HI Values Research Articles

The Application of Orthogonal Wavelet Transformation: Support Vector Data Description in Evaluating the Performance and Health of Bearings

Support vector data description (SVDD) is common supervised learning. Its basic idea is to establish a closed and compact area with the objects to be described as integrity. The described objects are all included within the area or as far as possible. In contrast, other objects are excluded out of the area as far as possible. The inherent nature and laws of data are subsequently revealed, thereby distinguishing the operation state of the machine. In this paper, an orthogonal wavelet transformation‐support vector data description (OWTSVDD) is proposed to evaluate the performance of bearings, where the peak‐to‐peak value of detail signal is extracted through orthogonal wavelet transformation as the set of test samples, thus solving the distance Rz from the set of test samples to the center of the sphere. Based on , its distance to the hypersphere is calculated to judge whether it belongs to the normal state training samples. Finally, the performance and health of bearings are evaluated with HI. According to the classification of two sets of experimental data of rolling bearings, the proposed method better reflects the degeneration of bearing’s performance compared with the (SVDD) HI value without extraction of characteristic value, being entirely able to evaluate the entire life cycle of bearings from normal operation to fault and degradation. The HI evaluation result based on experimental data in Xi’an Jiaotong University is consistent with the life‐cycle vibration signal of bearings, providing a scientific basis for production and equipment management and improving the prognostics technology‐centered prognostics and health management (PHM).

Assessment of toxic metal contamination, distribution and risk in the sediments from lagoons used for fish farming in the central region of Peru

Toxic metal contamination, distribution and risk were evaluated in the sediments of three lagoons used for fish farming in the central region of Peru. The distribution of toxic metals in the sediment was in the following descending order of Zn > V > Ni > Cu > Pb > As > Cr > Co > Cd > Sb. Contamination factor (Cf) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values for Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, V and Zn indicated low contamination and for Cd moderate contamination. The pollution load index (PLI) ranged from 0.3856 to 0.5622; indicating no appreciable contamination and the modified degree of contamination (mCd) corroborated this result. The potential ecological risk (Ri) in the Tranca Grande and Pomacocha lagoons revealed a low potential ecological risk and in Tipicocha a moderate potential ecological risk. HI values < 1 indicated that non-carcinogenic adverse effects were negligible. In adults, the Total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values for As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were less than 1.00E–04, indicating no significant carcinogenic risk. In children, TCR values showed similar behavior with the exception of As. Therefore, considering that fish production for domestic consumption and export is carried out in these lagoons, it is important to continue monitoring toxic metals to protect the health of these ecosystems and human health.

Source rock pyrolysis and bulk kinetic modelling of Miocene sedimentary sequences in southeastern Sabah, Malaysia: The variability of thermal maturity to oil-gas producing kerogen

The study reports a new organic geochemical evaluation for a petroleum source rock in the Southeastern (SE) Sabah basin. The analyses focus on Kalabakan, Tanjong, and Kapilit Formation deposited in the deltaic-shallow marine environment stratigraphically from the Early to Late Miocene sequences. The basin sediments are part of the hydrocarbon prolific Tarakan basin, extending from the northernmost of Kalimantan Indonesia to the southeastern Sabah (mainly onshore area). The hydrocarbon generation of Kapilit and Tanjong Formation pinnacles the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) contents that range from 0.62 to 81.97 wt% and 0.97–92.96 wt% respectively. The dominant black shale in Kalabakan Formation has lower TOC content between 0.50 and 1.82 wt%. The results in the Rock-Eval S2 of Kapilit (0.31–351.61 mg HC/g rock) and Tanjong Formation (3.32–239.78 mg HC/g rock) have excellent source rock potential compared to the Kalabakan Formation (0.12–1.19 mg C/g rock) with fair to good source rock potential. All three formations give a wide maturity range of vitrinite reflectance (VRo) and Tmax values, from immature to over-mature stage. Stratigraphically from youngest to oldest Miocene sequences, the Tmax increases with increasing VRo values. The dispersion of organic matter that requires high maturity and overburden of thick upper succession over Kalabakan Formation reflects a higher maturity stage than the Tanjong and Kapilit Formations. Pyrolysis results in Kapilit, Tanjong, and Kalabakan Formation has HI values to varies between 50 and 498 mg HC/g, 157–367 mg HC/g and 14–110 mg HC/g TOC respectively. The binary plot of HI versus Tmax supported by Py-GC pyrolysis marks that the Kapilit source rock is dominated by Type II-III kerogen, potentially generating immature to mature oil and gas prone. Tanjong Formation portrays a mature to late mature stage of Type III kerogen with a minor Type II kerogen capable of producing mixing of oil and gas prone, with mainly gas. The Kalabakan Formation shows a post-mature Type III and IV kerogen that generates gas or barren source rock. In terms of bulk kinetic evaluation, both Kapilit and Tanjong Formation are derived from heterogeneous organic matter. The projected petroleum temperature varies substantially due to the compositional variation. The onset of bulk petroleum generation in the Kapilit and Tanjong Formation occur at 112 °C - 128 °C and 127 °C - 142 °C respectively. The results are consistent with the maturity generated where the Tanjong has higher thermal maturity than Kapilit Formation due to stable aromatic Type III kerogen. Generally, all samples show great variability in thermal maturity and hydrocarbon generation potential, which that be influenced by the tectonism and development of sediments in the basin. The Early Miocene source rock yields post mature gas prone and continues to generate hydrocarbon that consists of mature oil and gas prone from younger source rocks.

