Abelmoschus Manihot Research Articles

Isolation And Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of Mucilago Gedi Leaf (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik)

The aim of this research was to isolation of mucilage from gedi leaf (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik) and characterized physicochemical properties. The isolation result was yellowish brown powder that swelling and dissolves slowly in water, but does not dissolve in ethanol, methanol, acetone and ether. The yield is 1.33%. Swelling index value 100% and viscosity 28 ± 2.65 mpas, pH 7.1. Proximate analysis showed 10.46% water content, 38.80% ash, 14.66% protein, 0.69% fat, 35.38% carbohydrate Water holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity (OHC) of musilago are respectively 4.23 ± 0.18 and 0.65 ± 0.14. Viscosity, Swelling index, WHC and OHC mucilage gedi leaf may be considered as pharmaceutical excipients.Keywords: Mucilage, Abelmoschus manihot, swelling, viscosity

Novel dual functional monomers based molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction of myricetin from herbal medicines

Herein, novel dual functional monomers based molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were successfully prepared and used to extract myricetin from Carthamus tinctorius L., also named safflower (family, Compositae) and the flower of Abelmoschus manihot (Linn.) Medicus (family, Malvaceae). The polymers were prepared using myricetin as template, 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as dual functional monomers, ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker and methanol-acetonitrile (1:2, v/v) as solvent, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to characterize the polymers. Further, the adsorption and selectivity experiments of MIPs were evaluated. The results revealed that MIPs showed high adsorption ability and selectivity toward myricetin. Finally, MIPs were employed as adsorbents for solid phase extraction (SPE) of myricetin from safflower and the flowers of A. manihot (Linn.) Medicus. Further analysis was conducted by using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The recovery of mrricetin in safflower and in the flowers of A. manihot ranged from 79.82% to 83.91%, 81.50% to 84.32%, respectively. These results indicated that MIPs can be applied to the extraction and separation of myricetin from various complex matrixes.

Total flavone of Abelmoschus manihot suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition via interfering transforming growth factor-β1 signaling in Crohn's disease intestinal fibrosis.

AIMTo explore the role and mechanism of total flavone of Abelmoschus manihot (TFA) on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress of Crohn’s disease (CD) intestinal fibrosis.METHODSFirst, CCK-8 assay was performed to assess TFA on the viability of intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) cells and select the optimal concentrations of TFA for our further studies. Then cell morphology, wound healing and transwell assays were performed to examine the effect of TFA on morphology, migration and invasion of IEC-6 cells treated with TGF-β1. In addition, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR analysis (qRT-PCR) and western blotting assays were carried out to detect the impact of TFA on EMT progress. Moreover, western blotting assay was performed to evaluate the function of TFA on the Smad and MAPK signaling pathways. Further, the role of co-treatment of TFA and si-Smad or MAPK inhibitors has been examined by qRT-PCR, western blotting, morphology, wound healing and transwell assays.RESULTSIn this study, TFA promoted transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced (IEC-6) morphological change, migration and invasion, and increased the expression of epithelial markers and reduced the levels of mesenchymal markers, along with the inactivation of Smad and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, we revealed that si-Smad and MAPK inhibitors effectively attenuated TGF-β1-induced EMT in IEC-6 cells. Importantly, co-treatment of TFA and si-Smad or MAPK inhibitors had better inhibitory effects on TGF-β1-induced EMT in IEC-6 cells than either one of them.CONCLUSIONThese findings could provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of TFA on TGF-β1-induced EMT in IEC-6 cells and TFA is expected to advance as a new therapy to treat CD intestinal fibrosis.

Preparation and evaluation of a reversed-phase/hydrophilic interaction/ion-exchange mixed-mode chromatographic stationary phase functionalized with dopamine-based dendrimers

In this work, a novel dendritic stationary phase was synthesized by the repeated grafting of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) and dopamine (DA) on the surface of silica for performing mixed-mode high-performance liquid chromatography (MHPLC). Elemental analysis (EA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) showed the successful preparation of the dendritic stationary phase. The prepared stationary phase showed the retention mechanisms of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) under different mobile phase conditions. In detail, alkylbenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hydrophobic positional isomers were separated successfully in the RPLC mode. The baseline separation of nucleobases, nucleosides and flavonoids was achieved under HILIC mode, respectively. Meanwhile, some acidic and basic analytes were used to evaluate the IEC mode. The effects of different chromatographic conditions, such as acetonitrile content, salt concentration and pH in the mobile phase, on the different chromatographic modes were also investigated. In addition, the application of the mixed-mode dendritic stationary phase was demonstrated by the analysis of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including Carthamus tinctorius L. and Abelmoschus manihot (Linn.) Medicus. Interestingly, the stationary phase also has the ability for the capture and separation of boric acids. These meaningful applications confirmed that the mixed-mode dendritic stationary phase can be potentially applied in the analysis of complex samples.

