Hierarchical Subordination Research Articles

Dogmatics of administrative law

The basic terms and definitions inherent in Soviet administrativelegal science are examined; dogmatic concepts currently used in everyday life in domestic science and teaching need to be improved; in many cases they are not applicable in the existing political and legal realities. The concept of “public administration” does not correspond to its purpose in the conditions of separation of powers, constitutional and legal guarantees for the activities of executive authorities, pluralism of various forms of ownership, especially non-public ones. Using the example of teaching activities in the field of German administrative law, the need to distinguish between various training courses is shown, first of all, substantiating the theoretical postulates of German administrative law science — Verwaltungslehre, Polizeiund Ordnungsrecht, from training courses devoted, just like in domestic administrative law , the study of the institutions of the Special Part of Administrative Law — Besonderes Verwaltungsrecht. The dogma of “public administration” is now being replaced by the study of the theoretical postulates of the executive branch, with special attention should be paid to the generality and subordination of public and civil regulation in various spheres of government influence, primarily in relation to property regulation, which is especially significant in conditions of the dominance of public property relations , based on the hierarchical subordination of their participants, and not regulated by civil law.

Концепция развития местного самоуправления в условиях цифровой трансформации управления

State processes are currently regulated by conceptual strategizing, which means they rely on concepts of systematic, integrated, and consistent development in social and state spheres, e.g., municipal public administration. This research used theoretical generalizations, as well as constitutional and legal practice, to rationalize the need for a developmental concept of local government in the context of digital transformation. Acts of state strategic planning were classified according to subject and concept. Digitalization of management and local governance was described from the perspective of hierarchical subordination and strategic planning acts. The list of prospective goals and directions in the digital development of local government included: digitalizing the domestic agro-industrial complex; leveling the existing digital inequality; improving the financing of small and medium municipalities using digital systems and innovative technologies. The authors reviewed best foreign practices and modern approaches to standardization in the sphere of sustainable development concepts, which direct the regulation of local government development in the digital environment. They revealed some problematic issues of modern digital transformation of municipal government and prospective trajectories for local digital platforms.

Narrating Hierarchy? Dimensions of “Culture” in the Construction of Mamlūk Hegemony over Uzun Ḥasan Aqquyunlu in Ibn Ajā’s Taʾrīkh al‑Amīr Yashbak

The short account of the final Mamlūk campaign against the Dulghādirid/Dhū l‑Qādirid ruler shāh Suwār in 876/1471 CE by Ibn Ajā exemplifies the entanglement of historiographic poetics with the pragmatics of its author’s career, particularly in its report of Ibn Ajā’s diplomatic mission to the court of uzun Ḥasan Aqquyunlu in Tabrīz. In my contribution, I analyze the construction of the hierarchical subordination of the Aqquyunlu under Ibn Ajā’s Mamlūk patrons, which emerges simultaneously from Ibn Ajā’s description of the economic state of the Aqquyunlu realms and his personal engagement with the scholarly configurations of the Aqquyunlu court. On a theoretical level, I argue that the media‑theoretical concept of Aufschreibesysteme (F. Kittler) offers a suitable starting point for the analysis of 15th century CE Mamlūk writerly cultures.I focus my analysis around the nexus of “culture” (Arabic ʿ‑M‑R as reflected in 15th century CE Arabic‑Islamic scholarly discourses in both maʿmūr, cultivated [land], and ʿimāra, [scholarly] foundation) to argue that Ibn Ajā’s description of the desolate economic state of the Aqquyunlu realms should be seen as inherently connected with his presentation of the desolate state of scholarly knowledge among uzun Ḥasan’s courtiers. Thereby, “culture” is deployed by Ibn Ajā as an index manifesting the subordination of the “comparatively less cultured” Aqquyunlu under his Mamlūk patrons.

