Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

MCH-EOR: Multi-objective Cluster Head Based Energy-aware Optimized Routing algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have got vital application domains in modern era especially in monitoring and tracking of events, and without human intervention. In WSN, sensor nodes are characterized to have short life span due to continuous sensing and consequently the battery drains quickly. Under heavy traffic condition, sensors in close proximity to sink die quickly and initiate energy-hole problem. Thus, optimal usage of available energy is a key challenge in WSN assisted applications. A precise clustering and optimal path selection from sensor nodes to sink has become extremely important to preserve energy. Keeping this in view, the paper presents a Multi-Objective Based Clustering and Sailfish Optimizer (SFO) guided routing method to sustain energy efficiency in WSNs. In it the Cluster Head (CH) is selected, based on effective fitness function which is formulated from multiple objectives. It helps to minimize energy consumption and reduces number of dead sensor nodes. After CH selection, SFO is used to select an optimal path to sink node for data transmission. The proposed approach is analytically analyzed and results are compared with the similar existing approaches namely, Grey wolf optimization (GWO), Genetic algorithm (GA), Ant Lion optimization (ALO), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in terms of energy consumption, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and network lifetime. The simulation results show that proposed method has performed 21.9% and 24.4% better in terms of energy consumption and number of alive sensor nodes respectively when compared to GWO. Further, it shows significantly better results than other optimization-based approaches.

An Improved User Authentication Scheme for Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks without Tamper-Proof Smart Card

Recently, Maitra et al. proposed an efficient and robust user authentication scheme for hierarchical wireless sensor networks. They claimed that their scheme does not need tamper-proof smart card and resisted different possible attacks include smart card stolen attack, impersonation attack, privileged insider attack, replay attack, off-line password guessing attack, theft attack, session key recovery attack, denial of service attack, and cluster head capture attack. However, we find some weaknesses of his scheme in this article. We show that their scheme is vulnerable to off-line password guessing with smart card stolen attack.

An Improved User Authentication Scheme for Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks without Tamper-Proof Smart Card

Recently, Maitra et al. proposed an efficient and robust user authentication scheme for hierarchical wireless sensor networks. They claimed that their scheme does not need tamper-proof smart card and resisted different possible attacks include smart card stolen attack, impersonation attack, privileged insider attack, replay attack, off-line password guessing attack, theft attack, session key recovery attack, denial of service attack, and cluster head capture attack. However, we find some weaknesses of his scheme in this article. We show that their scheme is vulnerable to off-line password guessing with smart card stolen attack.

RETRACTED ARTCILE: Advertisement valid time triggered firefly and fruit-fly inspired approach for efficient cluster formation and standby CH selection in hierarchical wireless sensor network

A major concern in wireless sensor network (WSN) is energy efficiency as they utilize small sized batteries, which can neither be replaced nor be recharged. Hence, there are many research efforts in designing energy efficient hierarchical clustering model. Most of the hierarchical models have created improper clusters which induces increased communication overhead and quick depletion of energy in the network. In this paper, advertisement valid time triggered firefly and fruit-fly based bio-inspired algorithm is adapted in WSN for the efficient cluster formation and electing stand by CH to avoid unnecessary reelection process, respectively. These bio-inspired computational approaches ensure the formation of energy efficient hierarchical networking model. The firefly and fruit-fly based energy efficient routing protocol are implemented using the J-Sim tool and the effectiveness of algorithms are analyzed using the result parameters Viz. reelection, data delivery ratio, network lifetime and delay. Further, the results are compared with other variant Hierarchical routing approaches such as LEACH-FA, GA-ABC, and GWO. Our results demonstrate clear superiority of FA and FFA based clustering against other variant approaches.

EA-MAC: A QoS Aware Emergency Adaptive MAC Protocol for Intelligent Scheduling of Packets in Smart Emergency Monitoring Applications

The evolution of the wireless sensor network (WSN) in recent years has reached its greatest heights and applications are increasing day by day, one such application is Smart Emergency Monitoring Systems (SMESs) which is in vision of implementation in every urban and rural areas. The implementation of WSN architecture in the Smart Monitoring Systems needs an intelligent scheduling mechanism that efficiently handles the high traffic load as well as the emergency traffic load without sacrificing the energy efficiency of the network. However, the traditional scheduling algorithms such as First Come First Served (FCFS), Round Robin, and Shortest Job First (SJF) cannot meet the requirements of high traffic load in SMESs. To address these shortcomings, this paper presents Emergency Adaptive Medium Access Control protocol (EA-MAC), a fuzzy priority scheduling based Quality-of-service (QoS)-aware medium access control (MAC) protocol for hierarchical WSNs. EA-MAC protocol employs the most powerful fuzzy logics to schedule the sensor nodes with both normal and emergency traffic load without any data congestion, and packet loss and maintaining the better QoS which is considered to be more important in SMESs applications. Moreover, a novel rank-based clustering mechanism in EA-MAC protocol prolongs the network lifetime by minimizing the distance between the Cluster Head (CH) and the Base Station (BS). Both analytical and simulation models demonstrate the superiority of the EA-MAC protocol in terms of energy consumption, transmission delay and data throughput when compared with the existing Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) based MAC protocols such as LEACH protocol and Cluster Head Election Mechanism-Based On Fuzzy Logic (CHEF) protocol.

