Hierarchy Of Objects Research Articles

Alinhamento do Programa Estratégico de Sistemas Espaciais (PESE) à Estratégia Nacional de Defesa (END)

This research had as objective analyzing to what extent the Strategic Program of Space Systems (PESE) influences the fulfillment of the strategic objective defined as the priority of aerial surveillance, established for the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) in the National Defense Strategy (END). Due to the characteristics of both documents, the theoretical basis was mainly based on the principles of strategic planning. The Value Focused Thinking (VFT) theory and the techniques of the content analysis provided support for data collection and structuring. Initially, the methodology consisted of a documentary research in order to define the concept of aerial surveillance. Subsequently, a hierarchy of objectives was constructed, composed of the strategic objective of the END and intermediate objectives. The measurement of the contribution of the PESE to the accomplishment of the intermediate objectives was obtained applying the principles of the VFT. Finally, these measures were integrated in order to identify the contribution of the PESE to the strategic objective of the END, resulting in a value index of 0.567. The data were interpreted and analyzed in light of the principles of strategic planning and it was concluded that the main contributions of the PESE are related to the strengthening of the national industry, the monitoring of areas of interest from space and the network operation between the Armed Forces (FA). On the other hand, the PESE contributes little to the issues related to obtaining access to space and the integration of space activities into FAB operations, through the Brazilian Aerospace Defense System (SISDABRA).

Objects of State Human Rights Practices

The paper characterizes the object of human rights practices and the object of state human rights practices based on the analysis of scientific views on the categories of the object available in modern philosophical and legal literature. The concept of an object of state human rights practices is proposed and a classification of these objects is developed. The question of the types of objects of state human rights practices is investigated. Separately, such controversial issues in modern legal science and practice as the attitude of the latest complex artificial intelligence systems to the objects of state human rights practices, the hierarchy of objects of state human rights practices, and the recognition of the unborn fetus as an object of state protection of human rights are analyzed. The author makes a conclusion about the possibility of transformation of objects of state human rights practices with the development of human civilization and a fundamental change in approaches to this category at the present stage of development of the Russian state, including in the context of a new system of protection of rights in the context of digitalization. It is proposed to formulate at the legislative level the concept and types of objects of state protection of human rights.

«Grammar deviations » as a leading principle of Vladimir Kucheryavkin’s poetics and the «oriental» picture of the world in his work

The subject of the study are the poems of Vladimir Ivanovich Kucheryavkin. V. I. Kucheryavkin (1948) has been writing poems since 1970s, since 1980s he published in samizdat periodicals. Since 1994, several of his books have been published, mostly poetry collections ("Dance of the Dead Leg" 1994, "Tripod" 2001, "Into the Open Window" 2011, "To Yanzhou a Thousand Li" 2018 and others). The poems created from the 1990s to the 2010s were selected as the material for the study. The article considers representative artistic techniques of V. I. Kucheryavkin, i.e. - agrammatism. The so-called method of «slow reading» of the text, that in our case implies the linguistic evaluation, is are used. Methodologically, the author relies primarily on the works of Lyudmila I. Zubova. The novelty of the work is connected first of all with the that the work of the outstanding modern poet has been studied less than it deserves. As one of the main principles of his poetics, the article discusses «grammatical liberties», which were mentioned in criticism, but never became the object of any detailed and systematising description. Two types of grammatical "mistakes" in Kucheryavkin's texts are shown: shifting the ways of expressing animate and inanimate (i.e. the accusative case used instead of the genitive case indicates a shift from inanimate to animate, and the reverse situations, when the animate is grammatically formatted as inanimate) and the destruction of the hierarchy of objects, phenomena and actions — a hierarchy usually reflected in the structure of an utterance. Grammatical features (along with tropes and other techniques) participate in the formation of a special picture of the world, in which we find features similar to the image of the world in Eastern religious and philosophical systems.

