Hierarchical Logit Research Articles

Behavioural selection of farmer households for rural homestead use in China: Self-occupation and transfer

With the outflow of the rural population, the functions of rural homesteads in China have undergone transformation, leading to the reform of the rural homestead system. Strengthening investigations into rural homestead-use behaviours of self-occupation and transfer, considering the trend of rural transformation and the reform of rural homestead, are vital to providing adequate support to formulate and implement targeted institutions responsible for rural homestead use. Based on survey and questionnaire data from 299 villages in China in 2022, this paper addresses the characteristics of rural homestead-use from the perspectives of homestead self-occupation and transfer. The factors of both farmer households and villages were recognised using a hierarchical Logit model. The results revealed the following. First, household self-occupation played the dominant role in the state of rural homestead use in China, with the accompaniment of a low proportion of transfer in non-self-occupation homesteads. The proportions of self-occupation and transfer were found to vary significantly on different scales across provinces, villages and farming households. Second, there were different factors influencing the self-occupation and transfer behaviours of rural homesteads. Specifically, self-occupation behaviour was predominantly influenced by the degree of dependence on self-housing demand and homestead supply, and village demands for development more substantially influenced transfer behaviour. Third, under the context of both the rural transformation trend and Rural Revitalisation Project, it is recognised that the residential security function of homesteads is prioritised, followed by promoting the reuse of homesteads through comprehensive measures. This study will provide a scientific reference for the effective implementation of rural revitalisation and rural homestead system reform.

A stochastic ridesharing user equilibrium model with origin-destination-based ride-matching strategy

Ridesharing, as an emerging mode of modern urban transportation, has gained widespread popularity due to its ability to improve convenience and reduce the expenses in daily travel. To capture its impact on the network-wide traffic flow pattern, this paper develops a new variational inequality (VI) formulation for modeling the stochastic ridesharing user equilibrium (SRUE) problem considering an origin–destination (O-D) -based ride-matching strategy. The proposed SRUE problem is formulated based on a hierarchical logit choice model to depict the multi-stage decision-making (i.e., role choice, ride-matching, and route choice) of the ridesharing travelers. The SRUE model also reflects a two-sided market equilibrium considering the interaction effect between the ridesharing market and the road traffic equilibrium market. The logit choice model captures the ride-matching problem between the drivers and the passengers traveling on the same/different O-D pairs. Moreover, the lower- and upper-bound constraints for a ridesharing driver picking up passengers are established at the O-D level. For solving the SRUE model with O-D-based ride-matching constraints, the Lagrangian dual method (LDM) is adopted by incorporating the Barzilai-Borwein (BB) step size to update the dual variables, which accelerates the convergence of the LDM. Three numerical examples are conducted to illustrate the features of the proposed SRUE model and demonstrate the performance of the solution algorithm.

Hospitalization and readmission after single-level fall: a population-based sample

BackgroundSingle-level falls (SLFs) in the older US population is a leading cause of hospital admission and rates are increasing. Unscheduled hospital readmission is regarded as a quality-of-care indication and a preventable burden on healthcare systems. We aimed to characterize the predictors of 30-day readmission following admission for SLF injuries among patients 65 years and older.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Readmission Database from 2018 to 2019. Included patients were 65 and older, admitted emergently following a SLF with a primary injury diagnosis. Hierarchical logit regression was used to model factors associated with readmission within 30 days of discharge.ResultsOf 1,338,905 trauma patients, 65 years or older, 61.3% had a single-level fall as the mechanism of injury. Among fallers, the average age was 81.1 years and 68.5% were female. SLF patients underwent more major therapeutic procedures (56.3% vs. 48.2%), spent over 2 million days in the hospital and incurred total charges of over $28 billion annually. Over 11% of SLF patients were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. Increasing income had a modest effect, where the highest zip code quartile was 9% less likely to be readmitted. Decreasing population density had a protective effect of readmission of 16%, comparing Non-Urban to Large Metropolitan. Transfer to short-term hospital, brain and vascular injuries were independent predictors of 30-day readmission in multivariable analysis (OR 2.50, 1.31, and 1.42, respectively). Palliative care consultation was protective (OR 0.41). The subsequent hospitalizations among those 30-day readmissions were primarily emergent (92.9%), consumed 260,876 hospital days and a total of $2.75 billion annually.ConclusionsSLFs exact costs to patients, health systems, and society. Transfer to short-term hospitals at discharge, along with brain and vascular injuries were strong predictors of 30-day readmission and warrant mitigation strategy development with consideration of expanded palliative care consultation.

ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL PARTICIPATION, ELDER ABUSE, AND CORRESPONDING BEHAVIOR OF THE ELDERLY IN CHINA

Abstract Introduction Ancient Chinese wisdom under the Confucian culture show that “Parents raise children who in turn support them in old age” and "Don't wash one's dirty linen in public". The elderly in China brings up children with the aim to guard against troubles in their late years, but many older people with sons also suffer from various forms of elder abuse, and often choose to submit to humiliation when facing abuse from family members. Data: The Survey on the living conditions of the elderly in urban and rural China（SSAPUR）, four waves: 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 followed samples(N=224360) Methods The hierarchical Logit model was used to analyze the influence of social participation on elder abuse in China, and the risk of the elderly's choice to submit to humiliation. Results and conclusion The results showed that the annual incidence of elderly abuse (include physical abuse, emotional abuse, financial abuse, and neglect of care) among the elderly in China was 5.36%, and 35.77% of them chose to submit to humiliation. The more the elder participate in society involvement outside the home, the less likely they are to be abused from family members, the less likely they submit to humiliation. The more sons, the higher the risk of elder abuse. Therefore，the relevant government and the grass-roots social organizations should strengthen the construction of social organizations for the elderly.

Examining Seat Belt Use Habits in Wyoming: A Bayesian Hierarchical Logit Approach

Wyoming has one of the lowest seat belt law compliance rates in the United States. Understanding the factors associated with seat belt non-use is crucial for the development of appropriate mitigation measures that aid in increasing seat belt usage rates. In this study, Bayesian binary logistic regression models were developed to: i) investigate the factors associated with daytime seat belt non-use using observational survey data; and ii) assess the factors related to seat belt non-use in fatal crashes while accounting for possible intra-class correlation (effects of unobserved factors common to occupants in the same vehicle). The results indicated that males were less likely to use seat belts than females. Also, trips made in pick-up trucks, those made within urban areas, those made during weekdays, and those made by means of vehicles with Wyoming license plates were likely to involve seat belt non-use. Furthermore, counties with thriving oil and gas industries had lower seat belt use rates. It was also inferred that young occupants, rear seat occupants, impairment, weekdays, traveling around midnight, traveling on collector roads, and traveling on local roads were associated with seat belt non-use. A strong correlation in seat belt non-use among occupants within the same vehicle warrants the implementation of the hierarchical logistic model to investigate seat belt use among occupants involved in fatal crashes. The findings of this study highlight remarkable trends in seat belt use habits in Wyoming, which will aid legislatures in proposing road safety measures aimed at raising seat belt usage proportions.

Identifying the Relationship between Leisure Walking and Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias.

The literature suggests that leisure walking can play an important role in preventing dementia. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between leisure walking and the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias among older adults. Using the 2020 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 4581 responses constituted the sample for the present study. A hierarchical logit regression analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between leisure walking and the prevalence of AD and dementia. The results show that leisure walking has been negatively associated with the prevalence of AD and other dementias—that is, they indicate that older adults who frequently engaged in leisure walking were less likely to develop AD and other dementias. This finding suggests the importance of leisure walking as a dementia prevention program for older adults.

Updating National Air Passenger Demand from Traffic Counts: The Case of a Secondary Airport in an Underdeveloped Region

Demand models allow to estimate the choices made by users on different alternatives. Demand models depend on the characteristic attributes of the users and transport networks, as well as on parameters. Their significance translates into the reliability of the model in reproducing users’ choices as demand values. Traffic counts are aggregated data that can be used to update demand values of O/D matrix and/or for re-calibrating parameters from sets of parameters obtained in different situations or at different times in the same scenario using a reverse assignment modal. This paper provides the use of passenger counts to update national air transport demand by calibrating a hierarchical logit model. The application focuses on estimating the demand values for a secondary airport of an underdeveloped European region with the calibration of the logsum parameter working between distribution and modal choice. The updated model can be used to test new conditions for the supply of a new service or to increase the frequency or to modify the ticket level by means of public service obligations. The results show that the introduction of public obligations in the secondary airport in an underdeveloped region is crucial for future sustainability. Considering the decline in the economic, social and environmental sustainability in the region, the airport is central to economic and social development at the same time as being important for environmental sustainability, as it limits the impacts on the territory related to the construction of large transport infrastructures.