Метаморфоза парадигмы государственного управления и новые требования к квалификационным характеристикам госслужащих

In conditions of rapidly changing external environment, increasing international tension, and more complicated public policy, the theory of public administration must quickly adapt. Traditional models of public administration based on strict hierarchical subordination are extremely ineffective, which necessitates their radical rethinking and redesign. These changes affect the requirements for the qualification profile of civil servants. The key trend is the rejection of team management methods in favor of methods based on participation, involvement, effective motivation. The purpose of the study is to analyze the theory of public administration basic concepts (models); to establish the functions and tasks of civil servants and arrange them; to identify key trends in the society development that affect the qualification profile of civil servants. The research is based on scientific works, statistical data of national and foreign agencies and institutes, empirical data. Scientific methods: literature analysis, comparative analysis, synthesis, generalization, observation; methods, used in the article are of scientific abstraction and abstract thinking. The novelty of the research lies in the conclusion that the paradigm of public administration shifts towards social partnership and decentralization of public administration, increasing the responsibility of civil servants.

Organizational and legal forms and differences in the administrative and legal status of the territorial bodies of the federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation

The subject of the study is the norms of administrative legislation regulating the territorial features of public administration in Russia. The chosen topic receives a certain update against the background of the formation of the definition of "system of public authority", which is not fully covered at the doctrinal level. The purpose of the study is to assess the current state of legal regulation of the activities of territorial bodies of federal executive bodies. In the context of the functioning of the power vertical, there is a need to unify their administrative and legal status, since the unity of the public authority system is the achieved result of the constitutional reform of 2020. Methodology and research methods. As the basis of the research methodology, the author chose the formal legal method, based on the established principles of dialectical cognition. With its help, the non-transparency of the organization of territorial bodies exercising the fullness of state administration in the subjects of the federation was revealed. The main scientific results of the study are built around the hypothesis of excessive institutionalization of the territorial and central divisions of the executive authorities with the priority of subordinate legal regulation. It has been proved that in this case, both the efficiency of public administration and the trust in public law institutions on the part of civil society may decrease. Conclusions. Based on the legal nature of the territorial bodies of the federal executive authorities, it can be concluded that they are in hierarchical subordination, but at the same time they are endowed with the full implementation of the powers attributed by law to their jurisdiction. In the absence of a single normative act that would detail the constitutional foundations for the exercise of public authority, most of them are established in the manner prescribed by the normative act issued by the entity that manages the activities of the relevant federal executive authority. This practice has hidden defects that reduce the effectiveness of public administration. The best way to create a transparent mechanism of public administration is to abandon the practice of legal regulation of the administrative and legal status of the territorial bodies of federal executive authorities by by-laws. By-laws may have a certain potential in terms of the distribution of powers within the structure of the territorial body of the federal executive authority, however, “status” norms should be present in the provisions of a separate federal law regulating the procedure for the establishment, transformation and liquidation of the territorial bodies of the federal executive authority.

TRAINING FUTURE PRESCHOOL EDUCATION TEACHERS FOR DESIGNING A SUBJECT-PLAY ENVIRONMENT (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF A BOARD GAME CENTER)

The relevance of the study is determined by the current level of development of the educational process in preschool education institutions in accordance with educational innovations and reforms. It is indicated that the educational process must comply with the updated State Standard of Preschool Education and ensure the quality of preschool education in accordance with European requirements. It is noted that the subject-play environment of a preschool education institution is one of the criteria by which the quality of the educational process is assessed, which determines the importance of its study by future preschool teachers. The purpose of the article is to generalize the content of theoretical and practical training of future educators for the design of the subject-play environment of the preschool education institution based on the material of the boardgame center. The following methods were used for the research: definitive, structural and comparative analysis, generalization, etc.
 Interrelationships between the key concepts of the content of the theoretical training of future educators are clarified. The article points out the importance of understanding their commonality and difference, hierarchical subordination and conditioning: «educational and developmental environment of an educational institution» as a pedagogical category and scientific knowledge; «the subject-play environment of the preschool education institution» is a substantial modification of the traditional educational and developmental environment specifically for the preschool education sector; «center of children’s activities» – a place of concentration, emergence and deployment of specific types of children’s activities, etc. It is determined that the subject-play environment is an essential modification of the educational development environment and preserves its structure: subject-spatial, motivational-cognitive, psychological-didactic, social-communication components. It is emphasized that the main point that higher education students learn is the interdependence between the optimal mode of interaction and the arrangement of furniture, attributes, and objects. The article substantiates methods and forms of educational activity of higher education students in the design of the subject-play environment in a preschool education institution: study of the state documents that regulate the educational process; schematization and modelling of child’s interactions and activities; creation of a moodboard of a center of children’s activities; visiting a preschool institution to observe the educational process, etc.

