Hexane Extract Research Articles

Insecticidal and Anti-Feedant Activity of Clerodendrum Extracts on Growth and Development of Castor Spiny Caterpillar, Ariadne merione

The castor spiny caterpillar Ariadne merione (F.) is a major lepidopteran pest affecting castor (Ricinus communis) crops mainly by causing defoliation which in turn reduces the photosynthesis and yield. The conventional pest control methods have been based on chemical control which although has been effective, has its drawbacks of being hazardous to the environment and human health besides leading to resistance by the pests. The present work aims at investigating the possibility of using Clerodendrum inerme, a plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, as an eco-friendly solution for pest management. Insecticidal and anti-feedant efficacy of C. inerme leaf extracts, which were prepared using solvents hexane, acetone, and petroleum ether, was tested against A. merione larvae using leaf dip bioassay under no-choice situation. The findings showed that the hexane extract had the highest insecticidal (73%) and anti-feedent (97%) action. The petroleum ether extract also showed moderate insecticidal (50%) and anti-feedant activity (48%) but not as potent as the acetone extract having insecticidal and anti-feedant action of 60 and 74 per cent respectively. The results imply that C. inerme extracts, especially the hexane extract, could be used as botanical insecticides in IPM programs as a natural replacement for chemical insecticides.

Exploring various extracts and compounds of Grewia velutina as potential anticancer agents: An in vitro and in silico investigations

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the potential anticancer properties and chemical constituents of an unexplored plant (Grewia velutina) extracts. Three distinct extracts of hexane (GVH), chloroform (GVC) and methanol(GVM) of the plant were used to check their anticancer activity against four prominent cancer cell lines (HepG2, DU145, Hela, A549), and the results were compared with the standard chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin. Anticancer assays revealed that the GVC extract exhibited highest activity than others, with IC50 values of 61.06 µg/mL, 47.87 µg/mL, 88.76 µg/mL, and 87.99 µg/mL against HepG2, DU145, Hela, and A549 cell lines, respectively and reflected a comparable activity to doxorubicin, highlighting its potential as an effective anticancer agent. With the help of chemical profiling data, molecular docking studies were performed and this study suggested that ionol, present in GVC extract is the most active compound against all the cancerous cells.

Combining chemical profiles and biological abilities of different extracts from Tanacetum nitens(Boiss. & Noë)Grierson using network pharmacology.

Tanacetum nitens(Boiss. & Noë)Grierson is an aromatic perennial herb used in Turkish traditional medicine to treat headache, fever, and skin diseases. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxic properties of T. nitens aerial parts. Organic solvent extracts were prepared by sequential maceration in hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol while aqueous extracts were obtained by maceration or infusion. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and LC-DAD-MS analysis allowed the identification and quantification of different phytoconstituents including parthenolide, tanacetol B, tatridin B, quinic acid derivatives, β-sitosterol, and glycoside derivatives of quercetin and luteolin. The type and amount of these phytochemicals recovered by each solvent were variable and significant enough to impact the biological activities of the plant. Methanolic and aqueous extracts displayed the highest scavenging and ions-reducing properties while the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts exerted the best total antioxidant activity and metal chelating power. Results of enzyme inhibition activity showed that the hexane, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane extracts had comparable anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and the latter extract revealed the highest anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity. The best α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities were obtained from the hexane extract. The dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the highest cytotoxic effect against the prostate carcinoma DU-145 cells. In conclusion, these findings indicated that T. nitens can be a promising source of biomolecules with potential therapeutic applications.

Averrhoa carambola Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis-Like Death with Increased ROS Generation in Leishmania donovani.