Eliminating digital rights management from the E-book market

We examine the impact of removing Digital Rights Management (DRM) from electronic book devices. We derive a Bayesian hierarchical logit model based on the consumer’s utility maximization problem and estimate the model using data from a choice-based survey. We then simulate the counterfactual market outcomes when DRM is removed; on average, the consumer surplus increases nontrivially holding everything else constant. However, the gain in consumer surplus is diminished when we re-calibrate e-book device prices. Further, if there is a negative shock to content supply, then the consumer surplus could in fact decrease after DRM removal.

Long-Distance Airport Substitution and Air Market Leakage: Empirical Investigations in the U.S. Midwest

Following airline mergers and network reorganizations aimed at reducing operational costs, consolidated air services at large hub airports have encouraged air travelers to forego use of their smaller local airports to access large hub airports offering superior air services farther away. This study investigates airport leakage in areas of Wisconsin and Michigan served by small airports, where air travelers may leak to neighboring large hubs. Using a proximity-based service area definition, three airports experiencing leakage are identified, and a hierarchical logit airport choice model is applied that accounts for air service characteristics and access distance for travelers coming from these airports’ service areas. Results show that a similar mean number of flight legs at both the local and substitute (large hub) airports will encourage leakage at Dane County Regional and Gerald R. Ford International airports, indicating that adding direct flights alone will not be sufficient to combat leakage. Comparable access distances to local and substitute airports have opposite effects on the local markets of Gerald R. Ford International and Milwaukee Mitchell International airports—promoting leakage at the former but discouraging it at the latter. Furthermore, proportional increases in airfares at local airports lead to uneven losses of markets in investigated service areas. Overall, the study provides empirical evidence of long-distance airport leakage in parts of the U.S. Midwest, and how its implications can be used by small airports seeking to further understand and respond to travelers’ airport choices within their local markets.

Sample-based longitudinal discrete choice experiments: preferences for electric vehicles over time

Discrete choice experiments have emerged as the state-of-the-art method for measuring preferences, but they are mostly used in cross-sectional studies. In seeking to make them applicable for longitudinal studies, our study addresses two common challenges: working with different respondents and handling altering attributes. We propose a sample-based longitudinal discrete choice experiment in combination with a covariate-extended hierarchical Bayes logit estimator that allows one to test the statistical significance of changes. We showcase this method’s use in studies about preferences for electric vehicles over six years and empirically observe that preferences develop in an unpredictable, non-monotonous way. We also find that inspecting only the absolute differences in preferences between samples may result in misleading inferences. Moreover, surveying a new sample produced similar results as asking the same sample of respondents over time. Finally, we experimentally test how adding or removing an attribute affects preferences for the other attributes.

Early identification of distressed capital projects: a longitudinal approach

PurposePrevious studies investigate factors affecting project outcomes. Yet, it has not been fully explored regarding which factors differentiate healthy projects from distressed projects in the early stage of the project delivery process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the links between project-planning factors and project outcomes in the closing phase.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a longitudinal survey method to examine the predictability of project-planning factors. Subsequently, the authos employ confirmatory factor analysis and hierarchical logit regression to develop project-distress classification models.FindingsAnalysis of 90 capital projects shows that performance variation in the project planning phase explains a substantial portion of project distress at completion. Subsequent univariate logit analysis shows that S5 (quality of scope control system) and Tn1 (new practices and technologies) variables have the strongest predictive abilities. Hierarchical logit analysis further shows that a combination of 15 metrics in the project-distress measurement model produces strong and stable predictive power.Research limitations/implicationsThis study assesses how well performance variation in the project-planning phase predicts project distress before construction phase. It does not assume the reported results apply to all types of projects. Nonetheless, future studies could generalize our findings by incorporating more types of projects.Originality/valueThis study takes a systematic approach, combining longitudinal survey, measurement theory and hierarchical logit analysis to identify distressed projects early, offering managers an opportunity to take early corrective actions. Practitioners may use this approach to investigate other types of projects and further refine the project-distress classification model into a project-specific model, thereby reflecting projects' unique characteristics.