KEPADATAN JENTIK Aedes aegypti SEBAGAI VEKTOR DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE (DBD) DI DESA KALIANCAR WONOGIRI

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the dengue virus which is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes sp. These mosquitoes are found throughout the world and their breeding is quite fast. Density of larvae found in breeding sites in an area. This density can be measured by entomological indicators. This larval density measurement can indicate the potential for larvae in Kaliancar Village, Selogiri District, Wonogiri Regency. This research is an observational study (survey) with cross sectional. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling with single larvae method. The samples of this study were 100 houses of residents of Kaliancar Village RW 01, RW 03, RW 04 and RW 05. The results showed that the HI value was 20%, CI 7,22%, BI 20%, ABJ 80% and DF 3,66. The conclusion of this study is that the larval density in Kaliancar Village, Selogiri District, Wonogiri Regency is classified as moderate because the DF value is on a scale of 3 to 4 with an average of 3,66.

Ecological-Health Risk Assessments of Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) in Aquatic Sediments from the ASEAN-5 Emerging Developing Countries: A Review and Synthesis.

Simple SummaryThis study aimed to review and compile the concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the aquatic sediments of the ASEAN-5 countries published in the literature from 1981 to February 2021. The mean values of Cu, Pb, and Zn in aquatic sediments were found to be elevated and localized in high human activity sites in comparison to the earth’s upper continental crust and reference values. All reports (100%) showed the Zn ecological risk (ER) values were categorized as being between ‘low potential ER’ and ‘considerable potential ER’. Almost all Cu ER values (97.7%) showed similar ranges of the above two risk categories except for a few reports. Almost all reports (96%) showed Pb ER values categorized as between ‘low potential ER’ and ‘moderate potential ER’ except for a few reports. For the ingestion and dermal contact pathways for sediments, all non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) values for Cu, Pb, and Zn reflected no NCR. This provided evidence for the ASEAN-5 group of countries to be considered as being a new socio-economic corridor. Lastly, we claim that this study is currently the most up-to-date review on this topic in the literature.The ASEAN-5 countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Vietnam) of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as a group is an ever-increasing major economy developmental hub in Asia besides having wealthy natural resources. However, heavy metal (HM) pollution in the region is of increasing environmental and public concern. This study aimed to review and compile the concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the aquatic sediments of the ASEAN-5 countries published in the literature from 1981 to February 2021. The mean values of Cu, Pb, and Zn in aquatic sediments were elevated and localized in high human activity sites and compared to the earth’s upper continental crust and reference values. Based on 176 reports from 113 publications, the ranges of concentrations (mg/kg dry weight) were 0.09–3080 for Cu, 0.37–4950 for Zn, and 0.07–2666 for Pb. The ecological risk (ER) values ranged from 0.02–1077 for Cu, 0.01–95.2 for Zn, and 0.02–784 for Pb. All reports (100%) showed the Zn ER values were categorized as being between ‘low potential ecological risk’ and ‘considerable potential ecological risk’. Almost all Cu ER values (97.7%) also showed similar ranges of the above two risk categories except for a few reports. The highest Cu level (3080 mg/kg dry weight) was reported from a mine-tailing spill in Marinduque Island of the Philippines with ‘very high ecological risk’. In addition, drainage sediments in the western part of Peninsular Malaysia were categorized as Cu ’high potential ecological risk’. Almost all reports (96%) showed Pb ER values categorized as between ‘low potential ecological risk’ and ‘moderate potential ecological risk’ except for a few reports. Six reports showed Pb ER values of ‘considerable potential ecological risk’, while one report from Semarang (Indonesia) showed Pb ER of ‘very high ecological risk’ (Pb level of 2666 mg/kg dry weight). For the ingestion and dermal contact pathways for sediments from the ASEAN-5 countries, all non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) values (HI values 1.0) for Cu, Pb, and Zn reflected no NCR. The ER and human health risk assessment of Cu, Pb, and Zn were compared in an integrative and accurate manner after we reassessed the HM data mentioned in the literature. The synthesis carried out in this review provided the basis for us to consider Cu, Pb, and Zn as being of localized elevated levels. This provided evidence for the ASEAN-5 group of countries to be considered as being a new socio-economic corridor. Beyond any reasonable doubt, an ever-increasing anthropogenic input of HMs is to be expected to a certain degree. We believe that this paper provides the most fundamental useful baseline data for the future management and sustainable development of the aquatic ecosystems in the region. Lastly, we claim that this review is currently the most up-to-date review on this topic in the literature.