The parasitic disease leishmaniasis is responsible for high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. The visceral form is the most severe form of leishmaniasis (or leishmaniosis), which is caused predominantly by Leishmania donovani. Currently, clinically recommended antileishmanial drugs are not convenient because of several medical complications and resistance issues. Phytocompounds are the best candidates in this regard. The present study aimed to evaluate the antileishmanial activity of Averrhoa carambola leaf extract. The antipromastigote activity and cytotoxicity were assessed using the MTT assay. Morphological distortions were determined using phase contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, nonprotein thiol depletion and apoptotic death in promastigotes were determined via flow cytometry. UV-visible spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy was performed for elemental analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry (LCMS) were used to characterize the phytocomponent(s) present in the extract. The chloroform extract of Averrhoa carambola leaf (ACCEX) (IC50 = 50.76 ± 1.7µg/mL) exhibited the highest activity, followed by the ethyl acetate, hexane, and methanol extracts. ACCEX has also exhibited lower toxicity towards host macrophages. ACCEX also induced morphological distortions in promastigotes, with significant generation of ROS and the concomitant apoptosis initiation followed by a decrease in the nonprotein thiol level. The major phytometabolites present in ACCEX were identified from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database and from a literature review. This study suggested that Averrhoa carambola leaf extracts are rich in some classes of biologically active phytocompounds and exhibit good antileishmanial activity.

Enhancing the antibacterial and surface hardness of glass ionomer cement modified with Salvadora persica and Chlorhexidine: An in vitro study.

This laboratory study evaluated the effect of Salvadora persica (S. persica) root extracts and Chlorhexidine Digluconate (CHX) on the antibacterial and surface hardness properties of glass ionomer cement (GIC). The in vitro experimental study was conducted at the Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan, from October 2022 to March 2023. There were a total four experimental groups. The first group consisted of ethanol extract (GIC-SPEE) and second group consisted of hexane extract as (GIC-SPHE) both prepared from Salvadora persica root respectively, and mixed with liquid of GIC separately. The third group comprised chlorhexidine (GIC-CHX) that was also mixing into liquid portion of GIC and the last group was Control i.e. (cGIC). The GIC samples were prepared by using stainless steel metallic moulds with dimension (5mm x 2mm), following the manufacturer guidelines. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was done by disc diffusion test (DDT), and surface hardness test was done by Vickers hardness tester. Statistical analysis was performed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests (p<0.05). The antibacterial activity against S. mutans reported that the maximum zone of inhibition was obtained at 3 wt% by the GIC-SPEE, when compared with other experimental groups. For surface hardness, the highest mean and standard deviation and significant findings was reported by the group GIC-SPEE. Considering the outcome of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that the addition of 3 wt% GIC-SPEE increased the surface hardness and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Bioactive component analysis of seed coat hexane extract of Ardahan (Türkiye) walnut

The walnut seed coat (WSC), a significant waste product that is underappreciated compared to other walnut parts, is responsible for the emergence of biological potential, has a favorable and protective effect on health, and includes a wealth of bioactive phytochemicals. Considering this situation, the aim of the study was to clarify the bioactive components in the WSC hexane extract. A hexane WSC extract (H-WSC) was initially produced to conduct the analysis. Four chemical components in the walnut seed coat were identified using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Accordingly, the main components in hexane extracts are β-sitosterol (%32.91) and ethyl iso-allocolate (%52.06); other components are 3-(octadecyloxy)propyl (9E)-9-octadecenoate (%8.41) and santa camphor (%4.45).

Extract of Bitter Melon &lt;i&gt;Citrullus colocynthis&lt;/i&gt; Leaves as a Promising Insecticide against the Grain Wheat Aphid &lt;i&gt;Schizaphis graminum&lt;/i&gt;

This study aimed to evaluate the biological effect of bitter melon Citrullus colocynthis leaf extracts on the mortality using hot water and organic solvent extracts (ethyl alcohol, hexane) effects on the nymph, winged, and nonwinged adults of the wheat grain aphid Schizaphis graminum were evaluated. Results indicated that the ethyl alcohol extract is more effective than the hexane and hot water extracts on mortality rates. The highest mortality rate of the nymphs was caused by the ethyl alcohol extracts (75.63, 59.20, and 53.49%) at a concentration of 0.7 g/ ℓ, respectively.