The principle of democracy and people's power in judicial law

In the modern era, only a political regime based on popular sovereignty, and the ultimate goal of which is the observance of the basic rights of the human person, can be considered democratic, as democratic. The sovereignty of the people, which is not aimed at the realization of human rights, necessarily leads to the free will of the majority. Full respect for human rights, in turn, is unattainable when the supreme political power does not belong to the people. The judiciary, as an organ of a democratic state, must be structured in accordance with both of these requirements. However, it should be noted that, unlike other state authorities, the judiciary has a notable feature. Although it is by definition the main guarantee of full respect for human rights, in most countries judges, with rare exceptions, are not elected by popular vote. In fact, the factor which unites the judicial power with the spirit of democracy (in the sense Montesquieu assigned to the word) is the outstanding attribute, the only one capable of ensuring the absence of suffrage: it is that public prestige, based on a wide moral respect, which in Roman civilization was called auctoriai. It is the legitimacy of respect and trust that causes people to judge. However, this special characteristic of judges, in the conditions of democracy, is essentially based on the independence and responsibility with which the state body as a whole, and the individual considered public agents, perform the political functions that the constitution, as the original manifestation of the will of the sovereign people, entrusts to them.
 Therefore, if we want to check how democratic the judiciary is, we must analyze its organization and its functioning, according to the fundamental requirements of independence. It is about the fact that the judiciary is generally independent when it is not subject to other powers of the state. In turn, judges are said to be independent when there is no hierarchical subordination between them, despite the multiplicity of instances and degrees of jurisdiction.

INNOVATION-ORIENTED STRATEGY FOR INCREASING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF FOOD INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES

The development and implementation of an innovation-oriented strategy are essential for solving the problem of ensuring a consistently high competitive position of food industry enterprises. Taking this into account, they are faced with the need to choose the right strategy for increasing competitiveness, which should be based on using innovative and investment approaches to determine the development vector. The article aims to substantiate approaches to the choice of an innovation-oriented strategy for increasing the competitiveness of food industry enterprises. The research results obtained in the report are based on economic and systemic methods, methods of strategic analysis, and systematic and logical approaches. The article discusses approaches to developing and implementing an innovation-oriented strategy for increasing the competitiveness of food industry enterprises. The model of such a strategy, in general, should provide for the use of a systematic approach and hierarchical subordination of strategic goals, priorities, and objectives of the strategic plan. It has been substantiated that combining competitive and innovative aspects of development into a single concept provides for modifying basic strategies for a food company. The presence of a wide range of alternatives has been revealed, necessitating the development of systems that allow considering the formation of the strategy of food industry enterprises from two positions: the competitive position of the enterprise in the market and the level of development of its innovative potential. Based on the modification of the McKinsey / General Electric model, various combinations of the competitive position of food industry enterprises and their creative capabilities were obtained. The matrix method made it possible to identify alternative options for an innovation-oriented strategy for increasing competitiveness, depending on the positioning of individual subsectors for a different combination of these characteristics. The positions of individual subsectors of the food industry have been established to develop recommendations for choosing the optimal strategy option. Keywords: competitive potential, competitiveness, innovation potential, strategy, food industry enterprises.

