Hierarchical WSNs Research Articles

Cluster-based EA-PATM protocol for energy consumption in hierarchical WSNs

Consumption of energy by the sensor node is the main criteria affecting the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. To overcome the criteria, we have proposed an energy aware - pillar k-means ant lion optimised TDMA-based MAC (EA-PATM) protocol. The proposed protocol consists of pillar k-mean clustering method to cluster the network into set of clusters. Ant lion optimisation algorithm is used to generate optimal cluster head. The TDMA-based MAC protocol is also proposed to evaluate the energy consumption for the transmission of information from one cluster node to other during routing process. The proposed technique is carried out in network simulator and the results are plotted in terms of processing energy, node's remaining energy and QoS parameters like packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, delay, latency, throughput and overheads. Experimental results clearly mentioned that the proposed protocol is an efficient method for less energy consumption and quality of service.

Cluster-based EA-PATM protocol for energy consumption in hierarchical WSNs

Cluster-based EA-PATM protocol for energy consumption in hierarchical WSNs

Secure Hierarchical Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: a Comparative Analysis

In recent years, the security in Wireless sensor networks becomes a good topic for researchers; it is a challenge task due to inheritance limitations of sensors. Besides, security becomes extremely crucial factor when sensor networks are randomly deployed in a hostile environment. Routing in WSNs is the vital functionality that allows the flow of information generated by sensor nodes to the base station, while considering the severe energy constraint and the limitations of computational and storage resources. However, security of these routing protocols has fallen beyond the scope so far. As sensor nodes may be easily captured and compromised, the classical cryptographic solutions become insufficient to provide optimal routing security, especially, for hierarchical WSNs, where cluster heads can be still among the compromised nodes. In this work, we focus at secure hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor networks and represent selected approaches which focusing at this matter. The purpose of this paper is to create a simulation of these protocols using NS2. Then, we analyze to what extend they have been applied to the clustering structure and compare them in terms of security, security issues for WSNs and their solutions are also discussed.

The Comparison Study of Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Ad-Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks: A Literature Survey

The hierarchical clustering is an efficient way to reduce the overall energy consumption within the cluster by performing aggregation and fusion of data. Clusters create hierarchical WSNs, which facilitate efficient utilization of limited resources of sensor nodes and thus extend network lifetime, reduce energy consumption of the system and provide overall system scalability. The proposed work of this paper is to provide an overview of hierarchical protocols and an overview of the protocol’s performance. In this paper, we present the study of different clustering routing protocols of WSN and Ad-Hoc. The main focus of this paper is to give the comparison of different hierarchical routing protocols between WSNs and Ad-Hoc on various parameters.

A Semantic-Based Routing Algorithm for Hierarchical WSNs

Wireless sensor networks have the characteristics of taking the data as the center, focusing on the functions and having no backbone structure. In this paper, a data-forwarding algorithm based on semantic-based routing is proposed, which is aiming at improving the routing efficiency and increasing the lifetime of the networks. First, we defined the semantics of networks, and constructed the expression architecture for semantics of wireless sensor networks. Then we used these semantics to compose data packets. Finally, we matched the semantics from the packets of networks, which determined the direction of packets forwarding. Experimental results show that the algorithm performed better than DD and LEACH. It can reduce energy consumption, redundant data and prolong the networks' lifetime.

Security Flaws of a Password Authentication Scheme for Hierarchical WSNs

Security Flaws of a Password Authentication Scheme for Hierarchical WSNs

A Flexible and Efficient Key Distribution Scheme for Renewable Wireless Sensor Networks

Many applications of wireless sensor network require secure data communications, especially in a hostile environment. In order to protect the sensitive data and the sensor readings, secret keys should be used to encrypt the exchanged messages between communicating nodes. Traditional asymmetric key cryptosystems are infeasible in WSN due to its low capacity at each senor node. In this paper, we propose a new key distribution scheme for hierarchical WSNs with renewable network devices. Compared to some of the existing schemes, our key establishment methods possess the following features that are particularly beneficial to the resource-constrained large-scale WSNs: (1) robustness to the node capture attack, (2) flexibility for adding new network devices, (3) scalability in terms of storage cost, and (4) low communication overhead.

SecLEACH—On the security of clustered sensor networks

Clustered sensor networks have recently been shown to increase system throughput, decrease system delay, and save energy while performing data aggregation. Whereas those with rotating cluster heads, such as LEACH (low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy), have also advantages in terms of security, the dynamic nature of their communication makes most existing security solutions inadequate for them. In this paper, we investigate the problem of adding security to hierarchical (cluster-based) sensor networks where clusters are formed dynamically and periodically, such as LEACH. For this purpose, we show how random key predistribution, widely studied in the context of flat networks, and μ TESLA , a building block from SPINS, can be both used to secure communications in this type of network. We present our solution, and provide a detailed analysis of how different values for the various parameters in such a system impact a hierarchical network in terms of security and energy efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first that investigates security in hierarchical WSNs with dynamic cluster formation.