Hidden Complexity Research Articles

The Identity of the Leaders of the Second Jewish Revolt and Bar Koseba's True Role in the Insurrection

ABSTRACT This paper demonstrates that Bar Koseba was not necessarily the only leader of the uprising at its inception; the insurrection's leadership possibly included Jews who had previously served in the Roman army. The theory that there were numerous leaders in the beginning agrees with Dio's description and explains why, unlike Jewish-Christian sources, no Roman author named Bar Koseba occurs in any of the accounts. This interpretation answers further questions regarding the archaeological evidence from the war, such as how the revolt could have lasted so long despite the limited geographical area in which rebel coins were discovered, and why there are hidden complexes in the Galilee but no rebel coins or destruction layers. This is owing to the likely withdrawal of numerous provinces from the uprising once, or in the following months after, Bar Koseba came to power, a theory that fits well with the scrolls discovered in the Judaean Desert that are linked to the conflict.

Achard-Thiers syndrome in post-menopausal women: The hidden complexity

ATS, a rare disorder primarily affecting postmenopausal women, is characterized by the coexistence of DM Type 2 and elevated androgen levels. Despite its rarity, the syndrome poses diagnostic challenges due to its masked presentation under the guise of DM Type 2 and cosmetologic uses. This study presents two unique cases of ATS, each with distinct onset scenarios, one following pregnancy and the other post-surgical transfusion. Both cases exhibit common symptoms of hirsutism and clitoromegaly, further emphasizing the importance of prompt and accurate diagnosis. Laboratory, imaging, and clinical assessments play pivotal roles in identifying ATS amidst overlapping symptoms. Treatment options include hormone replacement therapy, antiandrogen therapy, glucose management, and cosmetic procedures. These cases show how important it is to have high clinical suspicion and a full evaluation to make sure that ATS is quickly identified and effectively treated in postmenopausal women who also have DM Type 2.

Hidden complexity: An assessment of species diversity within the genus Discostella (Bacillariophyta)

Hidden complexity: An assessment of species diversity within the genus Discostella (Bacillariophyta)

From autopoiesis to self-optimization: Toward an enactive model of biological regulation

The theory of autopoiesis has been influential in many areas of theoretical biology, especially in the fields of artificial life and origins of life. However, it has not managed to productively connect with mainstream biology, partly for theoretical reasons, but arguably mainly because deriving specific working hypotheses has been challenging. The theory has recently undergone significant conceptual development in the enactive approach to life and mind. Hidden complexity in the original conception of autopoiesis has been explicated in the service of other operationalizable concepts related to self-individuation: precariousness, adaptivity, and agency. Here we advance these developments by highlighting the interplay of these concepts with considerations from thermodynamics: reversibility, irreversibility, and path-dependence. We interpret this interplay in terms of the self-optimization model, and present modeling results that illustrate how these minimal conditions enable a system to re-organize itself such that it tends toward coordinated constraint satisfaction at the system level. Although the model is still very abstract, these results point in a direction where the enactive approach could productively connect with cell biology.

Fostering a dual vision: lessons learned in developing a collaborative joint MSW program

ABSTRACT From a longitudinal perspective, three successive directors of a Joint Master of Social Work program analyzed the process and strategies used in gaining Council on Social Work Education candidacy status and accreditation. Joint MSW programs are partnerships combining the resources of two or more universities to conduct one collaborative program. A literature review indicated that primary advantages for universities to create joint programs include innovative opportunity, social justice, the value of collaboration over competition, and cost savings for faculty lines. The process of building and negotiating a bi-university infrastructure, in addition to developing a new program, has many hidden complexities. Evidence-Based Management was a practical approach utilized during program development. The benefits and drawbacks of establishing a Joint MSW program are considered and can be used as a guide to determine if starting a joint program is warranted. Recommendations for how to establish a joint program are discussed along with the process of attaining accreditation. Key learnings during the process included developing fruitful collaborations, navigating value differences, understanding the importance of advocacy, assessing hidden costs, and managing necessary resource allocations. Given contemporary fiscal pressures within universities, it is important that joint programs develop a road map plan.