Metal Pollution and Bioaccumulation in the Nhue-Day River Basin, Vietnam: Potential Ecological and Human Health Risks.

(1) Background: Metal pollution in the Nhue-Day River basin has impacted approximately 12 million people. However, none of the previous studies considered the entire basin’s environmental and health risks. Thus, this research aims to fill knowledge gaps and reduce risks. (2) Methods: Sediment and fish samples from the basin were analyzed to determine the levels of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd pollution and their potential ecological (EF, modified Pollution Index—mPI, and expanded, modified potential ecological risk index—emRI) and human health risks (THQ, HI, and TR indices). (3) Results: Metal levels in sediment exceeded Canadian aquatic life protection guidelines, indicating moderate to severe contamination (EFs: 1.3–58.5 and mPIs: 4–39). Compared to the new proposed ecological risk threshold, all river sites and Site 1 for ponds had elevated metal levels; and these posed a very high ecological risk in spring (emRI > 4.5), with Cd being the most hazardous. Lead levels in all fish tissues surpassed Vietnamese and EU food regulations. In agreement with THQ, EWI (Zn, Cu) and EMI (Cd) were both less than 2.5% of the PTWI and PTMI, respectively. However, HI values of 0.67–1.26 suggested a moderate health risk. Carcinogenic risk (TR > 10−6; estimated for Pb) was detected in several localities for Common carp and Tilapia during the warm season. (4) Conclusions: Metals had a negative impact on the basin’s ecosystem, with Cd being the most dangerous. Because of lead, consumption of Common carp and Tilapia from the basin may pose both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health concerns.

Characterization and Evaluation of Human Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Tin Mine Tailings in Selected Area of Plateau State, Nigeria

Tin mining tailings are unprocessed waste materials that overlie an ore which are displaced during mining activities. This research work is aimed at characterizing and evaluating the human health risk of heavy metals in tin mine tailings in Zabot (S3) and Tafan (S4) districts in Barkin Ladi Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. The samples were characterized using EDX-XRF and SEM. The concentrations of seven heavy metals (Pb, Cr, As, Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn) were determined in S3 and S4. The results showed that Cr, Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn were within the USEPA permissible limits, except for Pb and As with range of (270-300) mg/kg and (40-70) mg/kg respectively for both mining and control sites of S3 and S4. The SEM results revealed small particles size with fine porous structure, and rough areas with varying sizes and pores distributed over the surface for S3 and S4 respectively. Results of the risk assessment showed that the hazard quotient HQ and HI values were greater than 1 indicating high risk. The Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and As were evaluated for S3 and S4 for the three exposure pathway and it was found that the mining sites pose more risk than the control and the children were more exposed than the adults. The carcinogenicity of these samples were due to the high hazard quotient for ingestion and dermal exposure pathway. The R total results for As, Cr, Pb and Ni for mining site S3 were found to be (1.39 × 102 , 2.02 × 10-7 , 3.30 × 103 and 8.17 × 10-8 ), and control site (3.42 × 103 , 2.64 × 10-5 , 38.30 × 101 , 6.90 × 10-8 ) for As, Cr, Pb and Ni respectively. From the R total results As and Pb were more than the acceptable threshold, while Cr and Ni were below the threshold of 1 × 10-4 . For the mining site S4, the R total were found to be (5.70 × 102 , 1.82 × 10-7 , 3.63 × 104 and 9.64 × 10-9 ),and the control (1.16 × 103 , 1.71 × 10-7 , 31.1 × 102 and 1.51 × 10-8 ) for As, Cr, Pb and Ni respectively. From the results of the mining and control sites, As and Pb R total were higher than the acceptable threshold, while Cr and Ni were below the threshold of 1 × 10-4 .