Bioprospecting the Anticancer Efficacy of &lt;i&gt;Garcinia anomala&lt;/i&gt; from North-East India in Ovarian Cancer Cells – An &lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;/i&gt; Study

Background: Ovarian cancer is a type of gynaecological cancer with a worldwide prevalence affecting women aged above 50. Despite several advances made in chemotherapy and surgery, the average time of clinical exemption is approximately two years, and the 5-year survival rate is 45%. But even after survival, they have long-term side effects. So, there is an urgent need for natural anticancer drugs. In this context, Garcinia spp. is one such plant that is explored for its anticancer properties. However, the endemic species Garcinia anomala from North-East India has not been studied for anticancer efficacy. Thereby present study aimed to understand the anticancer efficacy of hexane and methanol extracts of Garcinia anomola short mamilla plant available in the North-East region of India with a major emphasis on antioxidant potential. Further, the best extract with higher antioxidant activity was used to evaluate the anticancer potential through modulation of redox status. Methods: Total phenolic content in extract samples was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay was used to assess the antioxidant activities of extracts. For in vitro evaluation of the anticancer potential of the extract, ovarian teratocarcinoma PA1 cells were used as a model to study the dose-dependent effect of the extract. Various assays, such as wound healing assay and transcriptional analysis of genes, such as Bcl-2, PCNA, and TP53, were performed. For the redox parameter, DCFDA (2’,7’-Dichlorofluoroscin Diacetate) assay was used. Results: The results showed that Garcinia anomola methanol extract (EB) exhibited higher antioxidant activity in comparison to the hexane extract (EA). A cytotoxicity assay was performed to find the effective IC50. From this assay, the effective dose concentration confirmed for EA was 40 µg/mL, EB was 20 µg/mL, and the time point selected was 24 hrs. As the IC50 for EB was less than EA, EB was chosen for further assays. From the wound healing assay, the migration rate obtained was 0.967±0.041 µm/hr. The methanol extract was found to affect key cell cycle checkpoint genes at the transcript level. Conclusion: These results indicate that the anticancer potential is mediated through the modulation of antioxidant status. Thus, Garcinia anomala short mamilla extract from northeast India has good efficacy as an anticancer agent, which can be considered as a future potent drug candidate for ovarian cancer.

Phytochemistry of Argemone ochroleuca Sweet Extracts and Their Inhibitory Effects on Maize Seed Germination

Argemone ochroleuca Sweet is an alien invasive weed dominating most cultivated lands, however, the phytochemicals present in this plant and the effects of these on the germination and growth of economically important crops such as maize are not well-documented. The objective of the study was to characterize the phytochemistry of the shoots and roots of A. ochroleuca and determine whether the extracts could inhibit the germination of maize seeds. The shoots and roots of A. ochroleuca were extracted in water, hexane, and acetone. Ten maize seeds were used in the germination bioassay. A phytochemical analysis was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of the A. ochroleuca water, hexane, or acetone extracts on maize seed germination were concentration and plant-part dependent. The highest reduction was recorded from the water extract with 82%. Identified compounds with high percentages in A. ochroleuca were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-. The present study indicated that A. ochroleuca extracts suppress the germination of maize seeds, likely due to the presence of both the identified and potentially unidentified phytochemicals that were not detected by the selected method. There is, however, a need to establish the relationship between the phytochemical compounds and the enzymes responsible for germination.

Cladophora spp. Extracts Show Remarkable Antibacterial Potential Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background: Bacterial resistance, influenced by genetic processes and adaptive strategies, necessitates the discovery of novel antibacterial agents, especially from natural sources. Specific Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a notorious pathogen in urinary tract infections (UTIs), demonstrates considerable resistance to conventional therapies, necessitating alternative therapeutic approaches. Knowledge Gap: Research indicates that while natural sources like Cladophora spp. offer antibacterial agents, their effectiveness in combating P. aeruginosa resistant strains remains underexplored. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial potential of Cladophora spp. algae extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from UTIs, utilizing solvent extraction, MIC determination, disc diffusion assays, and GC-MS analysis to identify bioactive compounds. Results: All extracts, including those prepared with water, ethanol, and hexane, demonstrated inhibitory effects on P. aeruginosa. The hexane extract exhibited the most significant activity, with a mean zone of inhibition of 13.0 ± 0.7 mm at a concentration of 50%. GC-MS analysis identified several bioactive compounds potentially responsible for these effects. Novelty: This study is among the first to investigate Cladophora spp. as a source of antibacterial agents specifically targeting P. aeruginosa, providing new insights into the potential of algae-based therapeutics. Implications: Cladophora spp. holds promise as a source of novel antibacterial compounds, with potential for multidrug-resistant infections treatments. Further research is needed for clinical application. Highlights: Hexane Extract: Most effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Novel Source: Cladophora spp. shows potential as antibacterial agent. GC-MS Findings: Identified key bioactive compounds. Keywords: Cladophora spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antibacterial agents, natural extracts, GC-MS analysis