Optimal Price Targeting

We examine the profitability of personalized pricing policies that are derived using different specifications of demand in a typical retail setting with consumer-level panel data. We generate pricing policies from a variety of models, including Bayesian hierarchical choice models, regularized regressions, and classification trees using different sets of data inputs. To compare pricing policies, we employ an inverse probability weighted estimator of profits that explicitly takes into account non-random price variation and the panel nature of the data. We find that the performance of machine learning models is highly varied, ranging from a 21% loss to a 17% gain relative to a blanket couponing strategy, and a standard Bayesian hierarchical logit model achieves a 17.5% gain. Across all models purchase histories lead to large improvements in profits, but demographic information only has a small impact. We show that out-of-sample hit probabilities, a standard measure of model performance, are uncorrelated with our profit estimator and provide poor guidance towards model selection.

There at Any Distance? Geographic Proximity and the Presence of Adult Children in Older People’s’ Confidant Networks

Adult children are key members of their aging parents’ close social network, often providing emotional and advisory supports. Still, adult children are not a guaranteed presence in older people’s core discussion networks. Geographical distance is a leading explanation for why some children are excluded from the confidant network, but we hypothesize that certain parent- and dyadic-level factors make these intergenerational ties more resilient to distance. Using wave six of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, we identified whether a living adult child was also a member of the parent’s egocentric confidant network. We modeled the effect of the child (Level 1) and parent (Level 2) characteristics on the exclusion of a child from the core network using hierarchical logit models. We found that fifty-eight percent of children were excluded from a parent’s network. Parents were more likely to exclude those who lived more than 25 km compared to children who lived within 5 km. The impact of distance was exacerbated among parents who were older, partnered, or had four or more children. Parents with higher education and good computer skills were less sensitive to longer distances when listing a child as a confidant. Finally, parents who had confidants outside of the nuclear family and who lived in Northern Europe were less likely to exclude a child over 100 km from their confidant network. Together, results indicate that a number of demographic factors and personal and social resources contribute to the elasticity of parent-child ties across long distances.

Entrepreneurial intentions in the context of a natural disaster

PurposeThis research aims to explore the moderating effect of a natural disaster on the well-studied relationship between entrepreneurship-oriented beliefs (behavioral, normative, and control beliefs) and entrepreneurial intentions.Design/methodology/approachThis study relies on data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor before and after the earthquake that took place in Chile on February 27, 2010. The study was performed by applying a multilevel hierarchical logit regression over a sample of 14,724 individuals from the six more affected regions.FindingsThe results indicate that a natural disasters shape the relationship between entrepreneurial intentions and all its three motivational antecedents, however in opposing directions. The results also suggest that a natural disaster strengthens the relationship between entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial intentions; nevertheless the effect of subjective norms becomes less relevant in shaping entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, the authors found that the earthquake had a positive effect on the relationship between perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial intentions.Originality/valueThis study advances the emerging stream of research on the micro-level consequences of exogenous shocks and how they shape individual functioning. A key implication for policymakers wishing to facilitate the recovery phase after a natural disaster is that it is important to focus on fostering entrepreneurship by developing individuals' personal attitude and perceived control over the firm-creation behavior, rather than relying on the perceived social pressure to become an entrepreneur.

Preventing or encouraging illegal activities by construction firms: effects of top management team compensation and aspiration-performance discrepancies

PurposeCorporate illegal activities may result in fatal injuries and economic losses and have been widely reported in the construction industry. This study is to investigate the relationship between top management team (TMT) compensation and corporate illegal activities with the moderating effects of aspiration–performance discrepancies.Design/methodology/approachUsing a multi-year sample of Chinese construction firms from 2011 to 2017, this paper employed a hierarchical logit regression model with fixed effects.FindingsThis study indicates that TMT compensation is positively related to the likelihood of corporate illegal activities. It also finds performance higher than aspirations would lower the probability of illegal activities while performance lower than aspirations also decreases the occurrence of illegal behaviors. Finally, the positive relationship between TMT compensation and illegal activities is strengthened by aspiration–performance discrepancies.Practical implicationsIt recommended the design of executive compensation may need to be reconsidered. Next, companies need to carefully monitor top management team, especially when performance is lower than the desired level. Finally, debt-to-equity ratio deserves more attention for Chinese construction firms in suppressing illegal activities.Originality/valueGiven the mixed effects of TMT compensation, this study confirms its positive impact on corporate illegal behaviors. Consistent with the behavioral theory of the firm, it unveils the direct and moderating effects of aspiration-performance discrepancies. The findings are beneficial for evaluating firms' performance and considering the prevention of corporate fraudulent activities.