Characterization of shale gas reservoir of Lower Gondwana litho-assemblage at Mohuda sub-basin, Jharia Coalfield, Jharkhand, India

In quest of unconventional energy as shale gas, lower Gondwana shale-heterolith litho-assemblages of Mohuda sub-basin of Jharia Coalfield have been explored to envisage their potentiality for shale gas generation. A comprehensive approach has undertaken through measurement of in-situ gas content, petrography, rock-eval pyrolysis, proximate analysis, TOC, adsorption isotherm, SEM-EDX and XRD of selected drill core samples to establish potential shale horizons in Barren Measure and Barakar Formations. The in-situ gas content varies from 0.15 to 3.69 m 3/t with increasing depth. High palaeo-geothermal gradient in order of 5.57–6.19 °C/100 m is established where emplacement of intrusive played a dominant role. Interrelation of palaeodepth and vitrinite reflectance points to erosion of 2500 m strata in Mohuda sub-basin. Average TOC content of 9 to 17 wt% indicates excellent organic richness of source rock, while other parameters like S1, S2 and PY derived from rock-eval pyrolysis indicate fair to very good/excellent source condition for hydrocarbon generation. HI, OI, S2, TOC, VRo and Tmax values and their inter-relationships reveal Type III and Type IV kerogens coming under gas window zone of mature to post mature stage. Increase in volatile matter and fixed carbon and decrease in moisture content with depth suggest enhanced gas generation and retention capacity. Quartz dominated mineralogy in shale beds account for suitable hydrofracturing process. GIP of about 7.5 BCM of gas has been assessed and categorized depth wise and formation-wise for Raniganj, Barren Measure and Barakar formations. Experimentally calibrated adsorption isotherm data reveals favourable parameters like gas saturation level (GSL), reservoir pressure to be dropped for initiation of production (ΔP), critical desorption pressure for gas yield (PCR) and abandonment pressure (PAB) in respect of potentiality for production with an average gas recovery factor of 94.5% for all three studied shale zones, which strongly recommends the convenient reservoir characteristic for future exploitation.

Quantitative risk assessment for aflatoxin M1 associated with the consumption of milk and traditional dairy products in Argentina

A quantitative risk assessment for exposure to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) related to the consumption of milk and traditional dairy products of Argentina was developed. The frequency and concentration of AFM1 was modelled at various stages through the milk processes, considering Argentinean practices. Concentration of AFM1 (0.046μg/l, 95%CI = 0.002-0.264μg/l) in raw milk was estimated. The AFM1 concentration in milk was sensitive to the carry-over rate (r = 0.80), and milk yield in the first third of lactation during the spring-summer season (r = 0.11). AFB1 levels in silage (r = 0.22), pasture during the spring-summer season (r = 0.11), concentrate (r = 0.08), and cotton seed (r = 0.05) were the factors most correlated with AFM1 concentrations. Although the results showed that MoE values for the mean and median exposure to AFM1 were < 10,000 in infants, toddlers, and other children, the additional cancer risk due to exposure to AFM1 in infants, toddlers, and other children was 0.007, 0.005, and 0.0009 additional cases per year per 100,000 individuals, respectively, which indicates no health concern. In addition, the percentages of the population exceeding HI values (HI > 1) for exposure to AFM1 for infants, toddlers, and other children were 45%, 49.1%, and 40.6%, respectively. Under this scenario, the most susceptible population at risk was children < 10years old; therefore, it is necessary to establish measures to prevent contamination of AFM1 in milk and milk products.

Palaeocene-Eocene organic sedimentary archives of Bikaner-Nagaur Basin, Rajasthan, India: An integrated revelation from biogeochemical and elemental proxies