A multi-label text classifier: application on an Italian public tender procedure, project ISCOL@

The main means of communication during the pre-design phase is natural language. Effective communication during the pre-design phase through text documents and reports is essential to the success of a design and construction project. The study develops and evaluates a Natural Language Processing (NLP) tool called ArchiBERTo to process textual data related to design tender documents in the Italian public procurement process. Documenti di Indirizzo alla Progettazione (DIPs) are key documents, as they outline the demands, needs, and objectives of the public appointing party. ArchiBERTo is developed to process and convert DIP quality objective sentences into a hierarchy of objectives and criteria. The performances are evaluated by comparing the tool’s rankings with those provided by a group of domain experts. The results demonstrate ArchiBERTo's capability to reflect the collective ability of a panel of experts and to properly reflect the different contents of the DIP in the objectives hierarchy. The proposed system aims to address the issue of information asymmetry and potential misunderstandings, or varying interpretations, among the key actors of the Italian tendering procedure, namely the public appointing party, the design teams, and the external committee, regarding the relative importance of quality objectives and evaluation criteria. The utilization of the NLP systems ArchiBERTo to establish a shared hierarchy of objectives is expected to enhance communication and promote consensus during the pre-design phase. The minimization of the consensus issue among the actors can have a positive impact on the overall quality of the design proposals and facilitate the evaluation process conducted by the external committee, bridging the gap between expected and actual quality, ensuring that design proposals align with the quality objectives and demands of the public actor.

Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis for Assessments of Chemical Alternatives (MCDA-ACA).

A comprehensive assessment of chemical alternatives (ACA) is necessary to avoid regrettable substitution. In a preceding study, an analysis of six hazard assessment methods found that none of them are fully aligned with the hazard assessment criteria of Article 57 of the European REACH regulation, indicating a need for a method better reflecting hazard assessment schemes in European chemical regulations. This paper presents a multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method for the ACA that takes the criteria of Article 57 of REACH into account. Investigated and presented are objective hierarchies, the aggregation of objectives, the curvature of the value functions, weights, and the introduction of a classification threshold. The MCDA-ACA method allows for the aggregation of hazards in such a way that poor performance in one hazard cannot be compensated for by good performance in another hazard. The method parameters were developed and tested using two data sets with the aim to classify chemical alternatives into acceptable (nonregrettable) and unacceptable (regrettable) alternatives according to the regulations set in Europe. The flexibility of the general method was explored by adapting the method to align with two hazard assessment schemes, Article 57 of REACH and GreenScreen. The results show that MCDA-ACA is so flexible and transparent that it can easily be adapted to various hazard assessment schemes.

LLM-generated competence-based e-assessment items for higher education mathematics: methodology and evaluation

In this article, we explore the transformative impact of advanced, parameter-rich Large Language Models (LLMs) on the production of instructional materials in higher education, with a focus on the automated generation of both formative and summative assessments for learners in the field of mathematics. We introduce a novel LLM-driven process and application, called ItemForge, tailored specifically for the automatic generation of e-assessment items in mathematics. The approach is thoroughly aligned with the levels and hierarchy of cognitive learning objectives as developed by Anderson and Krathwohl, and takes specific mathematical concepts from the considered courses into consideration. The quality of the generated free-text items, along with their corresponding answers (sample solutions), as well as their appropriateness to the designated cognitive level and subject matter, were evaluated in a small-scale study. In this study, three mathematical experts reviewed a total of 240 generated items, providing a comprehensive analysis of their effectiveness and relevance. Our findings demonstrate that the tool is proficient in producing high-quality items that align with the chosen concepts and targeted cognitive levels, indicating its potential suitability for educational purposes. However, it was observed that the provided answers (sample solutions) occasionally exhibited inaccuracies or were not entirely complete, signalling a necessity for additional refinement of the tool's processes.

Are Hazard Assessment Methods in the Assessment of Chemical Alternatives Suitable for REACH?

The assessment of chemical alternatives for hazardous substances is an important prerequisite for avoiding regrettable substitution, and several methods have been developed in the past to perform such a hazard assessment for chemical alternatives. We investigate here whether GreenScreen, Cradle to Cradle, multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), the Pollution Prevention Options Analysis System, the U.S. EPA Safer Choice Standard and Criteria, and the GHS column model 2020 from IFA use similar criteria for the evaluation of substances as Article 57 of the European chemicals regulation, REACH, and how suitable these methods are for assessing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. MCDA and GreenScreen were analyzed in detail using two different data sets. The results of the assessments show that none of the investigated hazard assessment methods use the same criteria as described in Article 57 of REACH. It was also not possible to parametrize multi-attribute value theory (MAVT), a commonly used MCDA method, to align with Article 57 of REACH by using the relatively simple objective hierarchy that has been proposed in previous publications. There is therefore an urgent need for a modified/new method that can be used in the future to assess organic substances that are used within the European Economic Area.