FILM DISCOURSE AS A TWO-LEVEL SYSTEM OF COMPONENTS: A FUNCTIONAL VIEW

The article is devoted to the problem of modeling the structure of film discourse from a functional point of view. The author explained the essence of the concept of “film discourse” and clarified its relationship with related terms. The article denies the expediency of identifying such concepts as “telecine cinematographic discourse” and “cinematographic discourse” with film discourse. The material proves the hyperonymic status of film discourse. It has been noticed that scientists use the following terms in film discourse studies: film text, film dialogue, film replica, film trailer, film announcement and film slogan. It has been determined that film dialogues, film replicas and film slogans are among them of a purely verbal nature. Movie texts, along with movie trailers and movie announcements, accumulate verbal and other semiotic signs. It is established that the connections between the groups of these concepts show the transition from the largest to the smallest: 1) film text – film dialogue – film replica; 2) film trailer – film announcement – film slogan. The expediency of applying a functional approach to modeling the structure of film discourse based on the provisions of the methodology of discourse analysis and the idea of the dyadic nature of the structure of discourse as such is substantiated. However, it is also suggested to take into account the two levels of communication in film discourse (external level – collective author / audience; internal level – addressee character and addressee character) and to distinguish between ecto- and entocomponents. Entocomponents are film texts with film dialogues and film lines. These are products of communicative activity that have a certain meaning and semiotic form that can convey this meaning. They are also marked by integrity, completeness and perform a variety of discourse functions, in addition to advertising. Ectocomponents are film trailers, film announcements and film slogans, because they are the products of communicative activities that have their meaning and semiotic form, while being relatively complete and concise with a focus on the implementation of primarily advertising function. It is determined that ento- and ectocomponents in the structure of film discourse interact with each other on the principle of hierarchical subordination. Ectocomponents are subordinated to ethnic components, despite the fact that external components have a wider functional palette. It is proved that the relations between ento- and ectocomponents are established approximate identity, because movie trailers and movie announcements are almost always created on the basis of pre-borrowed frames, episodes and cues / dialogues from the main movie text. This was confirmed by a comparative analysis of the language organization of the film trailer and the film text of the documentary “Your Vasyl”.

Ложь с позиций инверсивного анализа

The article presents a socio-philosophical analysis of such a phenomenon as a falsehood. The analysis of falsehood is based on the study of inverse relations in a hierarchical system. Since the lie itself can be considered as a hierarchical system, and in addition, it is implemented in a hierarchical social system, this approach is reasonable. Inversion is a form of system relations in which some lower element takes on a dominant value. This situation is observed, in particular, when a falsehood occurs. The ability of the system to form inversions depends on the organizational principles that determine the hierarchical subordination of elements in the system. System inversions occur when one organizational principle contradicts another. Inversion, which has developed in a hierarchical system, is an increase in internal contradictions that can destroy this system from the inside. The very fact of falsehood is generated primarily by the peculiarities of human thinking. A verbal thought is significantly different from a verbal utterance in the process of communication. What matters, however, is the strength and direction of these differences. The falsehood itself can be considered as a hierarchical system in which at least four organizational principles can be identified. The first such principle distributes statements according to the degree of their inconsistency with the real state of affairs. The second principle places statements in a hierarchy according to their degree of plausibility. The third principle is based on the degree of anti-sociality of the falsehood. Finally, according to the fourth principle, the hierarchical relationship between statements depends on whether the statement affects the reflection of facts or opinions. As a result of the interaction of these statements, inverse relations are formed in the system of falsehood.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ФОРМИРОВАНИЮ СТРУКТУРЫ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО ОРГАНА ИСПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОЙ ВЛАСТИ В СФЕРЕ ОХРАНЫ ЗДОРОВЬЯ СУБЪЕКТА РФ

Intensification of the rule-making process in healthcare, active position of citizens and their increased demands for conditions of receiving medical services and quality of health care have resulted in increased burden on health authorities. To ensure efficiency in achieving targets in healthcare reforming and modernization, the requirements for quality managerial personnel are being increased. A wide variety of organizational and legal forms of the central health executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, their often insufficient staff size and imbalance in the staffing of structural units necessitate development of unified methodological approaches to the formation of the structure of the central health authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and substantiate methodology for calculating the staff size. The purpose of the study: to develop a methodology for creating the optimal structure of the health executive authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and methodological recommendations for calculating their staffing. Results. Analysis of the organizational and legal structure and functional responsibilities of the state authorities in healthcare in 13 constituent entities of the Russian Federation has identified significant differences and different competencies, although each constituent entity of the Russian Federation solves general health issues within the competences, therefore, the scope of activities of all levels of government should be coordinated. Staffing of the regional executive authority (REA) should primarily depend on the population size of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, its density, number of medical organizations, their total bed capacity, planned capacity of units providing outpatient care, and the number of medical personnel. A coefficient has been derived for calculating the staffing level of the state health authority in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the general calculation criteria, several models of the REA structure were proposed, depending on the population size of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. For REA with the number of deputies four and over, two versions of the model with different hierarchical subordination were proposed. Conclusion. Active processes of the industry reforming against the background of objective factors that determine new approaches to the healthcare system impose new, increased requirements to the executive bodies of state authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, necessitate optimization of the structure, management and functional load of regional health executive authorities.