The Palaeocene-Eocene organic sedimentary archives comprising lignites, carbonaceous shales, and shales from the Palana Formation of the Bikaner-Nagaur Basin, Rajasthan, India, are investigated in this study using elemental and biogeochemical proxies. The objectives of this investigation are to elucidate the sources of organic matter and their responses to palaeoredox and palaeoclimatic conditions, as well as to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment of the organic matter deposition. Elemental distributions, Rock Eval pyrolysis, stable carbon isotope, n-alkane and its ratios, acyclic isoprenoids and terpenoid biomarkers are employed as the tools to carry out this research. The hydrogen index shows that the samples contain type III, admixed type II-III and type II kerogen. The presence of admixed type II-III kerogen in the samples may indicate mixing of terrestrial plant-derived organic matter with autochthonous organic matter in a coastal depositional setting. Deposition in a coastal setting may also raise the possibility of organic matter supply from coastal vegetation. The large HI values (>300 mg HC/g TOC) may result from selective preservation of hydrogen-rich biomolecules derived from terrestrial and coastal vegetation. The stable carbon isotopic composition of bulk organic matter (−30.66 to −25.51‰) and the organic carbon to organic nitrogen ratio (26.62–131.12) may suggest that the organic matter was sourced primarily from C3 plants. The integration of these two parameters may also indicate that mangroves supplied significant amount of organic matter to the coastal peatland. The n-alkane distributions and carbon preference indices show the derivation of organic matter from waxy terrestrial plants, aquatic submerged vegetation, and microbial communities. The palaeohydrological proxies, i.e., proxy-aqueous ratio (0.24–0.86), proxy-wax ratio (0.33–0.84), and average chain length (26.32–28.30) may illustrate intermittent changes in organic matter sources (mangrove-dominated emergent vegetation and waxy plants to aquatic submergent plants and vice-versa) and their relations with shifts in palaeohydrological conditions of mire and associated palaeoclimatic oscillations between wet (high rainfall) and dry spells (low rainfall). Additionally, terpenoid distributions reveal organic matter input from angiosperms (including mangroves) (olean-12-ene, de-A-olean-13(18)-ene, de-A-lupane, and other de-A-triterpenoids), conifers (C18 diterpane, abietane, and ent-beyerane) and microbial sources (hopanoids). Besides, regarding the palaeodepositional environment, acyclic isoprenoid distributions (pristane and phytane), relative hydrocarbon potential, and the newly introduced palaeoredox factor may put forward mostly suboxic to oxic redox conditions of organic matter deposition. The total organic carbon and sulfur contents may further imply deposition of organic matter in topogenous-transitional mire conditions under a marginal marine/coastal environment. In complementary, the ranges of production index (0.01–0.19), Tmax (388–422 °C) and the presence of 17β(H),21β(H)-hopanes (ββ hopanes), 17α(H),21β(H)-homohopane, hop-17(21)-ene, ββ-hopanes, norhopanes and angiosperm-derived unsaturated triterpenoids may suggest thermal immaturity of organic matter in the studied samples.

Early Triassic paleogeography of the northern Perth Basin, and controls on the distribution of source rock facies

The facies distribution of the Lower Triassic Kockatea Shale in the northern Perth Basin is an important factor for assessing the Lower Triassic source rock potential in the basin. Seismic interpretation and well analyses demonstrate that Permian-aged faults are responsible for the morphology of the basin in the Early Triassic and created remnant topography that controls the deposition of Lower Triassic sediments. Cores from petroleum wells and their correlated wireline logs show the lithological variation and lateral distribution of facies across the base of the Kockatea Shale. Darker coloured mudstones were deposited under anoxic conditions in the deeper part of the basin, while lighter coloured mudstones and tidally influenced sediments with bioturbation were deposited under oxic conditions in a shallow marine setting. Microbial mats developed in shallower water depths on structural highs (Beagle Ridge and Turtle Dove Ridge) in the anoxic parts of the basin.The distribution of microbial mats is controlled by two factors during the period of ecological recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction: 1) the presence of topographic highs and, 2) distance from the edge of the basin. The source rock potential of both darker coloured mudstone and microbial mat facies is demonstrated by TOC values between 0.3 and 3.4% and HI values between 39 and 579 mg/gTOC. On the other hand, the lighter coloured mudstones, deposited under more aerobic tidal settings, have poor source rock quality and TOC values between 0.2 and 0.5% and HI values between 59 and 127 mg/gTOC.

Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Source Rock Potential and Organic Geochemistry in North Arafura Shelf, Papua (Indonesia)

DOI:10.17014/ijog.8.3.401-416The results of this study identified two potential source rock intervals of Permian age in the North Arafura Shelf area of Papua, Indonesia. The first potential source rock interval (SR-1) was identified at 3834.9 m to 3838.6 m depth within the Kola-1 well, which is believed to be good to very good potential source rock with TOC in the range of 2.94 to 3.4 wt %, S1 0.78 to 0.97 mg HC/g, and S2 5.63 to 9.5 mg HC/g. The source rock is composed of type II and III kerogens with HI in the range of 164 to 275 mg HC/gTOC and reached the maturation stage with Ro of 0.83 - 0.86%, Tmax of 442 - 444 C, and Production Index (PI) of 0.09 - 0.12. The second potential source rock interval (SR-2) is at 3060.1 - 3136.3 m depth in the ASM-1X well and has fair potential to be source rock with TOC of 0.95 wt %, S1 of 1.01 mg HC/g, and S2 of 3.39 mg HC/g. This source rock has type II kerogen with a HI value of 357 mg HC/g TOC and has reached maturation as indicated by a Ro value of 0.63%, Tmax of 430 C, and PI of 0.23. Biomarker analysis revealed SR-1 is type III kerogen with terrigenous input and was deposited in an estuarine environment.