Vegetal/digital: Photogrammetry point-clouds of Australian flowers

Arising out of the heightened sensory perceptions of extended lockdown, this creative investigation began with contemplation of flowering street-trees. Through 262 days of lock down, residents of Melbourne retreated to the hyper-local, often reinforced by a 5-km travel bubble and a one-hour daily time limit outdoors. The sublime ephemeral springtime flowers of street-trees were amplified by the extreme sensory and social constraints of social distancing. Drawing us into a suspended moment of slow encounter, we attuned to the contained glowing pulse of plants. The works were created using photogrammetry, a technique for generating 3D models from a large set of photographs taken from all angles of the botanical specimen. Whilst the point-cloud models remain the central artefact of vegetal/digital, it has been presented in a range of formats throughout 2022–23, including multichannel video loops, augmented reality, webXR, gestural interactive works and still prints. This work invites an embodied experience of attuning to both the vegetal and the digital. This is consistent with my alignment with queer and autistic politics, of siding with the object. Increasingly, queer cultural practices are employing new materialism and posthumanism to interrogate the agency of things and the culturally constituted hierarchies of objects and subjects. The reconfiguration of embodied relations is necessary in order to reconceive a viable future.

The development of information and analytical competencies in the professional training of master's students in the "State and municipal management" direction

Information and analytical competencies are an integral part of the professional skills of state and municipal authorities, as they allow to effectively process and analyze large amounts of information, make informed decisions, and forecast the consequences of the actions taken. Such skills are especially relevant in the conditions of the modern information society, where access to the information has become wider and data volumes are growing every day. The development of information and analytical competencies is a necessary condition for the successful professional activity of graduates of the direction 38.04.04 “State and Municipal Management”. To form and improve these competencies in students it is necessary to use modern methods and tools for working with big data, such as data analysis, information visualization, with databases, and others. It is important to develop the critical thinking and self­control ability when working with information. Using the example of teaching the discipline “Information and analytical technologies in the state and municipal management” at the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, the author proves the necessity of using B. Bloom’s taxonomy as the basis of the course methodology: thanks to the hierarchy of learning and research objectives, it is possible to effectively form information and analytical competencies and their consistent consolidation in the professional activities of master’s students.

The long way round: drawing to know by ‘not knowing’

While the reflexive and investigative potential of observational drawing is now acknowledged clearly within human geography, drawing practices are still most often brought to bear upon research subjects once they have been defined, rather than in helping to identify subjects for investigation. Reflecting upon the author’s own experience of artistic fieldworking, this article explores how expanded drawing can help researchers hold positions of ‘not knowing’ and maintain an openness to the possibilities that exist within a site during their earliest encounters with it. It is argued here that some forms of expanded drawing can foster ‘not knowing’ by offering access to information about the field beyond the visual, through direct and close physical engagement with it. By shifting emphasis towards sensory and embodied information, expanded drawing can generate fragmentary, partial and fugitive understandings which can unsettle assumptions about a place. Cultivating such positions of ‘not knowing’ can open up the field, break down pre-conceived object hierarchies and enable the site to ‘speak back’ and be heard more evenly. Expanded drawing also has the capacity to foster new relations between the researcher and their site as they persistently and intimately interrogate it. This is proposed as a form of ‘noticing-as-care’; a tentative artistic counter-strategy which may reveal unevenness in the attention paid across post-industrial landscapes undergoing regeneration, where areas of profound neglect and hyper-curation often sit close to each other.

How do donors integrate climate policy and development cooperation? An analysis of the development aid policies of 42 donor countries

ABSTRACT This article assesses how donor countries integrate climate action into their development aid policies. An analytical framework is developed for the systematic comparison of development aid policies along three dimensions: hierarchy of policy objectives, types of measures the donors implement, and linkages to international climate negotiations. Analyzing the development aid policies of 42 donors, we find that only three have redesigned their development aid policies to fully integrate climate policy concerns. Instead, donors treat climate change as a thematic priority area. This includes several donors that are currently not obliged to provide climate finance under the UNFCCC. Furthermore, five major donor countries emphasize the use of diverse foreign policy tools to support climate action in developing countries. Importantly, we identify how other development goals (poverty, gender) are integrated with climate policy goals. Only two donor countries clearly separate development aid and climate finance. Luxembourg states that its climate finance pledge is additional to development, while New Zealand has a separate climate finance strategy where the allocation of funds is based on climate mitigation effectiveness concerns.

