​from the aspect of stability and the ways of expectations and ambitions of 120 families (women-men, n = 240) during the implementation of functions, their relevance within the economic, parenting, social activity, emotional spheres and in external attractiveness. The results of the research allow us to consider the equal distribution of responsibilities of social activity of the spouses as the main precondition for family stability. According to research results, the relatively high rate of social activity of a person/spouse in a system of value hierarchy proves that this function is one of the important factors for strengthening and stabilizing the family relationships.

Penerapan nilai wajar dalam penilaian aset perusahaan perbankan swasta sebelum dan saat pandemi pada Bank Permata Tbk tahun 2019-2020

The application of IFRS in the banking sector plays an important role in seeing its effect on increasing economic growth in Indonesia. One of the banks that have adjusted to IFRS standards by disclosing fairness in their financial statements is Bank Permata. Assessment techniques used to maximize the use of relevant inputs that can be observed. This research was conducted using descriptive analysis to process quantitative data with the application of fair value with assets at PT Bank Permata Tbk. The financial statements use secondary data with data analysis. Overall, the results of the measurement of the fair value of assets from the banking industry at PT Bank Permata Tbk are considered feasible, this is due to the number of statements, namely 19 out of 20 statements that are in accordance with PSAK 68. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that number 12 does not comply with PSAK 68 paragraph 74 concerning entities prioritizing the hierarchy of values over inputs, on the other hand, according to PSAK 68 paragraph 74 the priority is inputs over fair value hierarchies.

Professional Behavior and Value Erosion: A Qualitative Study of Physicians and the Electronic Health Record.

Goal:Occurrences of physician burnout have reached epidemic numbers, and the electronic health record (EHR) is a commonly cited cause of the distress. To enhance current understanding of the relationship between burnout and the EHR, we explored the connections between physicians' distress and the EHR.Methods:In this qualitative study, physicians and graduate medical trainees from two healthcare organizations in California were interviewed about EHR-related distressing events and the impact on their emotions and actions. We analyzed physician responses to identify themes regarding the negative impact of the EHR on physician experience and actions. EHR “distressing events” were categorized using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Physician Professional Competencies.Principal Findings:Every participating physician reported EHR-related distress affecting professional activities. Five main themes emerged from our analysis: system blocks to patient care; poor implementation, design, and functionality of the EHR; billing priorities conflicting with ideal workflow and best-practice care; lack of efficiency; and poor teamwork function. When mapped to the ACGME competencies, physician distress frequently stemmed from situations where physicians prioritized systems-based practice above other desired professional actions and behaviors. Physicians also reported a climate of silence in which physicians would not share problems due to fear of retribution or lack of confidence that the problems would be addressed.Practical Applications:Physicians and administrators need to address the hierarchy of values that prioritizes system requirements such as those required by the EHR above physicians' other desired professional actions and behaviors. Balancing the importance of competing competencies may help to address rising burnout. We also recommend that administrators consider qualitative anonymous interviews as an effective method to uncover and understand physician distress in light of physicians' reported climate of silence.

Classification of Equity Instruments under IFRS 9: Determinants and Consequences

AbstractOne of the main differences between International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 9 Financial Instruments and International Accounting Standard (IAS) 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement is the classification and measurement of equity instruments that are financial assets. Under IFRS 9, a firm must measure acquired equity instruments at fair value through profit or loss (FVPL) unless the firm irrevocably chooses at initial recognition to measure those assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI). In this case, a firm must recognise all changes in FVOCI without the possibility of reclassifying these amounts into profit or loss. In this context, this study has two main objectives. First, it examines the frequency of firms that elect to classify equity instruments as FVOCI in the first year of IFRS 9 adoption and identifies the determinants of the decision to classify equity instruments as available for sale (AFS) (under IAS 39) or as financial assets at FVOCI (under IFRS 9). Second, it considers whether this choice has any influence on the value relevance of financial information. The results of a sample based on firms in the FTSE 100 and EURO STOXX 50 show that risk is the main determinant of the reclassification from AFS to FVOCI in the first year of IFRS 9 adoption, while the level of variable compensation for CEOs (for AFS) and the level of fair value hierarchy (for AFS and FVOCI) are the main determinants for the classification of equity instruments. Regarding the consequences of this change, the findings indicate that the prohibition of recycling for the FVOCI option under IFRS 9 leads investors to pay more attention to the changes in fair value as recognised in OCI.

