The innovative design of pitch-based carbon cathodes holds profound implications for optimizing the efficient utilization of coal tar pitch (CTP) and hastening the progress of Zn-ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs). Herein, P-doped graphite-like porous carbon nanosheets (PGCNs) were designed by cleverly combining pre-oxidation, catalytic graphitization, and H3PO4 modification. Throughout oxidation, adjustments were made to the surface functional groups and molecular sizes of CTP to ensure subsequent catalytic and activation effects. Then a uniform lamellar structure and highly graphitized porous carbon matrix were successfully generated through catalytic graphitization. The pore structure and surface chemical properties were further enhanced through H3PO4 modification. When PGCNs were integrated into ZIHCs, the assembled Zn//PGCNs device demonstrated a specific capacity of 133.2 mAh/g at 1 A/g, an energy density of 113.8 Wh/kg at 404.7 W/kg, and maintained a cycle stability of 90.6% after 10,000 cycles.