Oral health inequalities in immigrant populations worldwide: a scoping review of dental caries and periodontal disease prevalence

BackgroundInequalities in immigrants' oral health are often masked in population-level data. Therefore, this paper was planned to assess the prevalence data on oral health diseases, namely dental caries, and periodontitis, among immigrants worldwide.MethodsFollowing a systematic search in Scopus, Embase, and PubMed for studies published between 2011 and 2023, 1342 records were identified. Following title and abstract screening, 76 studies remained for full-text eligibility-screening based on predefined inclusion criteria. Thirty-two studies were included in the review.ResultsDental caries figures were higher in immigrant populations compared to the local population, regardless of host countries, age, gender, or nationality. In children, the overall mean and standard deviation (SD) for decayed, missing, and filled teeth in the primary dentition (d3mft) was 3.63(2.47), and for D3MFT (permanent dentition), it was 1.7(1.2).Upon comparing overall mean caries counts in children and adults with their control groups in the included studies, untreated dental caries (D3T and d3t) constituted the dominant share of caries experience (D3MFT and d3mft) in immigrant children. For the local population, the highest proportion of caries experience was attributed to filled teeth (FT and ft).Dentin caries prevalence among immigrants ranged from 22% to 88.7% in the primary dentition and 5.6% to 90.9% in the permanent dentition. Gingivitis ranged from 5.1% to 100%. Oral health varied greatly between studies. Regarding oral health accessibility, 52% to 88% of immigrant children had never been to a dentist, suggesting a very limited level of accessibility to dental health services.ConclusionIt is imperative to develop interventions and policies that have been customized to address the oral health disparities experienced by immigrant populations. Additionally, host countries should actively implement measures aimed at enhancing the accessibility of oral health care services for these individuals. The utilization of available data is crucial in establishing a hierarchy of objectives aimed at enhancing the oral health of immigrant populations.Trial registrationThe Scoping review protocol was registered at OSF Registries with registration number (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MYXS4).

Assessment of the potential of salt mines for renewable energy peaking in China

Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, can reduce environmental pollution and promote the transformation of the energy structure. However, the intermittency and uncertainty of new energy sources such as wind and photovoltaics pose challenges to large-scale grid integration. Effective utilization of intermittent energy sources requires large-scale energy storage facilities. Salt rock is recognized as an excellent medium for underground large-scale energy storage with a wide range of applications. This paper identifies the potential of salt caverns to be used for large-scale energy storage by analyzing the distribution of wind and solar energy resources in China, taking into account the grid-connected infrastructure of the Chinese power grid and the geographic location of salt mines. The overlapping areas are identified for utilization in compressed air energy storage and hydrogen storage. Through meticulous categorization and analysis of the factors influencing salt cavern underground storage site selection, the AHP-EWM method is introduced to establish an objective hierarchy model for a comprehensive evaluation system of salt cavern underground storage site selection. The comprehensive planning of China's 20 major salt mines is conducted, and the research findings hold significant reference value for facilitating the low-carbon energy transition in China.

Artificial Broadcasts as Galactic Populations. I. A Point Process Formalism for Extraterrestrial Intelligences and Their Broadcasts

Artificial broadcasts from extraterrestrial intelligences are a hypothetical class of celestial phenomena. Unlike known astrophysical objects, the societies that generate them may be able to replicate on galactic scales through interstellar travel. Different galaxies could thus have drastically different populations, with variations in abundance of many orders of magnitude. I present a probabilistic formalism to treat this shared history, in which societies and their broadcasts are described by distributions over basic properties like lifespan and energy released. The framework contains a hierarchy of objects related by a tree structure. Discrete societies, the sources of broadcasts, are organized into potentially interstellar metasocieties. The population of each type of object is represented by a random point process in an abstract parameter hyperspace, a haystack. When a selection like an observation draws a sample, the point process is thinned. Given assumptions of interchangeability and independence, observables are modeled with compound Poisson random variables. I present an example of how selection bias can favor sampling longer-lived objects. I rederive the Drake equation for societies in the limit of no expansion. When interstellar replication is present, however, the mean number of detected broadcasts can depend quadratically on stellar mass, suggesting a search strategy favoring large galaxies.