Farmlands degradation with conventional agricultural practices and human health risk assessment: A case‐study of Punjab Province, Pakistan

AbstractFarmlands contamination with heavy metals (HMs) can be considered a global issue especially in developing countries. The current study investigates the various pollution indices, potential ecological risk index (PERI) and human health risk caused by HMs in selected regions of Punjab Province, Pakistan. Farmlands soil samples were collected, acid‐extracted, and analyzed using ICP‐MS (Agilent 7500c) for selected HMs. All the HMs were found within permissible limits set by worldwide regulatory authorities except Cd, which exceeded its limit in 68% farmland soils of the study area. The CF values for Cd showed high (CF ≥ 6) degree of contamination to considerable level of contamination (3 ≤ CF ≤ 6). The CD values indicated from low (CD ≤ 6) to moderate (6 ≤ CD ≤ 12) level of contamination. The indices for all HMs were unpolluted except for Cd (moderately polluted 1≤ Igeo ≤ 2). For Cd the EF values were extremely severe (EF ≥ 50) in the farmland soils of two regions (Lahore and Faisalabad), while moderately severe (5 ≤ EF ≤ 10) in one region (Multan). The PERI values were moderate (150 ≤ RI ≤ 300) in the same two regions and low (RI ≤ 150) in other localities. The HQ and HI values for adults and children were less than one and observed in order of ingestion &gt; dermal &gt; inhalation. Furthermore, the RI values were observed higher than 1.0 × 10−4 for Cd (Lahore and Faisalabad regions) and Cr (Multan and Faisalabad regions) in children working in farmlands and likely exposed to high cancer risk. This study helps to fill the knowledge gap existing about conventional agricultural practices responsible for farmlands degradation and associated health risk. In the past, no one has conducted such a comprehensive research work to identify farmlands degradation factors. Furthermore, the minimization of pollutants must be the top priority of the regulatory authorities and state to reduce contaminant inputs and immobilization in soil through implementation of environmental protection laws and regulations.

Elucidating of potentially toxic elements contamination in topsoils around a copper smelter: Spatial distribution, partitioning and risk estimation.

Soil pollution by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) as one of the major environmental hazards is associated with metal exploration and refining acting. In this study, forty-five topsoil samples surrounding a copper smelter factory were taken and analysed using standard routine methods. The total concentration, chemical fractionation and the mobility potential of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were analysed. Additionally, the spatial distribution of PTEs, the potential ecotoxicological, and human health risks was assessed. The range of total Cu was 1478-4718mgkg-1, reaching up to 501.5, 21.6, 118.4, 573.5 and 943.3mgkg-1 for total contents of As, Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn, respectively. The potentially available fractions after sequential extraction reveal all studied PTE were dramatically mobile and available in the studied area (86%, 69.3%, 59.5%, 87.2%, 84% and 68% for As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn and Cu, respectively), reflecting that the concentration and accumulation of these elements are profoundly affected or originated by smelting activities and deposition of atmospheric emissions of the Cu smelting factory. The spatial distribution of all PTEs indicated that concentrations of these element near the smelter Cu-factory were elevated. Accordingly, the ecotoxicology status of the studied area suggests that significantly high risks are posed by the measured PTEs. Non-carcinogenic effects of As, Pb and Cu were significantly much higher than the recommended value (HI = 1), suggesting that these three PTEs could adversely impact children's health. For adults, only the HI value of As was greater than one.

Environmental Risk Assessment of Recycled Products of Spent Coppery Etchant in Jiangsu Province, China.