Holistic coverage of lexical and semantic field due to different parts of speech components

In the presented article, the semantic strength of the paradigmatic connections of the lexical-semantic field with the meaning “gratitude” is determined based on the definitions of the lexicographic sources of the modern German language and corpus data. The obtained results are analyzed and presented in tables. In our opinion, a high degree of objectivity of the obtained results is provided by quantitative studies. This is also confirmed by numerous studies by linguists of Chernivtsi and Odesa National Universities, applied to describe a number of lexical-semantic groups. Determining the semantic strength of paradigmatic connections in the lexical-semantic group of nouns, adjectives, and verbs with the meaning of thanks will contribute to clarifying the data we obtained as a result of the previously conducted inventory of lexical and semantic group, and will also make it possible to describe the properties of the group’s components in more detail. The work is based on a proven proposition, according to which the components of the interpretation of a word in a dictionary article are not characterized by chaotic placement, but by a certain hierarchical subordination. The greatest weight, and therefore the strength of the connection, is characteristic of the word that is closest to the explained word (Levytskyi, 1989, p. 88) and has a higher frequency of use in the text corpus. Paradigm I.2 (669879; Dankbarkeit) as a formal marker of gratitude and paradigm I.3 (5116; Anerkennung) – recognition as an expression of gratitude showed the greatest importance based on textual data. Somewhat less relevant is the paradigm I.4 (2461; Geschenk) as a thank you thanks, and the components of I.1 (130; Dankgefühl) have a sufficiently low frequency of use to denote a feeling of gratitude. Components of adjectival and verbal paradigms add to the lexical-semantic field of gratitude, indicating gratitude in view of performance, economic benefit from the use of assets, gratitude as a dependence on another person, a sense of obligation due to gratitude for previously provided help.

St Ambrose of Milan, the Roman See and the development of the church organization in Illyricum at the end of the 4th century

The article is devoted to the problem of regional consolidation of the episcopate in the Late Antiquity. The author tried to show that such processes were developing at once in two interconnected, but fundamentally different planes: hierarchical, which implied primacy of some sees within a particular region, and “party”, associated with the division of the episcopate in the framework of the Arian controversy in small consolidated groups (“micro-parties”), coordinating their theological positions and church-political activities. At the same time, although the “party” mechanisms were often more effective in the conditions of church-political struggle, they could not, in principle, be translated into a normative plane, while hierarchical principles found some fixation in the ecclesiastical canons. After examining in detail the evidence of sources related to the relationship of St Ambrose of Milan and the Illyrian episcopate, the author came to the conclusion that these contacts fit rather into the “party” paradigm and were largely determined by the regional confrontation between Nicenes and Homoians. In this regard, the current idea about the struggle between Milan and Rome for the hierarchical subordination of the Illyrian Churches do not seem to be justified.