Public Relations of Disposable Groups Using The Example Of The Prison Service

Public relations (PR) activities in the Prison Service have a different hierarchy of objectives from the traditional marketing approach. The priority is to show the public the organisation’s activities and their benefits, as the institution serves the public and is publicly funded. The publication presents the essence of public relations, its definitional approach, the specifics of the prison guard profession and the public relations activities carried out by the press and information services of the Prison Service. The main objective of the work focuses on the analysis of public communication activities and the diagnosis of the degree of their professionalism. The paper uses both theoretical and empirical research methods, including literature analysis, analysis of activities undertaken by the Prison Service and inference as a cognitive factor in the analysis of the issue. At the same time, the paper attempts to answer the question – based on the results of individual questionnaire surveys – what public relations tools influence the formation of a positive image of the Prison Service? The results of the research indicate that factors such as guards’ interpersonal skills, clear and transparent information about the functioning of the institution and communication with the environment determine the positive image of penitentiary units. At the same time, it can be concluded that a positive image is derived from the effectiveness of its activities in ensuring public safety.

Hybrid Gromov-Wasserstein Embedding for Capsule Learning.

Capsule networks (CapsNets) aim to parse images into a hierarchy of objects, parts, and their relationships using a two-step process involving part-whole transformation and hierarchical component routing. However, this hierarchical relationship modeling is computationally expensive, which has limited the wider use of CapsNet despite its potential advantages. The current state of CapsNet models primarily focuses on comparing their performance with capsule baselines, falling short of achieving the same level of proficiency as deep convolutional neural network (CNN) variants in intricate tasks. To address this limitation, we present an efficient approach for learning capsules that surpasses canonical baseline models and even demonstrates superior performance compared with high-performing convolution models. Our contribution can be outlined in two aspects: first, we introduce a group of subcapsules onto which an input vector is projected. Subsequently, we present the hybrid Gromov-Wasserstein (HGW) framework, which initially quantifies the dissimilarity between the input and the components modeled by the subcapsules, followed by determining their alignment degree through optimal transport (OT). This innovative mechanism capitalizes on new insights into defining alignment between the input and subcapsules, based on the similarity of their respective component distributions. This approach enhances CapsNets' capacity to learn from intricate, high-dimensional data while retaining their interpretability and hierarchical structure. Our proposed model offers two distinct advantages: 1) its lightweight nature facilitates the application of capsules to more intricate vision tasks, including object detection; and 2) it outperforms baseline approaches in these demanding tasks. Our empirical findings illustrate that HGW capsules (HGWCapsules) exhibit enhanced robustness against affine transformations, scale effectively to larger datasets, and surpass CNN and CapsNet models across various vision tasks.

Экономические стратегии ЕС 2020-2024: цели и показатели

The paper discusses the EU Strategy 2020-2024 created in 2019. There are analyzes the Strategy plan and Management Plan EU, Economic forecast EU, the hierarchy of General and Specific objectives, Activities with results, indicators and targets to achieve the goals and systems for implementing the Strategy for the EU in the paper. The analysis used EU Commission work programme, Strategic Plans 2020-2024 EU Commission, Management Plans EU Commission for the current reporting year (2024), Annual activity report. It is a system of documents of Departments and executive agencies (Directorate General, Executive agency and Service) of the EU Commission, whose competence and area of activity are related to the implementation of EU economic policy. The analysis is based on the plans and reports of The Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN) of the European Commission: Strategic plan, Management plan, Annual activity report, Annual work programme. It is shown that the EU is pursuing a proactive policy regarding digitalization, climate neutrality and a number of other goals to achieve competitiveness in the global market. The system of macroeconomic indicators of the Economic Forecast underlies the formation of plans of all The Directorate General of the EC. Activities are described in results, indicators and targets to achieve the stated General and Specific objectives 2020-2024. The final values of the main macroeconomic indicators for the current period are not justified and the forecast indicators for the period until 2025 remain almost unchanged. An analysis of the added value of the EU economy by industry shows the instability of the structure of the EU economy for the period 2020-2023.