Latent groups of cybersecurity preparedness in Europe: Sociodemographic factors and country-level contexts

The increase of people's online presence creates additional cybersecurity threats. Cybersecurity preparedness is increasingly important to minimize and mitigate cybersecurity-related victimization. This study explores how cybersecurity preparedness is shaped by socio-structural factors across thirty European samples. We analyzed survey items measuring purchase behavior, user's security settings, software settings, and trust in websites from the 2014 Eurobarometer (N=26,879). The findings of latent class analysis show three groups based on members’ cybersecurity preparedness: uninformed users, disciplined users, and cautious users. The determinants of cybersecurity preparedness were examined using two-level hierarchical logit modeling. While sociodemographic factors modestly contribute to cybersecurity preparedness at an individual level, country-level economic status (GDP per capita) and cybersecurity preparedness (Global Cybersecurity Index) appear to be significant for individual-level cybersecurity preparedness. In countries with higher cybersecurity preparedness and economic status, individuals tend to show a higher level of cybersecurity preparedness. Implications for government agencies and corporations are discussed.

Regional absorption capacity and migration decisions in Brazil

ABSTRACT Individual-level data for 556 Brazilian micro-regions for the period 2003–08 are used to examine the effect of absorption capacity on an individual’s decision to migrate. To achieve this goal, a migration balance index is computed to measure the intensity of the redistribution of general and skilled labour. A hierarchical logit model that simultaneously considers individual- and destination-level factors is estimated. It shows that absorption capacity positively affects individual decisions to migrate after controlling for a range of individual and geographical factors.

Antecedents of sustainable supply chain initiatives: Empirical evidence from the S&P 500

AbstractPrior research on sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) has almost exclusively focused on environmental aspects (GSCM—green supply chain management) and the study of its external drivers and consequences. Framing our study within the “strategy‐conduct‐performance” paradigm, we consider the focal firm's role in the implementation of sustainable supply chain initiatives, social as well as environmental. We use data on the S&P 500 Index retrieved from Bloomberg, including variables for two relevant focal firm strategies: (a) reducing the environmental footprint of the supply chain and (b) reducing social risks in the supply chain (SRSS). Hierarchical logit modeling is carried out to examine the sequential impact of governance board characteristics and the focal firm's adoption of related internal policies and practices on the likelihood of implementing these initiatives along the supply chain. Controlling for industry, firm size, and resources, we find that board structure and diversity influence the implementation of sustainable supply chain initiatives by increasing organizational commitment to environmentally friendly and socially responsible policies and practices. Consequently, empirical evidence exists for the importance of strategic factors, namely a proactive corporate stance on sustainability associated with governance board characteristics, as antecedents of sustainable (environmental and social) supply chain initiatives.

County-Level Patterns of Undeclared Work: An Empirical Analysis of a Highly Diversified Region in the European Union

The scale and impact of undeclared work on the economy and on society are more apparent in emerging countries compared to developed economies. The same issue concerns regions and local communities, which have to deal with the positive and negative consequences of undeclared work and the shadow economy. We took advantage of a survey conducted among residents of a Polish Central NUTS 1 Region—which is one of the most diversified regions in the European Union—and combined this unique dataset with meso-data to estimate the scale and drivers of engagement in undeclared work. We use the framework of a hierarchical logit model with random effects for small administrative units (counties). The paper aims to understand the mechanism and key drivers of undeclared work in one NUTS 1 region in a CEE country. We found that county-specific random effects play an important role in explaining engagement in undeclared work, which is related to differences in the perception of social norms among counties. We argue that the “efficiency” of local governments in fulfilling local needs influences, to a large extent, social norms in local communities, which in turn determines individuals’ involvement in informal labour. Moreover, we show the asymmetry between formal and informal institutions, which is strongly embedded in the cultural and historical background, is an important driver of informal employment.

Randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of offering postvisit decision support and assistance in obtaining physician-recommended colorectal cancer screening: the e-assist: Colon Health study—a protocol study

IntroductionHow to provide practice-integrated decision support to patients remains a challenge. We are testing the effectiveness of a practice-integrated programme targeting patients with a physician recommendation for colorectal cancer (CRC)...