Кінодискурс як дворівнева система складників: функційний погляд

The article is devoted to the problem of modeling the structure of film discourse from a functional point of view. The author explained the essence of the concept of “film discourse” and clarified its relationship with related terms. The article denies the expediency of identifying such concepts as “telecine cinematographic discourse” and “cinematographic discourse” with film discourse. The material proves the hyperonymic status of film discourse. It has been noticed that scientists use the following terms in film discourse studies: film text, film dialogue, film replica, film trailer, film announcement and film slogan. It has been determined that film dialogues, film replicas and film slogans are among them of a purely verbal nature. Movie texts, along with movie trailers and movie announcements, accumulate verbal and other semiotic signs. It is established that the connections between the groups of these concepts show the transition from the largest to the smallest: 1) film text – film dialogue – film replica; 2) film trailer – film announcement – film slogan. The expediency of applying a functional approach to modeling the structure of film discourse based on the provisions of the methodology of discourse analysis and the idea of the dyadic nature of the structure of discourse as such is substantiated. However, it is also suggested to take into account the two levels of communication in film discourse (external level – collective author / audience; internal level – addressee character and addressee character) and to distinguish between ectoand entocomponents. Entocomponents are film texts with film dialogues and film lines. These are products of communicative activity that have a certain meaning and semiotic form that can convey this meaning. They are also marked by integrity, completeness and perform a variety of discourse functions, in addition to advertising. Ectocomponents are film trailers, film announcements and film slogans, because they are the products of communicative activities that have their meaning and semiotic form, while being relatively complete and concise with a focus on the implementation of primarily advertising function. It is determined that ento- and ectocomponents in the structure of film discourse interact with each other on the principle of hierarchical subordination. Ectocomponents are subordinated to ethnic components, despite the fact that external components have a wider functional palette. It is proved that the relations between ento- and ectocomponents are established. approximate identity, because movie trailers and movie announcements are almost always created on the basis of pre-borrowed frames, episodes and cues / dialogues from the main movie text. This was confirmed by a comparative analysis of the language organization of the film trailer and the film text of the documentary “Your Vasyl”

Dekonstrukcja wolnego zawodu w systemie totalitarnym na przykładzie regulacji prawnej wykonywania zawodu rzecznika patentowego w Polsce w okresie stalinowskim

In Poland before the Second World War, the profession of patent attorney was categorised as one of the so-called liberal professions. Its legal status and rules of practice were compared to the solicitor profession. A patent attorney practiced his profession personally, independently, and autonomously. In order to exercise his profession, he ran an independent patent attorney’s office. In the second half of the 1940s, with the communists taking power in Poland, a radical transformation of the social, political, economic, and legal system of the state along the lines of Stalin’s Soviet Union began. Any social, political, or economic activities characterised by independence and autonomy were thus in axiological contradiction with the ideology of the planned totalitarian state. The Act on the Establishment of the College of Patent Attorneys passed on 20 December 1949 completely abolished the structure of the patent attorney profession as a free profession, exercised in its own name and on its own account. From that moment on, the patent attorney became a civil servant performing their professional activities under strict hierarchical subordination to his superiors. There was no guarantee of their intellectual independence or professional autonomy. The practice of the patent attorney profession was subject to public law. The Patent Attorneys College was in fact another state office. It was organisationally and financially linked to the Patent Office — an administrative body granting legal protection to objects of industrial and commercial property, collecting and making available patent documentation and literature. The president of the Patent Office supervised the Patent Attorneys College. Both the Patent Attorneys College and the Patent Office were supervised by the State Economic Planning Commission. The State Commission for Economic Planning was a kind of super-ministry, tasked with a Soviet-style mission of closely supervising and controlling the entire centralised economy of the Polish state. The chairman of the State Economic Planning Commission also had key powers to influence patent attorneys. It was he who determined the subject of their professional examination, he who appointed a person meeting the statutory requirements to the position of a patent attorney. He could also exempt a candidate for the profession from meeting the requirements as well as appoint the president of the Patent Attorneys College. The Act of 20 December 1949 was repealed with the end of the Stalinist period in Poland. In 1958, the profession of patent attorney was briefly reinstated as a free profession. After that, until the end of the existence of the socialist state called the Polish People’s Republic, patent attorneys performed their profession as employees within the meaning of the labour law. It was not until the fall of communism in Poland that the profession of a patent attorney was re-established as a liberal profession under the provisions of the Act on Patent Attorneys of 9 January 1993.