Application of the Innovative Model NIPA to Evaluate Service Satisfaction

Customer satisfaction is one of the antecedent variables of customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction can positively affect customer loyalty. However, past research on consumer behavior has focused mainly on the direct consumption behavior of customers in service satisfaction, not in indirect behavior. This study takes the wedding garden as an example to explore the indirect behavior of customers, based on PZB’s service quality, and using the customer value hierarchy theory, adopts a questionnaire survey, and from the perspectives of users, investigates the current service quality, in order to analyze the quality of the service according to an evaluation formula. This study distributes a total of 380 questionnaires and collects 367 valid samples, for a valid return rate of 96.7%. In order to solve the problems caused by the original important performance analysis (IPA), the research constructs new important performance analysis (NIPA) to replace the original. This structural model presents a structured measurement process with risk management performance and judgment rules, which yielded different outcomes, as well as distinguished managerial implications. Furthermore, this new analysis model can provide managers with different perspectives in helping administrators in decision making.

The battle for 5Pointz and signifying regimes: desirable subjects, hierarchies of value, and legitimizing state power

ABSTRACT This article offers an analysis of semiotic regimes that accompanied the redevelopment of 5Pointz and the ensuing civil lawsuits. Located in Queens, New York, 5Pointz was a building owned by GM Realty, who allowed Jonathan Cohen to curate graffiti works on its exterior and interior walls from 2002 through to 2013. I identify the ideological significance of three semiotic regimes generated by the 5Pointz saga. First, I treat “landed capital” (property development, growth machines) and “cultural commodification” (the art world) as observing systems that were central to constructing the meaning of the 5Pointz closure and litigation. These observational vantage points relied on a dichotomous logic involving desirable and undesirable subjectivity, but located key actors in distinct ways. Second, the legal outcome was often construed as a “major victory for artists.” However, portraying the damages awarded as an unequivocal victory normalizes hegemonic constructions of value wherein the activities of capitalism’s major players are accorded more worth than any other human activity. Finally, I focus on portraying the conflict between graffiti writers and landed capital as a “David and Goliath” battle. Signifying the conflict in such a manner (mis)construes the sovereign state as an impartial actor that adjudicates between competing rights claims.

Challenges to conserve world agricultural heritages in a market economy: Experiences in Nishi-Awa, Japan

The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems – established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 2002 – is a certification expected to conserve traditional agro-ecosystems and associated biodiversity, natural resources, outstanding landscapes, and cultural heritages that are at risk of extinction in the current market system. Employing the Nishi-Awa Steep Slope Land Agriculture System in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan, designated as Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System in 2018, as the case study, this research explores the potential and contradictions of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System to incorporate alternative values such as traditional knowledge, biodiversity, landscape, healthy diets, and cultural heritages into the dominant hierarchy of values that favor market competitiveness. Based on original field surveys, literature review, and qualitative analyses, the study demonstrates that while the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System certification is expected to bring considerable economic opportunity through an increase in international tourists and price appreciation of the local agri-food products certified by a local agri-food labeling system (established by the public and private actors in the designated area), this system does not explicitly guarantee the values claimed in Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System certification. Therefore, the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System scheme to conserve the claimed values in designated areas is faced with a contradictory situation in a market economy.

Study on Conditional Conservatism Within Fair Value Measurements Based on Anti-discount Expectations.