Computer Supported Livestock Systems: The Potential of Digital Platforms to Revitalize a Livestock System in Rural Zimbabwe

Livestock contribute to household food security, financial security, and societal status. However, most rural livestock systems are fragile characterized by poor infrastructure, information asymmetry, and dysfunctional markets. Literature suggests that digital platforms show promise to contribute towards addressing these challenges and yet, contrary evidence cautions against growing concerns like platform providers' power accumulation which can further marginalize users. I use evidence from the MOSMAC intervention in Beitbridge (Zimbabwe) to explore the potential of digital platforms to revitalise a livestock system. Findings suggest that digital platforms strengthen the livestock system through connecting system actors, improving coordination, and enabling transactions. However, these platforms are fraught with hidden complexities often invisible to users and can worsen prevailing conditions. I demonstrate data aggregation, power consolidation through product integration and power shifts which are often unknow to the users. These insights can inform design considerations and empower users to make informed decisions towards digital platforms

Handel's Magic World: Hidden Complexity in Arias of Zoroastro in Orlando by George Frideric Handel

Abstract This article examines Handel's opera Orlando from the period of the new Royal Academy of Music (1729–1734). Handel's operas contain many compelling musical elements which impart information and contribute to the richness of his dramatic acts. This article illustrates the various components of compositional practices such as harmonic progression, rhythm, key changes, and chromaticism in Orlando. The second part explores the application of his theatrical gesture of opera. His music releases the meaning of the texts and conveys the content of expression to the audience in a unique way. Finally, this article studies and examines the overture and three arias of the character Zoroastro from Handel's Orlando by comparing several adjacent arias as a group. By studying the role of Zoroastro, we will find that Handel's musical language in opera contains a hidden complexity displayed through the following: expression of tonality and key signature; certain qualities or characteristics of a wider range both in the vocal line and orchestra; and application of ostinato and cross-rhythm in order to enhance the textual meaning. The study shall benefit our ongoing comprehension of Handel's power for evoking the audience's interest, attention, and admiration which are identified when listening to, performing, and analyzing his arias.

Hidden Complexity in the Mechanism of the Autoreduction of Myoglobin Compound II.

The non-native oxidation of horse heart myoglobin with hydrogen peroxide produces compound II which autoreduces by utilizing an internal oxidation site. Here, we utilize full UV–visible time-dependent kinetics with global kinetic singular value decomposition analysis to explore the mechanism and uncover more detail about the high-valent heme spectral features. By varying the hydrogen peroxide and myoglobin concentration, we were able to uncover more detailed spectra of myoglobin compound II and the autoreduction rate under several different pH conditions. The compound II spectra demonstrate pH-dependent features with an inflection point around pH 5.7 ± 0.1. The rate of autoreduction of compound II, k2, increases with lower pH with a half-power proton dependence and no indication of a pKa > 3.9 ± 0.2, indicating that the autoreduction is still dependent on the protonation of the ferryl oxo species. The k2 also demonstrates both hydrogen peroxide and myoglobin dependency. At myoglobin concentrations greater than 6.6 μM, the k2 is myoglobin-independent, but for lower concentrations, a pH-sensitive concentration dependence is seen.

The Challenging Ethical Landscape of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease presents a number of ethical dilemmas. These relate to the potential harms of diagnosing the disease in health, diagnosing a condition for which there is no effective treatment, and variability in specialists’ attitudes to discussing and managing obesity. Erroneous homogenisation of a patient group that is extremely varied in terms of risk factors such as ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and genetic predisposition may result in inappropriate uniformity of approach when counselling patients as to underlying causes. This article will explore these challenges from the perspective of the gastroenterologist or hepatologist who must navigate them. Each section starts with questions posed by patients or comments made by doctors. Caution is suggested before widespread population-based screening is established, and the need for good adherence to referral algorithms is emphasised. Physicians are urged to engage with the condition’s hidden complexities and reflect on their own communication strategies.

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF VALGUS DEFORMITY OF GREAT TOE (LITERATURE REVIEW)

The most common manifestation of static deformity of the forefoot is hallux valgus. This symptom complex consists of valgus deviation of the first toe, varus deviation of the first metatarsal bone, and the presence of osteochondral exostosis along the medial surface of the head of the first metatarsal bone. The objective of the work was to determine the most common methods of treatment of hallux valgus and varus deformities of the first metatarsal bone on the basis of the analyzed published literature. Methods. We analyzed publications from the Google search engine, electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, archives of specialized journals and other relevant sources of scientific and medical information. Results. Based on the analysis of literary sources, the development of forefoot surgery from the 18th century to the present day was highlighted in the historical aspect. The greatest attention is paid to the use of various osteotomies of the first metatarsal bone for the correction of hallux valgus. In addition, special attention is paid to the developmentof various complications at osteotomies. Conclusions. The problem of surgical correction of hallux valgus is multifaceted and extremely interesting, containing a large number of nuances and hidden complexities. For quite a long time, there has been an improvement in various surgical techniques and methods of fixation. Considering the great variability of the clinical manifestations of hallux valgus, for many years no universal method of treatingthis pathology has been proposed. Therefore, in the future, most likely, individual and differentiated approaches to the choice of one or another method of surgical intervention will be considered, depending on what type of deformity of the forefoot the orthopedisttraumatologist has to meet in his practice.