The effect of Ethanol extract of Redi gedi leaves (Abelmoschus manihot L) on histological rat kidney urolithiasis model

Urolithiasis or kidney stones is disease symptoms caused by the presence of urinary sediment in the urinary tract. It can be observed histologically by investigating the presence of crystals and tissu damage such as degeneration hydropis, hemorrhage, necrosis. The aim of reseach to prove the effect of ethanol extract of red gedi leaves (<em>Abelmoschus manihot</em> L) on histological overview of white rat kidney (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>) urolithiasis model. This reseach used 15 rat devided into 5 groups. Group 1 was the normal group; group 2 was induced ethylene glycol 0,75% and ammonium chloride 1 %; group 3,4 and 5 were a test group induced ammonium chloride 1 %; group 3,4 and 5 were a test ammonium chloride 0.75 % and 1 % and ethanol extract of red gedi leaves with succesive doses of 10 mg/kgBW, 20 mg/kgBW, 40 mg/kgBW. The data were analyzed statistically using Kruskal wallis test and Mann-Whitney’s advanced test. The result showed that the group of red gedi leaf extract with doses 40 mg/kgBW statically has the best effect as antiurolithiasis on the white rats

UTILIZATION OF VEGETABLE HYDROCOLLOID COMPOUNDS AS EDIBLE COATING MATERIAL TO EXTEND THE SHELF LIFE OF BANANAS MULI (Musa acuminata Linn.)

The preserve quality, freshness and extending shelf life of fruit could be done by storing the fruits in the refrigerated room, pressurized room or by modifying the atmosphere of the room. However, this type of storage cost is quite expensive, therefore needed another solution that is fruit coating using edible coating solution made from vegetable hydrocolloids. The aims of this study were to determine the best materials type among the three types of vegetable hydrocoloid materials, namely extract Aloe vera leaves, extract Ceiba pentandra leaves and extract Abelmoschus manihot leaves that are able to preserve the shelf life of M.acuminata fruit. This research use was a complete randomized design with four treatments, namely; without edible coating, edible coating of extract Aloe vera leaves, edible coating of extract Ceiba pentandra leaves, and edible coating of extract Abelmoschus manihot leaves, with three replications. The result showed that the lowest shrinkage percentage was found in edible coating of extract Aloe vera leaves with an average value of 3.43% and the highest was found in treatment without edible coating of 4.37%. At the end of observation the highest sugar content was obtained in edible coating of extract Aloe vera leaves of 20 oBrix while the lowest was in treatment without edible coating that was 16oBrix. In organoleptic test, panelists prefered edible coating of extract Aloe vera leaves with an value range of 4 or 5 equivalented with neutral or likes, and did not like of edible coating of wxtract Abelmoschus manihot leaves with an value range of 3 or 4 equivalented with slightly dislike or neutral. Based on the conducted observational, the edible coating of extract Aloe vera leaves was able to preserve the shelf life of M.acuminata fruit up to five days after harvesting

Inhibition of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K Signaling Activity With Huangkui Capsule Alleviates the Early Glomerular Pathological Changes in Diabetic Nephropathy.