With the vigorous development of the 5G industry, the characteristic hazardous waste, spent coppery etchant, was also produced in large quantities. In recent years, there are many companies that have begun to collect spent coppery etchant for the purpose of producing recycled products, such as copper sulfate, copper oxide, basic copper chloride, and copper powder, which often contain large amounts of heavy metals. However, due to the lack of relevant standards and applicable regulatory measures, some of the recycled products flow to the feed processing industry and even to the food processing industry. This study investigated the pollution status of heavy metals in recycled products of spent coppery etchant and evaluated the impact of recycled products exposure on human health. The results showed that the content of Zn was the highest, which was 21 times higher than the corresponding standard limit. Human health risk assessment indicated that the hazard quotients of As account for 87.5% of the entire HI value, while the average carcinogenic risk values of As for copper sulfate, copper oxide, basic copper chloride, and copper powder are 1.09 × 10−5, 3.19 × 10−5, 1.29 × 10−5, 7.94 × 10−6, respectively. Meanwhile, suggestions on the supervision of recycled products and the concentration limits of heavy metals in recycled products were put forward.

Assessment of heavy metals concentrations, soil-to-plant transfer factor and potential health risk in soil and rice samples from Ezillo rice fields in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

This study examined the level of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr) concentrations in soil and rice samples from two paddy fields (field 1 and 2) located in Ezillo, Ebonyi State by means of flame atomic spectrophotometer. Topsoil soil samples at depths 0–4 cm and 4–8 cm were collected before planting (BP), after planting (AP) and during harvesting (DH) stages. The concentrations of the metals in soil from field 1 at depth 0–4 cm decreased in this order of Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd (BP), Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd (AP) and Cr > Ni > Cd > Pb (DH) while at depth 4–8 cm, the orders were Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb (BP), Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd (AP) and Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd (DH). In field 2, at depth 0–4 cm, the order Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd was found in all the farming stages while at depth 4–8 cm orders were Cr > Ni > Cd > Pb (BP), Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd (AP) and Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd (DH). In the rice samples, the orders were Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd in field 1 and Cr > Ni > Cd > Pb in field 2. The levels of the metals in both soil and rice samples were relatively low when compared with permissible limits of some regulatory agencies. The estimated average daily intake (ADI), hazard quotients (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) of the metals in both soil and rice indicate higher values in children than the adult group. The HQ and HI values were below the permissible safe limits of 1.0. This is an indication that the selected metals in the paddy soil and rice present no appreciable threat to food safety. Therefore, with respect to the investigated metals, the rice produced from these fields is safe for human consumption.

Mineralogy, petrography, and Rock-Eval pyrolysis of late Oligocene coal seams in the Malkara coal field from the Thrace Basin (NW Turkey)

The Thrace Basin hosts the second-largest natural gas and oil resource of Turkey. Several mineable late Oligocene coal seams are located close to natural gas fields in the basin. This study focuses on the assessment of late Oligocene seams in the Malkara coal field using mineralogical, petrographic, and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data. The variations in coal properties seem to be mainly controlled by common peat-forming vegetation and detrital input ratio into palaeomires. The studied samples are characterized by variable TOC, Tmax and HI values and high H contents. Even though the relatively high H contents seem to be related to high total liptinite contents, the presence of hydrogen-rich telohuminite macerals, particularly ulminite A, may be the main reason for elevated H contents in the studied samples. Furthermore, the Rock-Eval analyses results, which imply the presence of mixed type III-IV kerogens, conflict with coal petrography data. The differences could be a by-product of carbonate minerals breakdown during pyrolysis; however; the presence of hydrogen-rich telohuminite macerals, which could have originated from resinous woody peat-forming plants, could cause suppression S2 peak and elevation of S3 peak due to release additional COx from the breakdown of hydrogen- and oxygen-rich compounds in telohuminite macerals during pyrolysis. Therefore, HI, Tmax, and OI values are not matched with maceral compositions. Moreover, the relatively higher Tmax and %Rr values of studied late Oligocene coal seams in the Malkara coal field than early Oligocene shales and late Oligocene coals in the NE parts of the basin could be related to higher thermal gradient and/or post-Oligocene tectonic movements. Overall, the results imply that the coals are mostly gas-prone; thus, the studied coal seams along with unexploited coal seams near to the study area have a hydrocarbon generation potential for especially natural gas in the Danişmen Formation. The results of this study also show that the Rock-Eval pyrolysis data of low-rank humic coals similar to Malkara coals should be used with caution and cross-checked with results of traditional coal parameters such as ash yields, H contents, maceral, and mineralogical compositions to avoid misinterpretations.