The impact of the closure of mining plants on the local environment in the perspective of demographic change and public health

Purpose: in the cognitive space of the article, an important and significant challenge arises, which is - in the perspective of the megatrends indicated in the article, demographic change and public health - the need to prepare a package of socio-economic activities dedicated primarily to the inhabitants of the areas where the process of closing down mining plants will take place. In this context, the issues of demographic change and health should be given priority in these areas in activities promoting social and economic activity in the transformation process. Methodology: the theses presented in the article were verified using the following methods: literature review, critical analysis of literature, analysis and comparison of documents and an example of good practices. Resultat: in the perspective of the next decades, numerous social and economic challenges and effects related to the transformation of mining plants in the space of local communities (commune, district) can be pointed out. While maintaining the hierarchy of objectives described in the European Green Deal Plan and clearly related to the plan for the transformation of mining plants, lasting cooperation of the three key stakeholders in this process, i.e., local communities (representation of local and territorial self-government), employers and representation of state policies, should be expected in their environment. Originality: the conclusions and recommendations from the article may be important for researchers and practitioners involved in the implementation of activities aimed at limiting the marginalization, differentiation and social and economic exclusion of residents of areas where the process of closing mining plants will take place. Keywords: mining, demographic change, public health.

Strategic Planning and Goal Setting in a Politicized Environment: The Case of HUD, USICH, and Homelessness

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the hierarchy of goals and objectives that were adopted to reduce homelessness in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) strategic plans during three successive presidential administrations after passage of the GPRA Modernization Act of 2010. Based on a document review and interviews with current and former federal officials, the analysis reveals that HUD’s strategic goals, strategic objectives, and agency priority goals for homelessness that were written in each presidential administration reflected the preferences and ideology of politically appointed leaders particularly in response to the emergence of a national policy of Housing First.

Do Local Socio-Economic Structures Determine the Spatial Distribution of Human Capital? Analysis of Connections for Rural Areas in Poland

The article has an empirical nature. The subject of detailed analysis is the variations in spatial distribution of human capital in rural areas of Poland and the analysis of the correlation of this phenomenon with local structures of the socio-economic development process. The diagnosis and assessment of variations in the spatial distribution of human capital were performed based on an author’s indicator—a synthetic measure of human capital level (HCI—human capital index). The characterisation of local socio-economic structures was based on the typology of rural areas according to Rural Development Monitoring (RDM 2014 and 2023). The study was conducted for rural areas in Poland defined by the Main Statistical Office based on the administrative criteria of rural and rural-urban municipalities. A total of 2172 municipalities were covered by the study. The data analysis was conducted spatially at the NUTS 5 level and comparatively at the NUTS 2 level for the years 2013–2018. The assumption was verified that the processes of human capital concentration in rural areas in Poland are related to local socio-economic structures of development processes, and the local structure factor that influences the existing differences is the degree of use of agricultural functions. The results of statistical tests positively verify this relationship as statistically significant. Moreover, the article provides strong arguments for shaping regional and rural policy and its implementation. The assumption about the need to change the approach to the study of rural space was positively verified; it is suggested to move away from analyses conducted at the level of the NUTS 2 region to the level of the NUTS 5 municipality. Research on rural areas makes sense only from a local perspective; it allows for a more accurate illustration of the specificity of local communities, revealing their development potentials and barriers, and, as a result, more effective programming of instruments supporting local development, dedicating specific support programs individually for each municipality, while the regional approach presents the state of differences too generally and may often lead to incorrect interpretation. In the empirical part of the article, taxonomic methods of hierarchy (patternless) and classification of multi-featured objects were used. As a result, each object (municipality) was assigned a synthetic measure—the relative human capital level index (HCI). Based on the HCI index, an ex-post hierarchical classification of municipalities was carried out. The main sources of data (diagnostic variables) for the construction of the HCI index were the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office (BDL GUS), the national census of NSP 2011, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Family and Social Policy, and District Examination Boards. The source of data on local socio-economic structures expressed based on the typology of rural areas according to the Rural Development Monitoring (RDM) methodology was the European Fund for the Development of Polish Villages (EFRWP).