Huangkui capsule (HKC), a Chinese modern patent medicine extracted from Abelmoschus manihot (L.) medic, has been widely applied to clinical therapy in the early diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients. However, it remains elusive whether HKC can ameliorate the inchoate glomerular injuries in hyperglycemia. Recently the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine kinase (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and its downstream regulator, 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), play important roles in the early glomerular pathological changes of DN including glomerular hypertrophy, glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening and mild mesangial expansion. This study thereby aimed to clarify therapeutic effects of HKC during the initial phase of DN and its underlying mechanisms. Fifteen rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the normal group, the model group and the HKC group. The early DN model rats were induced by unilateral nephrectomy combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, and administered with either HKC suspension or vehicle after modeling and for a period of 4 weeks. Changes in the incipient glomerular lesions-related parameters in urine and blood were analyzed. Kidneys were isolated for histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blotting (WB) at sacrifice. In vitro, murine mesangial cells (MCs) were used to investigate inhibitory actions of hyperoside (HYP), a bioactive component of HKC, on cellular hypertrophy-associated signaling pathway by WB, compared with rapamycin (RAP). For the early DN model rats, HKC ameliorated micro-urinary albumin, body weight and serum albumin, but had no significant effects on renal function and liver enzymes; HKC improved renal shape, kidney weight and kidney hypertrophy index; HKC attenuated glomerular hypertrophy, GBM thickening and mild mesangial expansion; HKC inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR and p70S6K, and the protein over-expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in kidneys. In vitro, the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, mTOR and p70S6K in MCs induced by high-glucose was abrogated by treatment of HYP or RAP. On the whole, this study further demonstrated HKC safely and efficiently alleviates the early glomerular pathological changes of DN, likely by inhibiting Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling activity in vivo and in vitro, and provided the first evidence that HKC directly contributes to the prevention of the early DN.

A novel electrochemical sensor for detecting hyperin with a nanocomposite of ZrO2-SDS-SWCNTs as decoration

A novel high-sensitive electrochemical sensor with glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as support for hyperin determination is successfully designed and constructed, and the well-shaped nano-meter modified material is synthesized via a one-step and facile route. Functionalized with surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) are synchronously grafted with ZrO2 nanoparticles to develop into the as-prepared nano-composite (ZrO2-SDS-SWCNTs). Compared to the previous reports related with hyperin detection, the linear range gets wider and detection limit (LOD) becomes lower with the aid of this novel nano-composite modified glassy carbon electrode (ZrO2-SDS-SWCNTs/GCE). The crystalline phases and functionalization of the preparation process has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) instrument analysis, respectively, and the micro-morphology of related modified materials is also visibly characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). In addition, electrochemical properties of the modified materials are comparably explored by means of impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammograms (CV). According to the established calibration curve under optimized condition, the peak current (Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) signal) keeps a linear relationship with hyperin concentration in the ranges of 1.0 × 10−9 − 3.0 × 10−7 mol L−1, meanwhile detection limit reaches as low as 5 × 10−10 mol L−1 (S/N = 3). As for practical applications, the proposed sensor has also worked well on sensitive hyperin determination in real species Abelmoschus manihot.

Flavonoids From Flowers of Abelmoschus manihot

A new compound, quercetin-8-(2″-pyrrolidinone-5″-yl)-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, with 11 known flavonoids, was isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Abelmoschus manihot. The structure was elucidated by spectral analysis.

Total Flavones of Abelmoschus manihot Exhibits Pro-Angiogenic Activity by Activating the VEGF-A/VEGFR2-PI3K/Akt Signaling Axis.

Angiogenesis is a process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) binds to VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) and thus activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway play a central role in angiogenesis. Total flavones of Abelmoschus manihot (TFA), the major active component of the traditional Chinese herb Abelmoschus manihot, display novel pro-angiogenic activity. However, little information concerning its underlying mechanism is available. Here we investigate the pro-angiogenesis of TFA with the aim of understanding its mechanism of action. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model were used to evaluate pro-angiogenesis of TFA using cell viability, wounding healing, transwell invasion, tube formation, RT-qPCR and Western blot methods. LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, was used to interfere with PI3K/Akt pathway signal for assessing the underlying mechanism. Results in vitro indicated TFA obviously promoted HUVECs proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation. Furthermore, TFA markedly augmented PI3K and Akt phosphorylation and up-regulated VEGF-A and VEGFR2 expression in HUVECs. However, pre-treatment with LY294002 not only markedly attenuated TFA-induced cells proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation, but also significantly abolished TFA-induced VEGF-A and VEGFR2 over-expression as well as PI3K and Akt phosphorylation. Experiments in CAM model showed TFA significantly promoted the formation of branched blood vessels and was dramatically suppressed by LY294002. Taken together, TFA promoted angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo which, however, were counteracted by LY294002, suggesting at least in part, TFA exhibits pro-angiogenic activity by activating the VEGF-A/VEGFR2-PI3K/Akt signaling axis.