A new resource assessment workflow to achieve gas risk and phase-specific source potential indices

Accurate estimation of source rock potential has been a challenge, especially when a mineral matrix effect (MME) may influence the source rock potential estimation process. A recent study has proposed a new workflow based on custom organofacies classification to obtain a more accurate evaluation of lacustrine source rock potential. However, their workflow was not demonstrated on more commonly occurring marine source rocks. This study aims to better characterize marine source rocks, and additionally presents phase-specific Source Potential Index (SPI), SPIoil and SPIgas, and a new parameter called the Gas Risk Index (GRI). The methodology outlined in this study begins with an organofacies characterization based on both Rock-Eval pyrolysis and palynofacies analyses on samples from an offshore northwestern African well. Then, empirical laws are proposed to correct the MME to attain an improved source rock potential and calculate the new indices SPIoil, SPIgas, and GRI. The results demonstrate that most of the samples with HI values between 400 and 500 mg/gC, usually associated with a terrestrial-marine mixture (gas- and oil-prone), are actually composed of an altered marine organic matter (oil-prone) in the basin studied. It was observed that the MME lowered the S2 and HI values of samples with TOC up to 7 wt% in the study well, thereby underestimating the overall generative potential of the samples. This led to misidentification of organofacies based on lowered HI values, resulting in an inaccurate determination of liquid and gas prone nature of the source rock, which directly impacts the SPI values, increasing the risk of incorrect assessment. Therefore, the use of both palynofacies and pyrolysis data is recommended in differentiating terrestrial-marine mixtures from altered marine organic matter, and in correcting the MME to obtain reliable SPI values. This study presents a case for a new sample analysis workflow, which includes correction for the MME, refined organofacies classification, and determination of gas risk.

Multidimensional Scaling of the Mineral Nutrient Status and Health Risk Assessment of Commonly Consumed Fruity Vegetables Marketed in Kyrgyzstan.

Intensive production of fruits and vegetables causes heavy metal accumulation. Consumption of this kind of foodstuff is a growing concern of the modern world with the additional distress of the supply of enough foodstuffs. To contribute to this global purpose, this research aimed to find out the mineral nutrient and heavy metal concentrations of commonly consumed fruity vegetables in Kyrgyzstan. Totally, ten different fruity type vegetables were collected from five different large bazaars of Kyrgyzstan. From these, 20 samples, including washed/unwashed rinds of vegetables, were quantified in terms of their B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents by using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The concentrations of the fruity vegetables were found in the following range: B (1.392-25.816), Ca (92.814-4095.466), Cd (0.007-0.086), Cr (0.009-0.919), Cu (0.351-8.351), Fe (4.429-126.873), K (920.124-10,135.995), Mg (61.973-879.085), Mn (1.113-78.938), Na (36.132-266.475), Ni (0.039-1.215), Pb (0.081-2.906), and Zn (1.653-87.107) (mg kg-1). It was determined that red capia pepper was the vegetable having the highest daily nutritional value according to evaluation done in our study. Taking into account of the HI values, all of the vegetables analyzed were determined to be lower than the limit value of 1 that falls into acceptable limits in terms of being safe. Peppers demonstrated the highest variation in terms of the elemental content. The high Cr content rendered hot pepper risky for consumption by both genders regarding with CR, and in terms of CR, it has been observed that nickel contents being found in vegetables including tomatoes pose a moderate risk for consumption. Quite lower risk was detected in red/Brandy-wine tomatoes, eggplants, and cucumber for both genders. As most striking result in our study, the Brandy-wine type tomato was found to be healthiest (as well as safest) and nutritious vegetable looking from the viewpoint of consumption in Kyrgyzstan.

Evaluation of Water Quality and Heavy Metal Pollution in the Shoots and Roots of Aquatic Plants

The safety of vegetables has been an issue of public concern in recent years. Thus, heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Zn and Fe) in the shoot and root of Sacciolepis africana, Ceratophyllun demersum and Pistia stratiotes in Owena reservoir, Nigeria were tested using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer while some Physico-chemical parameters of water were measured using multi parameter hand-held meter. The water quality result revealed that the average temperature, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and pH were 27.77oC, 7.21NTU, 101.83Ω/S, 6.95mg/l and 6.55 respectively. The single factor pollution index showed that Temperature (0.93), DO (0.99) and pH (0.99) fell within the category of slight pollution while turbidity (1.20) and conductivity (1.02) fell within the medium pollution category. Sacciolepis africana bio-concentrated more heavy metals than Ceratophyllun demersum and Pistia stratiotes. The HRIs of Cu, Cd, Mn, Zn and Fe indicated no risk since all values were less than 1. However, there was a potential risk for Pb through the consumption of the plants despite that the HRI of the shoot of Ceratophyllun demersum (0.65) and root of Pistia stratiotes (0.46) were less than 1. The THQ and HI values for the root and shoot of all the vegetables were less than 1, indicating that they are unlikely to result in any chronic systemic risk-averse health effects.