Identifying correctness data scheme for aggregating data in cluster heads of wireless sensor network based on naive Bayes classification

Wireless sensor network (WSN) has been paid more attention by scholars due to the practical communication of a system of devices to transfer information gathered from a monitored field through wireless links. Precise and accurate data of aggregating messages from sensor nodes is a vital demand for a success WSN application. This paper proposes a new scheme of identifying the correctness data scheme for aggregating data in cluster heads in hierarchical WSN based on naive Bayes classification. The collecting environmental information includes temperature, humidity, sound, and pollution levels, from sensor nodes to cluster heads that classify data fault and aggregate and transfer them to the base station. The collecting data is classified based on the classifier to aggregate in the cluster head of WSN. Compared with some existing methods, the proposed method offers an effective way of forwarding the correct data in WSN applications.

A Novel Method for Key Establishment Based on Symmetric Cryptography in Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks

Most of recent researches carried out into wireless sensor networks are concerned with homogeneous networks in which all network nodes have the same features and key management mechanisms presented for them aim to enable as many nodes to establish shared cryptographic keys as possible. Hierarchical networks have shown a better performance because of using clustering features. This issue motivated us to present a method for key establishment in hierarchical wireless sensor networks based on symmetric cryptography. Since symmetric cryptosystems consume to have low energy, they are a good choice for sensor networks. Although symmetric cryptosystems consume to have high memory, this shortcoming can be diminished by appropriate techniques. The simulation results have shown that our proposed method can significantly reduce the memory consumption resulted from saving keys alongside reducing the energy consumption resulted from communications in all network nodes than related works while it presents a favorable level of security.

An optimized collaborative intrusion detection system for wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensor nodes regularly monitor environment and transmit measured values for specific phenomena to a central point called base station (BS). Recently, many intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are proposed for WSNs as they are vulnerable to multiple types of attacks. Unfortunately, most of these systems cause computational overhead and consume the limited resources of sensor nodes. Since sensor nodes are limited in resources (memory, microprocessor, battery, etc.), designing a real-time IDS for WSNs should be considered. In this article, an optimized collaborative intrusion detection system (OCIDS) is proposed for WSNs. It uses an improved artificial bee colony optimization algorithm to optimize the hierarchical IDS applied to WSNs with respect to both the accuracy of intrusion detection and also the consumption of limited resources. Besides that, the proposed system optimizes the weighted support vector machine algorithm to improve the detection accuracy and reduce false alarm rate. Since in hierarchical WSNs each of sensor nodes, cluster heads, and BS has different views of the network, collaboration among them is considered in the proposed OCIDS system to provide more precise intrusion detection. To prove the efficiency and robustness of the proposed system, we analyzed and evaluated the impact of different attack scenarios on the system performance and compared its performance to other systems. Comparing its performance to others in the presence of both normal and intrusion traffic using NSL-KDD dataset proves that it exhibits the highest detection rate and lowest false alarm rate. The proposed system outperforms the other systems by achieving 97.9% average detection rate with a small standard deviation 0.9%, and the average false alarm rate reaches 1.8% with a small standard deviation 1% which shows an obvious advantage than other detection systems.

Cooperative Relay Selection for Load Balancing With Mobility in Hierarchical WSNs: A Multi-Armed Bandit Approach

Energy efficiency is the major concern in hierarchical wireless sensor networks(WSNs), where the major energy consumption originates from radios for communication. Due to notable energy expenditure of long-range transmission for cluster members and data aggregation for Cluster Head (CH), saving and balancing energy consumption is a tricky challenge in WSNs. In this paper, we design a CH selection mechanism with a mobile sink (MS) while proposing relay selection algorithms with multi-user multi-armed bandit (UM-MAB) to solve the problem of energy efficiency. According to the definition of node density and residual energy, we propose a conception referred to as a Virtual Head (VH) for MS to collect data in terms of energy efficiency. Moreover, we naturally change the relay selection problem into permutation problem through employing the two-hop transmission in cooperative power line communication, which deals with long-distance transmission. As far as the relay selection problem is concerned, we propose the machine learning algorithm, namely MU-MAB, to solve it through the reward associated with an increment for energy consumption. Furthermore, we employ the stable matching theory based on marginal utility for the allocation of the final one-to-one optimal combinations to achieve energy efficiency. In order to evaluate MU-MAB, the regret is taken advantage to demonstrate the performance by using upper confidence bound (UCB) index. In the end, simulation results illustrate the efficacy and effectiveness of our proposed solutions for saving and balancing energy consumption.

An Energy Balanced Routing Hole and Network Partitioning Mitigation Model for Homogeneous Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks

This article addresses the challenges of routing hole and network partitioning often experienced in hierarchical wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This developed model classifies network nodes into sets for effective energy management and formulates two cluster networks namely: switching and non-switching networks. Both networks are considered homogeneous and static WSNs and adopted approaches of residual energy, multi-hop and minimal distance as routing decision parameters. The switching network in addition introduces an energy switching factor as a major decision parameter for the switching of cluster head roles amongst cluster nodes. Network simulation was done using Truetime 2.0 and energy dissipation of the respective nodes and cluster heads was observed against a threshold. Results showed the introduction of the energy switching factor gave a significant energy balancing effect as nodes exhibited uniform energy dissipation. Furthermore, the residual energies for most nodes were above the threshold eliminating the possibility of the presence of routing hole and network partitioning.

Performance of Quasi Oppositional Butterfly Optimization Algorithm for Cluster Head Selection in WSNs

Abstract Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology is attracting the most of researchers and industry due to its application in wide contexts that include the military, surveillance, monitoring of habitat, health care, public safety and environmental monitoring. The consumption of energy is a crucial challenge faced in the WSN research. Clustering is an efficient technique for limiting the energy consumption of WSNs. But considering the hierarchical and cluster-based WSNs, the cluster heads utilize a high-level of energy because of data aggregation from various sensor nodes and transmit the same to the sink node. So, proper cluster head (CH) selection is required for sensor nodes’ energy conservation to prolong the network’s lifespan of the WSNs. In this paper, a CH selection protocol is proposed that is based on the quasi oppositional butterfly optimization algorithm (QOBOA). The proposed method is compared with original butterfly optimization along with certain existing algorithms with respect to the networks’ lifetime and efficiency of energy. Simulation results show that the QOBOA based CH selection scheme outperforms the existing ones.

An agent-based cluster head management strategy for hierarchical wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) contain a huge number of sensors. These networks are useful for environments that are difficult or dangerous for human deployment. A key challenge and a critical issue in sensor networks is the energy consumption. The control of the WSN is required in order to ensure that the network functions correctly when some components fail. In this paper, we propose a cluster head management strategy (CHMS) for hierarchical protocols to ensure network continuity even in the event of critical energy occurring in the cluster head (CH). This solution maximises the network lifetime and avoids system crash. The principal idea of the CHMS is based on the distribution rules, which are ensured by a specific node called maintenance node. After receiving the alert message from the CH 'energy level dips low', the nearest node from the base station (BS) is selected as an assistant of the CH where it affects the intra data routing function. We implemented the proposed approach by using a multi-agent system (MAS). Simulations results show that the CHMS approach maximise the cluster lifetime and minimise the consumed energy.

An agent-based cluster head management strategy for hierarchical wireless sensor network

An agent-based cluster head management strategy for hierarchical wireless sensor network

Identification Failure Data for Cluster Heads Aggregation in WSN Based on Improving Classification of SVM

Wireless sensor network (WSN) has been paid more attention due to its efficient system of communication devices for transferring information from a target environment to the base station (BS) through wireless links. Precise collecting information from sensor nodes for aggregating data in Cluster Head (CH) is an essential demand for a successful WSN application. This paper proposes a new scheme of identifying collected information correctness for aggregating data in CHs in hierarchical WSN based on improving classification of Support vector machine (SVM). The optimal parameter SVM is implemented by an improved flower pollination algorithm (IFPA) to achieve classification accuracy. The collecting environmental information like temperature, humidity, etc., from sensor nodes to CHs that classify data fault, aggregate, and transfer them to the BS. Compared with some existing methods, the proposed method offers an effective way of forwarding the correct data in WSN applications.

Non-transitive and collusion resistant quorum controlled proxy re-encryption scheme for resource constrained networks

We focus on proposing a threshold proxy re-encryption scheme for networks with resource constrained devices. We show that the existing quorum controlled proxy re-encryption scheme by Jakobsson does not meet the basic definition of proxy re-encryption scheme. Also, we show that the existing scheme is transitive, not collusion safe, and is transferable. We propose a gradual and simultaneous, collusion-safe, non-transitive quorum controlled proxy re-encryption scheme for delegating the ciphertext encrypted for one user to another user. The proposed scheme can be used in resource constrained networks such as hierarchical wireless sensor networks. As the proposed scheme is gradual and simultaneous, each node in the network needs to carry out the minimal computations. The proposed scheme is proved to be correct and is IND-CPA secure.

Polynomial and matrix based key management security scheme in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) due to its constrained resources and wide application in different fields like in military area and battlefield has brought the focus on the implementation of security in network. In this paper a key management scheme is suggested for heterogeneous and hierarchical WSN to provide improved secure key distribution and authentication between base station, cluster head and sensor node while maintaining less complexity. The scheme uses the multivariate symmetric polynomial and matrices for the generation of keys in WSN and is called Hybrid Key Management Security scheme (HKMSS). In this scheme between base station and head, multivariate symmetric polynomial is used while between head to cluster node symmetric matrix is used for key generation which reduces the overhead at the node as it is resource constrained. The matrix mechanism for establishing secret key between head and nodes ensure secure communication between head and node. The proposed scheme has reduced computational and storage overhead with improved security, network lifetime and network connectivity.

Secure and Energy-Efficient Geocasting Protocol for GPS-Free Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks with Obstacles

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are nowadays a very promising field and are used in various types of applications requiring advanced and low-cost geocasting and security techniques. In this paper, we are interested in a secure clustering and fast geocasting protocol for a three-dimensional, hierarchical, GPS-free and low-density WSN. This spatial architecture has the advantage of being more realistic and more suitable for submarine and aerial applications. The new construction approach of this architecture is free of several previous limitations (need of a sink equipped with a powerful antenna, central position of the sink among the deployed sensors, a deployment zone obligatorily and homogeneously propitious to the propagation of the waves, ...). The protocol that we present here uses techniques of modulation of the radio’s power to be eco-energetic and reliable. It also uses elliptic curves as a generator of secret keys in the asymmetric process that secures communications.

WSN-WCCS: A Wireless Sensor Network Wavelet Curve Ciphering System

With wireless sensor network (WSN) wide applications in popularity, securing its data becomes a requirement. This can be accomplished by encrypting sensor node data. In this paper a new an efficient symmetric cryptographic algorithm is presented. This algorithm is called wireless sensor network wavelet curve ciphering system (WSN-WCCS). The algorithm idea based on discrete wavelet transformation to generate keys for each node in WSN. It implements on hierarchical clustering WSN using LEACH protocol. Python programming language version 2.7 was used to create the simulator of WSN framework and implement a WSN-WCCS algorithm. The simulation result of the proposed WSN-WCCS with other symmetric algorithms has shown that its execution time fastest among AES, 3DES and DES 15%, 55% and 17%.

Reliable Data Fusion of Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks With Asynchronous Measurement for Greenhouse Monitoring

This paper investigates the data fusion problem of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for the greenhouse monitoring system. Considering the characteristics of local consistency and slow change of the greenhouse environmental information, the hierarchical structure of WSNs is proposed for the greenhouse monitoring system, and the two-stage data fusion scheme is presented for the hierarchical network. In the first stage, the weighted data fusion algorithm of WSNs on local state estimation is designed for the cluster, which would improve the fusion accuracy and the ability of anti-interference of the system. Moreover, the multirate measurement mode is proposed to reduce the energy consumption of WSNs under the premise of satisfying the information sensing performance of the system. In the second stage, the data fusion at the sink node is conducted on the support function with the consistency analysis of data from different clusters. The simulation analysis on the greenhouse temperature information is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed data fusion scheme.

Intrusion Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks with an Improved NSA Based on Space Division

Inspired by the biological immune system, many researchers apply artificial immune principles to intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks, such as negative selection algorithms, danger theory, and dendritic cell algorithms. When applying the negative selection algorithm to wireless sensor networks, the characteristics of wireless sensor networks, such as frequent changes in network topology and limited resources, are not considered too much, which makes the detection effect to need improvement. In this paper, a negative selection algorithm based on spatial partition is proposed and applied to hierarchical wireless sensor networks. The algorithm first analyzes the distribution of self-set in the real-valued space then divides the real-valued space, and several subspaces are obtained. Selves are filled into different subspaces. We implement the negative selection algorithm in the subspace. The randomly generated candidate detector only needs to be tolerated with selves in the subspace where the detector is located, not all the selves. This operation reduces the time cost of distance calculation. In the detection process of detectors, the antigen which is to be detected only needs to match the mature detectors in the subspace where the antigen is located, rather than all the detectors. This operation speeds up the antigen detection process. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the algorithm has better time efficiency and quality of detectors, saves sensor node resources and reduces the energy consumption, and is an effective algorithm for wireless sensor network intrusion detection.