Influence of «Spectolak extra» on the growth rate of post-weaned pigs

Post-weaned pigs are affected by such stressful situations as weaning and switching to another diet, participation in the life of a new group of animals, getting used to a new place of residence, the struggle of piglets for the establishment of hierarchical subordination. All of the above factors lead to a weakening of the immunity of piglets and the appearance of deep physiological changes in the digestive organs. The purpose of the research work was to study the influence of the skimmed milk replacer “Spectolak extra” on the growth rate of post-weaned pigls. Scientific and economic experiment was carried out on the basis of OOO “Agrofirma Ariant”, which is located in the Chelyabinsk region. The object of research was compound feed intended for post-weaning pigs, skimmed milk replacer “Spectolak extra” and post-weaned pigs themselves. The selection of postweaned pigs into groups has been carried out on the principle of pairs of analogues grown under the same feeding and housing conditions. Two groups of piglets with 15 heads in each group have been formed. “Spectolak extra” was added to the compound feed for post-weaned pigs at a dose of 4 kg per 100 kg of compound feed, which softens the transition from mother’s milk to vegetable feed. “Spectolak extra” consists of 67 % of dairy components, as well as micro – and macroelements, vitamins and amino acids in its composition. It has been found that for the entire period of the experiment, i.e. before the animals reached the age of 4 months, the piglets of the experimental group had an absolute live weight gain 34,4 kg, which was more by 3,7 kg or 9,4 % (P < 0,001) than in the control group. The average daily gain in live weight in the experimental group was also higher by 80 g or 20,0 % (P < 0,001) and it was in average 480 g.

PSYCHOSOMATIC FACTORS IN THE ASPECT OF THE CONFLICT-GENERATED BEHAVIOUR DEVELOPMENT

Our study was devoted to identifying and clarifying the relationship between psychosomatic and conflict-generating personality factors. The optimal ratio of the structural components of a personality and the maintained hierarchical subordination of levels ensures the preservation of basic intrapsychic connections, fortitude and stability of the psyche at a current stage of development (the structural aspect of health). At the same time, the interactions of these components and the coherence of the main mental processes determine the unique nature of an individual's holistic and unique personality (the dynamic or procedural aspect of health). By determining the characteristics for impacting conflict-generating factors in terms of forming a specialist’s personality and maintaining the optimal functioning, we found that somatic pathology had different intensity and the links the psyche-somatic problems are various: some correlations increased, others faded. Thus, a restructuring took place during the disease; changes appeared in the information and energy components of the state. We proved that conflict-generating factors are a prerequisite for an occurrence of somatic diseases. Changes occurred in the states were interpreted as an influence of conflict-generating factors. It was found that the most important factor influencing psychosomatic disorders was a social stress: problematic relationships in the professional sphere, including insufficient professional fulfilment (non-professional work, forced labour, unemployment, etc.), interpersonal conflicts with the leader or the team and related domestic problems. The second most important cause of these symptoms was emotional discomfort in the family and a family stress: unfavourable relationships with loved ones, difficult financial situation, lack of reliable support, and so on. So, the main guidelines in the life of psychosomatically healthy people are orderly life, not limited by the space of the existing environment and interpersonal relationships.

Інформаційно-аналітична система фінансово-економічної діагностики: особливості вибору об’єктів

The study focuses on the fact that the negative impact of some changes in the global financial and economic system, of course, is reflected in the choice of diagnostic objects, which is carried out in order to form an effective information system for the adaptation of economic entities to real conditions of functioning. The features of the selection of diagnostic objects, which are determined by the purpose, goals, objectives set in the design or acquisition of a diagnostic system of a particular economic system, are considered. It is noted that with the objects of diagnostics at the micro level, scholars mainly include the potential of the enterprise together with the appropriate subspecies (financial, personnel, production-technical, economic). Based on the study of the approaches of scientists, as well as the author’s own research on the choice of diagnostic objects, it is argued that these include: amalgamation of States, country, region, territorial community (TG) or amalgamated hromada (AH), industry, enterprise. Also, the carried out research reveals and visually demonstrates the hierarchical subordination of objects for diagnosing economic systems. It is determined that the objects of diagnostics presented in the study are interrelated and can affect each other. The article states that methodical and constructive content (choice of methods, procedures, coefficients, format of submission of results, etc.) of the diagnostic system depends on the choice of the object or groups of objects. It is considered that at each of the stages of diagnostics, to a certain extent, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the object are taken into account, which decisively affect the production of initial information by the diagnostic system and its application in making managerial decisions. It is proved that depending on the selected object of diagnostics, the diagnostic indicators of both internal and external will differ, and so will be their optimal values. It is noted that the indicators of diagnostics of the relevant object should be correlated with each other in order to obtain relevant information for the effective management of the object of diagnostics and forecasting the possible consequences of its change when changing a particular indicator