Hidden Complexity in the Chemistry of Ammonolysis-Derived “γ-Mo2N”: An Overlooked Oxynitride Hydride

Hidden Complexity in the Chemistry of Ammonolysis-Derived “γ-Mo₂N”: An Overlooked Oxynitride Hydride

Strategies to Improve Video Visit Use in Persons With Liver Disease

Strategies to Improve Video Visit Use in Persons With Liver Disease

Hidden Complexities in the Phase Behavior of Low-Complexity Disordered Proteins

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is the underlying driving force for membrane-less compartmentalization in cells. LLPS plays key roles in fundamental cell biological processes and is often mediated by disordered low-complexity domains (LCDs). How the driving forces for LLPS are encoded in LCDs and how the phase behavior can be predicted from their sequence is incompletely understood. We are using the stickers-and-spacers framework to reconstruct the full phase behavior. Stickers form non-covalent inter- and intramolecular crosslinks, whereas spacers either enable or suppress the formation of these crosslinks. We have previously shown that aromatic residues are the stickers in the polar prion-like LCD of hnRNPA1. However, the balance of tyrosine and phenylalanine residues varies across LCDs and charged residues may contribute to LLPS in sequences with higher charge content. Herein we (i) extend the stickers-and-spacers model to account for interactions of charged residues and (ii) disentangle the interaction strength of phenylalanine and tyrosine for themselves and for each other. We demonstrate that tyrosine is a stronger sticker than phenylalanine and negatively charged residues are solubilizing spacers. Arginines act as stickers through pairwise interactions with aromatic residues. Importantly, low or high values of the net charge per residue weaken the driving force for LLPS via mean-field electrostatic effects. We further demonstrate that the phase behavior correlates well with the single-chain dimensions of LCD variants with different fractions of aromatic residues, but that this correlation can be broken by mean-field electrostatic effects. Our results support that the stickers-and-spacers model can be adapted for LCDs with a wide range of sequence characteristics, promising precise prediction of phase behavior from the sequence alone.

Hidden complexity in membrane permeabilization behavior of antimicrobial polycations.

A promising alternative to classical antibiotics are antimicrobial peptides and their synthetic mimics (smAMPs) that supposedly act directly on membranes. For a more successful design of smAMPs, we need to know how the type of interaction with the membrane determines the type of membrane perturbation. How this, in turn, transfers into selectivity and microbial killing activity is largely unknown. Here, we characterize the action of two smAMPs: MM:CO (a copolymer of hydrophobic cyclooctyl subunits and charged β-monomethyl-α-aminomethyl subunits) and the highly charged poly-NM (a homopolymer of α-aminomethyl subunits). By thorough characterization of vesicle leakage experiments, we elucidate complex membrane perturbation behavior in zwitterionic or negatively charged vesicles. Vesicle leakage data does not entirely agree with the growth inhibition of microbes. Our ensemble of advanced membrane permeabilization approaches clarifies these discrepancies. Long cumulative leakage kinetics show that the two smAMPs act either by transient leakage or by rare stochastic leakage events that occur at charge neutralization in the sample. We determine the strengths of individual leakage events induced by the smAMPs in membranes of various compositions. These strengths indicate changes in leakage mechanism over time and concentration range. Thus, our sophisticated analysis of vesicle leakage experiments reveals a fine-tuned flexibility in membrane permeabilization mechanisms. These details are indispensable in judging and designing membrane-active compounds.

Shakespeare and Conceptual Blending: Cognition, Creativity, Criticism. By Michael Booth

To Shakespeareans familiar with conceptual blending theory, pioneered nearly twenty years ago by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner (The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities, 2002), this book by Michael Booth offers a welcome contribution both to Shakespeare studies and to the modest-sized, interdisciplinary, and international fellowship of scholars working in the field of cognitive poetics. Cognitive poetics has frequently been deployed as a close-reading method for poetry, but its potential for more wide-ranging applications across other literary genres has long been evident to those attuned to the interdisciplinary field of cognitive linguistics, from which blending developed. Booth is the first to take on the enormity of applying blending to the full range of Shakespeare’s texts. As is to be expected, he offers readings across the traditional genres. He also crosses through what we might call thought-states that characterize key patterns of conceptual organization throughout Shakespeare’s works: patterns that sometimes, but not always, correspond to genre. He titles his main chapters “Shakespeare’s Stories,” “Shakespeare’s Wit,” “Shakespeare’s Poetry,” and “Criticism and the Blending Mind.” Recategorizing in this way allows Booth to address a broader-than-usual sample of Shakespeare’s work, including twenty-eight plays, two verse narratives, and a handful of sonnets. Booth’s approach also allows him to launch challenges to many critical orthodoxies, as I discuss further below.

Components and Predictors of the “Good Life” (experience of international comparative research)

In search of an answer to one of the oldest philosophical questions “What is ‘good life?’” and because of its hidden complexity, researchers tend to turn to different theories. The concept of a good life is multifaceted. The moral aspect implies that a person lives well or has lived a decent living in terms of the norms accepted in society, i.e. they are courageous, honest, trustworthy, kind, selfless, generous, loyal. He does not spend time pursuing his pleasure but devotes it to activities that benefit others. Exploratory analysis suggests that it is possible to measure the seven factors of “good life”, based on 59 items of the questionnaire. The survey was conducted in seven educational institutions in different countries: Russia, the Philippines, Bulgaria, the United States, Taiwan and China. The article offers a theoretical model of the “good life” based on the concept of prerequisites and consequences.

Prevalence of Developmental Co-ordination Disorder in School Children.

Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) is a hidden complex childhood disorder seen in school aged children. There are only few Indian literatures supporting the prevalence of DCD among Indian school children but this current research has attempted to make a confirmatory diagnosis of DCD. Objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence rate of DCD among school children. This study was designed as cross-sectional study; sample size was 944 students. Outcome measure used was Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM V) criteria. On screening 944 children the overall prevalence rate was 3.8% (36). The gender wise distribution showed more male children were affected compared to female children. Age wise distribution showed a higher prevalence rate between the age group 9 to 14 y. This study yielded a comprehensive, well controlled overview in the prevalence of DCD, therefore early diagnosis is now a great concern and areas of theoretical, and clinical importance should be considered.

Why Write?

Why Write?

Unraveling the hidden complexity of quasideterministic ratchets: Random walks, graphs, and circle maps.

Brownian ratchets are shown to feature a nontrivial vanishing-noise limit where the dynamics is reduced to a stochastic alternation between two deterministic circle maps (quasideterministic ratchets). Motivated by cooperative dynamics of molecular motors, here we solve exactly the problem of two interacting quasideterministic ratchets. We show that the dynamics can be described as a random walk on a graph that is specific to each set of parameters. We compute point by point the exact velocity-force V(f) function as a summation over all paths in the specific graph for each f, revealing a complex structure that features self-similarity and nontrivial continuity properties. From a general perspective, we unveil that the alternation of two simple piecewise linear circle maps unfolds a very rich variety of dynamical complexity, in particular the phenomenon of piecewise chaos, where chaos emerges from the combination of nonchaotic maps. We show convergence of the finite-noise case to our exact solution.

Fake Meets Soul: Division Among Hawai‘i’s Japanese Surfers

This article examines the Japanese surf community in and around Honolulu, Hawai‘i. I argue that a variety of factors, notably socioeconomic status and access to wealth, interpretation of popular media depictions that surround surfing, and a desire to project a “cool” bodily image, result in division within this community between those labeled as either “fake” or “soul” surfers. A division exacerbated by anger and frustration among Japanese soul surfers in Hawai‘i at the more pervasive presence of fake surfers. This division creates wider complications with the sociopolitical complexities governing the larger surfing community’s organization. The result is a contentious and sometimes confrontational mix delineated along lines of personal wealth, commitment to surfing, and adaptation to life in Hawai‘i that reveals culturally influenced understandings of how self-image and sporting commitment are cultivated and maintained. Further complicating the picture is the cultural significance given surfing in Hawai‘i as an influential component of native Hawaiian identity and means to resisting colonial incursion. By articulating these divisions of community around surfing as a nuanced and culturally weighty pursuit, I show the often hidden complexity governing the sport and its associated communities across Hawai‘i’s hallowed surf breaks and beaches.