Total flavones of Abelmoschus manihot improve diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the iRhom2/TACE signalling pathway activity in rats

Context: Total flavones extracted from Abelmoschus manihot L. (Malvaceae) medic (TFA) have been proven clinically effective at improving renal inflammation and glomerular injury in chronic kidney disease (CKD).Objective: This study evaluated the function of TFA as an inhibitor of iRhom2/TACE (tumour necrosis factor-α converting enzyme) signalling and investigated its anti-DN (diabetic nephropathy) effects in a DN rat model.Materials and methods: In vitro, cells were treated with 200 μg/mL advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and then co-cultured with 20 μg/mL TFA for 24 h. Real time PCR, western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation assays were performed. In vivo, DN was induced in 8 week old male Sprague-Dawley rats via unilateral nephrectomy and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, then TFA were administered to rats by gavage for 12 weeks at three different doses (300, 135 and 75 mg/kg/d). 4-Phenylbutanoic acid (2.5 mg/kg/d) was used as a positive control.Results: IC50 of TFA is 35.6 μM in HK2 and 39.6 μM in HRMC. TFA treatment (20 μM) inhibited the activation of iRhom2/TACE signalling in cultured cells induced by AGEs. LD50>26 g/kg and ED50=67 mg/kg of TFA in rat by gavage, TFA dose-dependently downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and exerted anti-inflammatory effects significantly though inhibiting the activation of iRhom2/TACE signalling.Discussion and conclusions: Our results show that TFA could dose-dependently ameliorate renal inflammation by inhibiting the activation of iRhom2/TACE signalling and attenuating ER stress. These results suggest that TFA has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of DN in humans.

Utilization of Gedi Merah Leaf (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik) Mucilage Native from North Sulawesi as Emulsifier in Emulsion Preparations

Utilization of Gedi Merah Leaf (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik) Mucilage Native from North Sulawesi as Emulsifier in Emulsion Preparations

Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms Preventing Cd Toxicity in the New Hyperaccumulator Abelmoschus manihot

Abelmoschus manihot, an ornamental plant, was examined for phytoremediation purposes in accordance with the ability to accumulate cadmium and physiological mechanisms of cadmium tolerance. A net photosynthetic rate (A N) glasshouse experiment for 60 days was conducted to investigate the influence of different cadmium amounts (0–100 mg kg−1) on the growth, biomass, photosynthetic performance, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, antioxidative enzyme activities, Cd uptake and accumulation of A. manihot. Exposure to cadmium enhanced plant growth even at 100 mg kg−1, without showing symptoms of visible damage. The cadmium concentration of shoots (stems or leaves) and roots was more than the critical value of 100 mg kg−1 and reached 126.17, 185.26 and 210.24 mg kg−1, respectively. BCF values of A. manihot plants exceeded the reference value 1.0 for all the Cd treatments, and TF values were greater than 1 at 15–60 mg kg−1 Cd treatment. The results also showed that cadmium concentrations of 60 mg kg−1 or less induced a significant enhancement in plant net photosynthetic rate (A N), stomatal conductance (G s), transpiration rate (T r), photosynthetic pigments and F v/F m. These parameters were slightly decreased at the higher concentration (100 mg kg−1). The ROS production (O2 −, H2O2) and antioxidative response including SOD, CAT and POD were significantly enhanced by increasing cadmium. These results suggest that A. manihot can be considered as a Cd-hyperaccumulator and the hormetic effects may be taken into consideration in remediation of Cd contamination soil.

The ability of Abelmoschus manihot L. leaf extract in scavenging of free radical DPPH and total flavonoid determination

Abelmoschus manihot L. has reported to have flavonoids content. This study aims were to determine the ability of A. manihot extract in counteracting free radical DPPH and determine the content of total flavonoids. A. manihot leaf was taken from 2 regions in North Sulawesi, namely Tomohon and Kotamobagu. The maceration was carried out to extract the active compound in a 96% ethanol solvent. Free radical scavenging analysis was carried out by DPPH and determination of its total flavonoid in the extract was measured using spectrophotometri method. The results showed that A. manihot extract from Tomohon and Kotamobagu could counteract free radical of DPPH with value of free radical activity of 88.151 and 88.801 %, respectively. A. manihot leaf from Kotamobagu has higher total flavonoids content 61.763 mg/g compare to Tomohon 46.679 mg/g which presented as quercetin. A. manihot has antioxidant activity.