Assessment of Chemical Composition and Investigation into the Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Hemolytic Properties of Hexane Extracts from Cynara cardunculus subsp. Cardunculus and Cynara cardunculus subsp. sylvestris

Assessment of Chemical Composition and Investigation into the Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Hemolytic Properties of Hexane Extracts from Cynara cardunculus subsp. Cardunculus and Cynara cardunculus subsp. sylvestris

Kairomonal Effect of Hexane Extracts of Corcyra cephalonica and Spodoptera frugiperda on the Parasitizing Activity of Trichogramma pretiosum.

Egg parasitoids, particularly Trichogrammatidae, play a crucial role in global biocontrol efforts. Their behavior is influenced by chemicals emitted by their hosts, such as kairomones. Among them, Trichogramma pretiosum(Riley)(Hym.; Trichogrammatidae)shows promise as a biocontrol agent on destructive Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E. Smith) (Lep.; Noctuidae). Given the invasiveness and widespread impact of FAW, early-stage prevention in the field is imperative. This study aimed to assess the potential of host insects viz.,Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lep.; Pyralidae) and S. frugiperda kairomones in optimizing the performance of T. pretiosum while parasitizing S. frugiperda.The top two hexane extracts from each host insect were also sent to JNU, AIRF in New Delhi for detailed GC-MS analysis. A four-armed olfactometer was developed to track the movements of T. pretiosum and validated with olfactory cues. Laboratory bioassays revealed that extracts from C. cephalonica and S. frugiperda eggs and moths effectively enhanced the performance of T. pretiosum. Optimal concentrations were determined through Petri dish bioassays, with C1 (10%) concentration of C. cephalonica eggs extract showing the highest Parasitoid Activity Index (PAI), percent parasitization, and adult emergence. Meanwhile, C2 (1%) concentration of S. frugiperda female extract exhibited the highest parasitization percentage and adult emergence. Further assessments in a polyhouse setting demonstrated that treated egg cards positioned 1m from the release point achieved the highest mean percentage parasitization. Chemical composition analysis via GC-MS revealed that distinctive hydrocarbon and alcohol profiles in the extracts, suggesting their potential for manipulating parasitoid activity in biocontrol efforts. In the S. frugiperda female extract, 12 hydrocarbons and 3 alcohol groups were identified, with tetracontane as the predominant hydrocarbon compound followed by octane, heneicosane, and others. Meanwhile, the C. cephalonicaegg extract displayed 9 hydrocarbons and 1 alcohol group, with dodecane leading in area percentage among the hydrocarbons followed by decane, nonane and others. The outputs of current study highlighted that T. pretiosum's utilization of kairomones from C. cephalonica and S. frugiperda, enhancing its search behavior for host eggs. The identification and synthesis of these kairomonal compounds have the potential to revolutionize pest management, emphasizing the role of kairomones in empowering natural predators and parasitoids for sustainable agriculture.

EDBD-3,6-Epidioxy-1,10-Bisaboladiene-An Endoperoxide Sesquiterpene Obtained from Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae) Exhibited Potent Preclinical Efficacy against Schistosoma mansoni Infection.

Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease impacting over 250 million individuals globally, remains a major public health challenge due to its prevalence and significant impact on affected communities. Praziquantel, the sole available treatment, highlights the urgency of the need for novel anthelmintic agents to achieve the World Health Organization (WHO) goal of schistosomiasis elimination. Previous studies reported the promising antiparasitic activity of different terpenoids against Schistosoma mansoni Sambon (Diplostomida: Schistosomatidae). In the present work, the hexane extract from branches of Drimys brasiliensis afforded a diastereomeric mixture of endoperoxide sesquiterpenes, including 3,6-epidioxy-bisabola-1,10-diene (EDBD). This compound was evaluated in vitro and in vivo against S. mansoni. EDBD exhibited a significant reduction in S. mansoni viability in vitro, with an effective concentration (EC50) value of 4.1 µM. Additionally, EDBD demonstrated no toxicity to mammalian cells. In silico analysis predicted good drug-likeness properties, adhering to pharmaceutical industry standards, including favorable ADME profiles. Furthermore, oral treatment of S. mansoni-infected mice with EDBD (400 mg/kg) resulted in a remarkable egg burden reduction (98% and 99% in tissues and feces, respectively) surpassing praziquantel's efficacy. These findings suggest the promising potential of EDBD as a lead molecule for developing a novel schistosomiasis treatment.

To Evaluate and Compare the Analgesic Activity of Piperine and Extracts of Piper Nigrum L. Fruit

Narcotics (e.g., opioids) or non-narcotics (e.g., salicylates and corticosteroids) are used in the management of pain and inflammation, both of which have side effects, thereby emphasizing the search for natural substances. Piperine found naturally in plants of the Piperaceae family has shown inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase and cycloxygenase-1 in in vitro studies. The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the analgesic activity of pure compound, piperine along with hexane and ethanol extracts of Piper nigrum L. fruit in mice. The analgesic activity was determined by hot plate, tail immersion method and acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The piperine showed great pain-relieving impact at a portion of 5 and 10 mg/kg when contrasted with control and standard. Greatest pain-relieving impact was noted at a portion of 10 mg/kg after 120 min. The hexane and ethanol remove demonstrated helpless pain-relieving impact at all dosages (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) by hot plate method. However, with tail immersion method, piperine at a dose of 5mg/kg and ethanol extract at a dose of 20mg/kg after 120 min and hexane extract at a dose of 10mg/kg after 60min exhibited significant analgesic activity. In writhing test ethanol extract significantly stopped the number of writhes at dose of 20mg/kg while piperine at dose of 20mg/kg completely terminated the writhes in mice. It is concluded from the present study that Piper nigrum L. possesses potent analgesic activity in mice. Keywords: Piper nigrum, Piperaceae, Piperine, Hot plate, Tail immersion method, Acetic acid induced writhing test

Countercurrent chromatography isolation of green propolis biomarkers: Potential blockers of SARS-COV-2 RBD and ACE2 interaction

Propolis is a natural resinous mixture produced by honeybees with numerous biological activities. Considering the recently reported potential of propolis as an adjuvant in COVID-19 treatment, a methodology for the fractionation of the hexane extract of Brazilian green propolis (HEGP) was developed for the obtention of prenylated biomarkers by countercurrent chromatography. The inhibition of the interaction between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike and ACE2 receptor was evaluated by the Lumitᵀᴹ immunoassay. Fractionation of HEGP was performed by both normal (CCC1 and CCC2, with extended elution) and reversed (CCC3) phase elution-extrusion modes with the solvent system hexane–ethanol–water 4:3:1. The normal elution mode of CCC1 (471 mg HEGP in a 80 mL column volume, 1.6 mm id) was scaled-up (CCC5, 1211 mg HEGP in a 112 mL column volume, 2.1 mm id), leading to the isolation of 89.9 mg of artepillin C, 1; 52.7 mg of baccharin, 2; and 26.6 mg of chromene, with purities of 93 %, 83 % and 88 %, respectively, by HPLC-PDA. Among the isolated compounds, artepillin C, 1, and baccharin, 2, presented the best results in the Lumitᵀᴹ immunoassay, showing 67% and 51% inhibition, respectively, at the concentration of 10 μM. This technique proved to be of low operational cost and excellent reproducibility.