As a rapidly growing emerging capital market, China has attracted the attention of both investors and scholars. To alleviate the expectation of external users of listed companies’ financial statements to “discount” items in levels 2 and 3 of the fair value measurement, listed companies will treat these items as conditional conservatism. It refers to the conservatism of companies when confirming bad news of unrealized gains and losses sooner than confirming good news. A sample was selected for empirical analysis to verify the existence of this relationship. The results are as follows: (1) the higher the proportion of levels 2 and 3 fair value measurements, the stronger the conditional conservatism of the company’s profit and loss; (2) the higher the proportion of cash holding of operating activities in a company’s operating profit and the higher the audit quality, the higher the proportion of levels 2 and 3 fair value hierarchy measurements, and the stronger the conditional conservatism of the company’s profit and loss; and (3) the lesser the internal control defects in a company, the higher the proportion of levels 2 and 3 fair value hierarchy measurements, and the stronger the conditional conservatism of its profit and loss. The findings provide empirical evidence to identify listed companies adopting conditional conservatism to alleviate discounting expectations of fair value items of financial statements’ external users and provide a reference for improving the standards and regulation of listed companies.

Placestory/Storyplace: A Gristly Category for a New Poetics of Space

ABSTRACT In this article, we make an argument for addressing place-based narratives as ‘tissues of meaning’ rather than as discrete linearities. We look at how this allows us to skirt certain hierarchies of value in order to address narratives inclusively; tracing their continuity and morphology across literary novels, folklore records, information boards, church pamphlets and village names. Drawing examples from Crab & Bee projects including ‘Plymouth Labyrinth’ (2018–9) and ‘The Pattern’ (2020), we draw analogies between the role of sheets of fascia (gristle, jelly, fat, connective tissue, cartilage) in the human body – as a means of disrupting the assumed linearity (one step after another) of walking – and the idea of a narrative-fascia that stretches across different fields of literary production rather than a linear storyline. In conclusion, we argue for a radical inseparability of text and space and write of the need to read them both through the whole body.

Reading sound: textual value devices in gallery sound

ABSTRACT As sound practices continue to evolve in the gallery arts, conceptual texts create value for audiences who have been trained to see but who are still learning to listen. Based on 105 semi-structured interviews and four years of ethnographic observation, this paper finds that, contrary to the reliance on hearing in music or vision in the other gallery arts, gallery sound has had to rely, paradoxically, on reading audiences. After a look at models of cultural-economic valuation, this study finds that sound artists tend to rely on written language to value their works, and these textual value devices appear on a variety of interfaces. Artist statements are communicated through online platforms, handouts, didactic panels, and grant applications as instances of economic agencement – rendering the aesthetic economic – for works that otherwise might be mistaken for music or visual art. Respondents explained this reliance on text in terms of art world isomorphism, as a response to technical maladaptation, and as a tool for sensory learning. The resulting hierarchies of aesthetic value have implications for the relationship between sensory perception and conceptual understanding throughout the gallery arts and beyond.

A Burkean Dramatistic Analysis of Tae-Joon Park’s Rhetoric: The Chairman and CEO of POSCO

Objectives: This study analyzes the rhetoric of “Korea’s steel king,” Tae-Joon Park (TJ Park), the founder of POSCO (formerly Pohang Iron and Steel Company), with a specific focus on TJ Park’s rhetorical style and strategy, through a close reading of two speeches: his inaugural address at POSCO in 1968 and his speech commemorating the 10th anniversary of POSCO in 1978. Methods: This study applied the work of Kenneth Burke because of the impact of rhetorical analysis on the field of business communication studies. Burke’s approach includes the five qualities that comprise the pentad (scene, act, agent, agency, and purpose). Herein, these concepts are used to analyze TJ Park’s speeches, followed by an examination of how the Burkean notion of identification works in his addresses. Results: The present study demonstrated the basic rhetorical strategies in business communication that have influenced developments in research methodology based on Kenneth Burke’s concepts of the pentad and identification. Burke’s dramatistic method for the analysis of Park’s corporate rhetoric enabled an analysis of the relationship among features of Park’s rhetoric in terms of the business rhetorical situation. Conclusions: With his rhetoric, TJ Park set the scene to encourage employee motivation for the upper hierarchy of values, promoted employees’ future acts, changed the workers’ mentality, habits, and behaviors and turned them into “POSCO men,” shielded the management of POSCO from bureaucratic interference and unreasonable political pressure, and sublimated the corporate mission to a “national duty” and “historical mission.” His unique rhetoric contributed to the success of his management.

Instrumental aspects of proportionality in civil proceedings

The purpose of the work is to define the role of proportionality as a tool for overcoming legal uncertainty in the application by courts of the principles and norms of law in modern civil proceedings. It was supported the statement that within the limits of modern legal understanding, different from the objective or subjective determination of legal phenomena, which were traditionally characteristic of the national legal doctrine, the understanding of principles is not limited to the properties of technical means for constructing norms or means of overcoming gaps in legal regulation. The principles of law determine the purpose, possibility, regime and limits of law enforcement.
 Based on intersubjective legal understanding, an instrumental approach has been applied to the analysis of principles in law, their role and significance for the implementation of civil justice, primarily for those legal situations in which the procedure for carrying out proceedings is determined discretionarily. The position regarding the separation of written and unwritten, as well as structural and ideological principles has been supported. It has been concluded that the hierarchy of values in society determines the hierarchy and content of principles in law, namely: basic (fundamental, primary) principles of law and legal (general, inter-branch, branch) principles.
 The impracticality of assessing the effectiveness of civil proceedings only through the implementation of the protective function (due to effectiveness) has been emphasized and it has been suggested to pay attention to such a category as the balance of interests implemented in civil proceedings. It has been concluded that fair is justice, which guarantees a balanced, necessity-based limitation of opportunities in the realization of procedural and legal interests, in the exercise of rights, as well as compliance with the procedure established by law, which is a reflection of public interests in legal security.
 It has been emphasized that proportionality is an instrumental principle that allows to ensure legal discourse, which is a means of achieving a balanced legal and social result, which is connected with ensuring the rule of law during the exercise of power. The decisive factor in the application of proportionality is the reflection by the subject of law enforcement of his/her understanding of the law, as well as his/her own good faith. The application of proportionality in the version of the test, in which the procedure for solving the case (committing a procedural action) is based on a factual (pragmatic) approach in combination with a procedural institutional approach, allows the application of relatively defined legal norms, in relation to which the rules of deontic logic do not apply.

Abductive Reasoning: A Design Thinking Experiment

AbstractDesign thinking fundamentally relies on abductive reasoning. Diverse thinking types such as divergent thinking, systems thinking, and empathetic thinking have been adopted in design thinking education. Yet, it is very rare to address abductive reasoning to be integrated in a design thinking course because of deductive validity and inductive strength. In practice, the quality of design thinking is judged from design outcomes in terms of creativity and innovation rather than the application of abductive reasoning in thinking that is necessary for educators to develop diverse instructional strategies for design thinking. Through a design thinking experiment where abductive reasoning was structured for groups of students to modify their chosen fairy stories by challenging identified lessons/values/beliefs, we articulated relevant strategies from case analysis. As a result, we discovered the following six strategies for abductive reasoning: questioning on socially given identity; restructuring a hierarchy of values; de‐ and re‐contextualisation; perspective‐taking; being intersubjective through body swapping; and developing imaginative empathy for compassion. The six strategies support pedagogical aspects of design thinking such as collaborative problem‐solving and analytic and empathetic engagement; and thus, design educators can use them in developing instructional strategies to facilitate abductive reasoning in design thinking.

Formy wsparcia pacjenta i rodziny w sytuacji choroby o zróżnicowanym przebiegu

The essence of the crisis situation is the breakdown of the current hierarchy of values, the reorganization of everyday life, the intensification of cognitive and emotional efforts to ensure relative intrapsychic homeostasis, and the psychosocial balance in various areas of life (including family and professional life). One of the crisis events is a disease that changes the daily life of individuals and their relatives. The aim of this study is to provide psychological characteristics of the patient in the situation of the disease with its various course, to present the consequences of the appearance of the disease on the level of intrapsychic and social life, and to indicate possible forms of intervention and support for people experiencing their own disease or the disease of a person in the family. An issue worth emphasizing is the provision of specialized, multi-level support for patients and families in the ongoing disease process. Appropriate and responsible therapeutic interactions in the cognitive and emotional dimensions can effectively reduce anxiety and stress reactions and thus contribute to better coping in a crisis situation.