РУССКАЯ И РУССКОЯЗЫЧНАЯ ЖУРНАЛИСТИКА В ВОСПРИЯТИИ АРМЯНСКОЙ ПРЕССЫ ТИФЛИСА (1865–1918 гг.)

The article analyzes journalistic criticism in Armenian periodicals. Examining the large textual material of the informational analytical genre, the author reveals a generalized image of the Russian press. According to Armenian opinion journalists, representatives of the press and literature were the “stepchildren” of the Russian Empire, since publishing was on an unequal basis with other types of entrepreneurship. According to the Armenian periodicals, the only characteristic inherent in all periodicals published in the empire was defining the “non-native”. In other cases, a differentiated approach to journalistic activity was observed, which was the result of the program policy of the newspaper’s editorial board, ideological orientation, economic benefits, and interpersonal relations. Speaking about the work style of the capital city’s press, Armenian journalists emphasized the regularity of its superiority and dominant position, andpointed to the hierarchical subordination of the non-Russian press. The onesidedness and verticality of the information flow were criticized. These were thought to be due to the indifference of the metropolitan press to the newspaper and literary activities of other peoples. Armenian journalists noted that Russian writers generally stood above selfish intentions and loyalty to the party, wanting only the freedom of speech and pen, while Russian journalism was characterized by stereotypical thinking (in particular, in relation to other nations), commercialization, and – in some cases – mercantile interest. Expanding their activities in the same cultural space, formed when comparing the cultures of different nations, journalists of Tiflis often opposed each other taking into account these cultural characteristics. According to Armenian journalists, periodicals published by Russians, Armenians, Georgians and representatives of other nationalities, just like representatives of these periodicals, were alienated from the local society and marginalized. The Russian-language periodicals mostly ignored the “natives” and rarely addressed their problems. Moving away from the national essence, Armenians publishing Russian-language newspapers, involuntarily, or on the basis of personal motives, harmed the national publishing business and, with their actions, hindered the development of Armenian culture. In the perception of Armenian journalists, part of the Russian periodicals published in the two capitals and in Tiflis adhered to a stricter colonial policy, which often acquired a xenophobic character. Recognizing that the Russian conservative press was more established and, unlike the liberal press, developed according to a clear ideological program, Armenian journalists considered the representatives of this trend to be the defenders of regression, not of national identity. The alienation of some Russian and Russian-language publications was especially evident during periods of interethnic clashes and socio-political tension. Since national regions were governed situationally, often unevenly, the press, as an echo of this style of action, further aggravated the chasm between the peoples inhabiting the Caucasus Viceroyalty and contributed to the deterioration of relations between the Russian and national peoples, and extremist calls were reflected in Armenian periodicals.

Public Prosecution between Dependency and Independence: A Study in the French Experience.

The prosecution was hierarchically linked to the executive authority with the justification for implementing the state penal policy; The government sets the parameters for this policy and is politically responsible to Parliament.While it has been stated that the prosecution should apply the penal policy defined by the government, within the framework of hierarchical subordination, it should not be forgotten that members of the prosecution are ultimately judges. They must act in a impartial and objective manner because the judiciary's independence is not only that of judges but also that of members of the prosecution.
 Although the idea of subordination of the prosecution to the executive power is firmly based on the logic of democratic legitimacy and framed by the principle of balance between the authorities. the prevailing trend today is to remove the judicial power from all these conflicts. Political, and there is no will - especially within the European judiciary - to link the judicial institution to a world of politics, especially executive power.Due to the influence of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, it is no longer acceptable today to have a public prosecutor structurally affiliated with the judiciary and functionally subordinate to the executive power.