Kalanchoe tomentosa: Phytochemical Profiling, and Evaluation of Its Biological Activities In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico.

In this work, the leaves of K. tomentosa were macerated with hexane, chloroform, and methanol, respectively. The phytochemical profiles of hexane and chloroform extracts were unveiled using GC/MS, whereas the chemical composition of the methanol extract was analyzed using UPLC/MS/MS. The antibacterial activity of extracts was determined against gram-positive and gram-negative strains through the minimal inhibitory concentration assay, and in silico studies were implemented to analyze the interaction of phytoconstituents with bacterial peptides. The antioxidant property of extracts was assessed by evaluating their capacity to scavenge DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 radicals. The toxicity of the extracts was recorded against Artemia salina nauplii and Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. Results demonstrate that the hexane and chloroform extracts contain phytosterols, triterpenes, and fatty acids, whereas the methanol extract possesses glycosidic derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol together with sesquiterpene lactones. The antibacterial performance of extracts against the cultured strains was appraised as weak due to their MIC90 values (>500 μg/mL). As antioxidants, treatment with extracts executed high and moderate antioxidant activities within the range of 50-300 μg/mL. Extracts did not decrease the viability of A. salina, but they exerted a high toxic effect against C. elegans during exposure to treatment. Through in silico modeling, it was recorded that the flavonoids contained in the methanol extract can hamper the interaction of the NAM/NAG peptide, which is of great interest since it determines the formation of the peptide wall of gram-positive bacteria. This study reports for the first time the biological activities and phytochemical content of extracts from K. tomentosa and proposes a possible antibacterial mechanism of glycosidic derivatives of flavonoids against gram-positive bacteria.

Aktivitas antioksidan, total fenolik, flavonoid dan saponin anggur laut (Caulerpa lentillifera) diekstrak dengan pelarut yang berbeda polaritas

Caulerpa lentillfera is a species of seaweed that belongs to the class Chlorophyceae (green seaweed). Caulerpa lentillifera contains secondary metabolites consisting of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins and phenols that can be used as antioxidants, antimicrobials, anticancer and others. This study was aimed to determine the total phenolic flavonoid compounds, saponins, and antioxidant activity of Caulerpa lentillifera extract. The research method used is an experiment by conducting a series of experiments, namely the extraction of Caulerpa lentillifera using the maceration method in stages with solvents of different polarity. The solvents used consisted of non-polar (n-hexane), semi-polar (ethyl acetate) and polar (methanol). The analysis parameters consisted of yield analysis, total phenol, flavonoid, saponin, and antioxidant activity. The yield of Caulerpa lentillifera extract extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol was 0.36; 0.39; and 0.42%. The content of saponins produced from hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were 0.14%; 0.17%; and 0.20%, respectively, in a 100 g sample. The total phenol produced in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were 141,50 mgGAE/100 g and 154,65 mg GAE/100 g, respectively. Flavonoid content was 116,82 mg QE/100 g only found in methanol extract. The antioxidant activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts with IC50 values were 234.28, 203.96, and 124,77 ppm, respectively. Extracts of Caulerpa lentillifera with different polarity solvents were produced different bioactive components. Saponins were produced in all three types of solvents, phenol were found in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts and flavonoids only in methanol extract. The highest antioxidant activity of Caulerpa lentillifera was produced with methanol extract with IC 50 value of 124,77 ppm.

Anticandidal Properties of Launaea sarmentosa among the Salt Marsh Plants Collected from Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar Coast, Southeastern India.