Preparation method of hyperoside from Flos Abelmoschus manihot

Objective To study the preparation method and analytical technique of hyperoside from Flos Abelmoschus manihot. Methods Hyperoside was isolated and purified by solvent extract and chromatography, whose structure was determined by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The purity was analyzed by TLC and HPLC. Results The TLC showed that the hyperoside had no impurity spot. The HPLC indicated that the purity reached more than 98.5%. Conclusions The mothod of isolation and purification for hyperoside reported in this paper was simple and economical. Key words: Hyperin; Extraction; Isolation & Purification; Chromatography, high pressure liquid

Characterization and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from the stems and leaves of Abelmoschus manihot and a sulfated derivative

BackgroundAbelmoschus manihot (Linn.) Medicus is a traditional herbal medicine whose flowers, stems and leaves exhibit widely pharmacological activities. However, only the flowers have long been used as medicine while the stems and leaves were mainly discarded and burned, which undoubtedly caused enormous waste of these resources and serious environment pollution. Many researches have indicated that bioactivities of polysaccharides were significantly improved after sulfation. The aim of this study was to investigate the characterization and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from stems and leaves of A. manihot and a sulfated derivative. ResultsA mixed neutral polysaccharide (SLAMP-a) and two acidic polysaccharides (SLAMP-c and SLAMP-d) were obtained from stems and leaves of A. manihot by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. SLAMP-a was a water-insoluble mixture while its sulfated derivative (S-SLAMP-a3), prepared with aminosulfonic acid, was a homogeneous polysaccharide with excellent solubility. The average molecular weights of S-SLAMP-a3, SLAMP-c and SLAMP-d were 1044.2kDa, 477.8kDa and 264.2kDa respectively. SLAMP-a and its sulfate mainly contained glucose, and SLAMP-c and SLAMP-d were both composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose. In vitro study indicated that S-SLAMP-a3, SLAMP-c and SLAMP-d exhibited significant immunomodulatory activity, while SLAMP-a showed little effects. ConclusionSLAMP-c and SLAMP-d from A. manihot stems and leaves could be explored as immunomodulatory agents, which would provide a way to utilize these enormously discarded resources and avoid massive waste. Additionally, the neutral polysaccharide, SLAMP-a, could also be developed after sulfation, suggesting that these disused resources would be further used effectively.

Total flavones of abelmoschus manihot enhances angiogenic ability both in vitro and in vivo.

Angiogenesis is a process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing vessels. It is a normal and vital process in growth and development, as well as in wound healing and in the formation of granulation tissue. Total flavones of Abelmoschus manihot (TFA) are the major constituents of the traditional Chinese herb Abelmoschus manihot L. Medic. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of TFA on angiogenic ability using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in vivo. HUVECs were treated with TFA at different concentrations. Cell viability, cell cycle progression, cell apoptosis, cell migration and tubular formation were investigated. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR, VEGFR-2) was examined by immunohistochemistry to identify mechanism of action of TFA. CAM model was used to evaluate the effect of TFA on angiogenesis in vivo. Our results showed that TFA promoted HUVECs proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. It increased HUVECs migratory ability and the number of tubular structure, promoted vessel formation in HUVECs culture and CAM model. Furthermore, TFA treatment resulted in a decrease in cell apoptosis and enhanced the expression of VEGF and KDR. Taken together, TFA, as the major active component isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Abelmoschus manihot L. Medic, could enhance angiogenic ability of HUVECs in vitro and CAM in vivo. TFA may be used in the treatment of wound healing and ischemic/reperfusion injuries.

Efek Nefroprotektif Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Gedi Merah dan Daun Kumis Kucing pada Tikus Induksi Etilen Glikol

Nephroprotective compound is a compound that has the ability to protect the kidneys from kidney disorders caused by free radicals. This research aimed to determine the nephroprotective effect of the combination of Abelmoschus manihot leaves and Orthosiphon stamineus leaves extract as well as to know the effective extract dose combinations as nephroprotective. This research applied Group Random Design with 6 treatment groups consists of 5 tested animals. Group I was normal control. Group II was negative control. All extract groups was given 0,75% of ethylene glycol and 2% of ammonium chloride. Group III was given 100 mg/kg BW of Abelmoschus manihot leaves extract and 200 mg/kg BW of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves extract. Group IV was given 50 mg/kg BW of Abelmoschus manihot leaves extract and 100 mg/kg BW of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves extract. Group V was given 100 mg/kg BW of Abelmoschus manihot leaves extract. Group VI was given 200 mg/kg BW of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves extract. Treatment was given for 14 days and the levels of creatine and urea were measured on day 0, 8 and 15. The results show the nephroprotective effect in all the extract groups, but the most effective one was the group III.

Morphological and biochemical basis of resistance in okra to cotton jassid, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida)

Fifteen okra germplasm entries viz. accessions: IC0506027, IC0506118 and EC0306728; Abelmoschus spp.: Abelmoschus tuberculatus, Abelmoschus moschatus, Abelmoschus angulosus, Abelmoschus tetraphyllus, Abelmoschus manihot and Abelmoschus caillei; genotypes: POL-6 and POL-7; and four cultivated varieties: Punjab 8, Punjab Padmini, Punjab 7 and Pusa Sawani were screened against jassid, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) in field at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India during Kharif 2015. Different morphological and biochemical parameters of leaves of the selected entries were also studied. The correlation between jassid nymphal population and mid vein hair density, total phenols and tannins was negative and significant (r = −0.67, −0.83, −0.75, respectively); negative and non-significant for hair length, angle of insertion of hair, total sugars and silica (r = −0.40, −0.49, −0.63 and −0.59, respectively) and positive and highly significant for lacination index, reducing sugars and lignins (r = 0.82, 0.95 and 0.90, respectively). Abelmoschus spp. Abelmoschus tetraphyllus, Abelmoschus angulosus and Abelmoschus moschatus were found to be field resistant on the basis of significantly lower pooled jassid nymphal population (1.56–1.99), jassid injury index (1.16–1.27) and susceptibility index (2.70–2.92). High degree of resistance in Abelmoschus tetraphyllus, Abelmoschus angulosus and Abelmoschus moschatus was found to be associated with high hair density (4.75–7.50), longer hair (1285.00–1513.20 μm), more erect hair (83.40–95.20°), broad leaves, high total sugars (15.21–18.36 mg/g), total phenols (1.52–1.58 mg/g), tannins (26.12–31.48 mg/g) and silica (32.66–33.17 mg/g) and low levels of reducing sugars (2.50–3.39 mg/g). Abelmoschus tuberculatus, A. manihot, IC0506027 and EC0306728 were found moderately field resistant with variable levels of morphological and biochemical parameters. High hair density, broad leaves, moderate levels of total sugars, reducing sugars, total phenols, tannins and silica seems to be associated with moderate levels of resistance in these entries. The variable levels of above mentioned parameters in moderately resistant entries also indicate that a single factor is not responsible for resistance but combination of different factors may be conferring resistance to jassid.

Dynamic changes of flavonoids in Abelmoschus manihot different organs at different growth periods by UPLC-MS/MS.

Abelmoschus manihot (Linn.) Medicus has been clinically used to treat chronic kidney disease, oral ulcers, burns, and dysmenorrhea in China for many centuries. The major pharmacologically-active components of A. manihot are flavonoids. In this study, a rapid and highly sensitive UPLC-MS/MS analysis method was established and successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of five major flavonoids (rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin, and myricetin) in different parts of A. manihot harvested at ten growth periods. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, good separation for five target components was obtained on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column within 18min. The total contents of the five investigated flavonoids in A. manihot roots, stems, leaves and flowers ranged from 2.86 to 123.7μg/g, 46.39 to 141.0μg/g, 929.4 to 3096μg/g, and 10,150 to 19,390μg/g, respectively, indicating that the total flavonoids in the four parts could be mainly arranged in a decreasing order as flower>leaf>stem>root. The peak of total flavonoids in flowers and leaves appeared at G8 and G9, respectively. These results will be helpful for the determination of the suitable harvest time of A. manihot and the improvement of the utility value of the disused parts.