Tidal wetlands, commonly known as salt marshes, are highly productive ecosystems in temperate regions worldwide. These environments constitute a unique flora composed primarily of salt-tolerant herbs, grasses, and shrubs. This study investigated the therapeutic properties of ten salt marsh plants collected mainly from Palk Bay and Mannar Gulf against Candida disease. This study examined the changes in natural plant products associated with their anti-Candida growth activity during two distinct seasonal changes-monsoon and summer. The potential of the salt marshes to inhibit the growth of five different Candida strains was assessed using four solvents. In phytochemical analysis, the extracts obtained from a Launaea sarmentosa exhibited the highest results compared to the other plant extracts. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed 12 peaks with alkane, aldehyde, amine, aromatic ester, phenol, secondary alcohol, and 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted. Gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry detected 30 compounds. Cyclotetracosane, lupeol, β-amyrin, and 12-oleanen-3-yl acetate showed the highest peak range. In particular, plant samples collected during the monsoon season were more effective in preventing Canda growth than the summer plant samples. In the monsoon season, the salt marsh plant extracted with ethyl acetate showed a high anti-Candida growth activity, while in the summer, the acetone extract exhibited a higher anti-Candida growth activity than the other solvents. The hexane extract of L. sarmentosa showed the highest inhibition zone against all Candidal strains. Furthermore, compounds, such as β-amyrin, lupeol, and oxirane, from the hexane extract of L. sarmentosa play a vital role in anti-Candida activity. This paper reports the potential of tidal marsh plant extracts for developing new antifungal agents for Candida infections.

Investigation into the impact of certain leaf extracts derived from Inula viscosa L. on various strains of pathogenic bacteria in poultry

The study was designed to investigate the efficacy of acetone, ethanol, hexane, diethyl ether, and aqueous extracts from clay plants against four pathogenic bacteria commonly found in poultry: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium perfringens. The research took place in the microbiology and drug laboratories of the Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Tartous, as well as the microbiology laboratory at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering at Tishreen University. Tayon plant leaves were harvested in October and November of 2021 from the Safita region, dried, and stored for future use. The susceptibility tests were carried out on the four bacteria under investigation using the five different extracts. The findings revealed that Escherichia coli, Streptococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium perfringens were all impacted by the extracts, except for Escherichia coli which displayed resistance to acetone, ethanol, hexane, and diethyl ether extracts, but not to the aqueous extract. Pseudomonas aeruginosa also exhibited resistance to the diethyl ether extract at concentrations of 20 and 40 μl, with no inhibition zone observed. At a concentration of 80 μl, the largest average diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition zone was observed for the acetone extract (4.82, 24.95, 15.41, and 22.14 mm), ethanol (9.32, 28.11, 22.98, and 29.24 mm), hexane (6.42, 18.91, 13.23, and 17.47 mm), diethyl ether (9.33, 21.22, 9.56, and 18.75 mm), and aqueous extract (23.45, 26.22, 15.71, and 24.12 mm), respectively, in comparison to concentrations of 20 and 40 microliters and the control. These results suggest that the plant leaf extracts possess antimicrobial properties against the pathogenic bacterial strains tested, indicating their potential as natural sources of antibiotics in the future.

Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Different Extracts of Walnut (Juglans regia Linn.) Kernels

The walnut tree (Juglans regia Linn.) is a valuable medicinal plant. Almost all parts of this plant have significant nutritional and curative properties. The walnut fruit has been claimed to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antimicrobial properties and high nutritional value. The present work is focused on the phytochemical screening and study of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Juglans regia kernels extracted from four different solvents; methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane. The highest yield of extract was obtained with methanol. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, terpenoids, quinones, reducing sugars, and saponins in methanol extract. The total phenolic content was higher in methanolic extract. Methanolic and chloroform extracts possessed more flavonoid content than ethyl acetate and hexane extracts. The DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that the IC50 value of methanolic extract was 78.77 μg/mL with TPC 67.65 mg GAE/g and TFC 391.00 mg QE/g. The IC50 value obtained for ethyl acetate extract was 135.28 μg/mL with TPC 36.56 mg GAE/g and TFC 212.00 mg QE/g. The IC50 value for chloroform extract was 313.72 μg/mL with TPC 13.08 mg GAE/g and TFC 393.73 mg QE/g. The IC50 value of hexane extract was 898.99 μg/mL with TPC 6.26 mg GAE/g and TFC 77.82 mg QE/g. Only methanolic extract showed the antimicrobial activity against Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus.