Heuristic Thinking Research Articles

Increased reliance on heuristic thinking in mild cognitive impairment

ABSTRACT Reasoning can be fast, automatic, and intuitive or slow, deliberate, and analytical. Use of one cognitive reasoning style over the other has broad implications for beliefs, but differences in cognitive style have not previously been reported in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Here, the cognitive reflection test is used to measure cognitive style in healthy older adults and those with MCI. Those with MCI performed worse than cognitively healthy older adults, indicating they are more likely to engage in intuitive thinking than age-matched adults. This association is reliable after controlling for additional cognitive, self-report, and demographic factors. Across all measures, subjective cognitive decline was the best predictor of cognitive status. A difference in cognitive style represents a novel behavioral marker of MCI, and future work should explore whether this explains a broader pattern of reasoning errors in those with MCI, such as susceptibility to scams or impaired financial reasoning.

Analisis Jenis Kesalahan Mahasiswa Dalam Pembuktian Matematis Pada Mata Kuliah Analisis Real

Mathematical proof is an important aspect in real analysis courses but is often a challenge for students. This research aims to analyze the types of errors that students often make in mathematical proofs in real analysis courses. The research method uses library research to explore the background, objectives, methods, findings and implications of the problem. The results of the analysis show that logical errors, conceptual errors, notation and writing errors, and heuristic thinking errors are the most common. These findings imply the need to develop more effective learning strategies to help students overcome difficulties in mathematical proofs. By understanding the types of errors that frequently occur, instructors can design learning methods that better suit students' needs.

The iceberg of genomics: New perspectives in the use of genomics and epigenetics in oncology nursing clinical reasoning. A discursive paper.

Although, there is a wealth of information in the medical literature on the usefulness of genomic testing in assessing risk and its application in medical oncology decision making, there are no theoretical reflections in the nursing field. To understand the implications of molecular biology in nursing practice and highlight the role of Nursing Theory in guiding nurses' reasoning. Searching literature published between 2000 and 2022 in Medline and Google Scholar. Scientific evidence was analysed by the authors expert in different fields. Based on the findings of the literature, concerns have been raised about the proper care of cancer patients who have a genomic risk profile determination. In particular, the absence of theoretical thinking and conceptual models that consider developments in molecular biology and their impact on nursing, in addition to the prevalence of heuristic thinking and the application of clinical patterns in nursing practice, could induce patient misjudgement with inadequate planning of preventive, curative, rehabilitative and educational nursing interventions. Nurses working in the field of oncology should be aware that the risk profile determined by genomics tests is merely the visible and stated portion of the cancer patient: the tip of iceberg. This study demonstrates how genomic testing takes into account a fraction of genes discovered in tumour tissue to establish a risk profile. This subset differs, for example, from the social genome, which can determine the risk of dementia, cancer and cardiovascular disease, but in response to social adversity. Nursing theory, which views the environment as a metaparadigm, must consider a conceptual model that can integrate the findings of genomic testing with recommendations from studies on the social genome of humans to make it easier to build nursing treatments that can better reduce these risks. A nursing theoretical discourse on genomics is a paramount requirement for developing effective nursing care.

That’s Racist!: Political Correctness Predicts Accusations of Racism in Ambiguous Situations

The present research reports three studies investigating the possibility that Political Correctness (PC) is associated with the tendency to claim racism in ambiguous interactions involving Black and White individuals, despite plausible alternative explanations. In Study 1, PC was significantly related to claiming racism in ambiguous scenarios. In Study 2, these results were replicated with open-ended and prompted scenarios. In Study 3, exposure to PC did not impact claims of racism, indicating the stability of trait PC. In all three studies, White Guilt mediated the relationship between PC and claiming racism, among Whites. Additionally, confidence in the accuracy of open-ended responses (Study 2) was much higher in PC participants, indicating heuristic thinking. Finally, PC predicted claiming racism beyond many related variables.

Anti-refugee attitudes towards Syrian people living in Turkey: Culture dimensions and motivational personal dispositions

Syria experienced a civil war that resulted in more than 3.6 million registered Syrian refugees seeking asylum in Turkey as of October 2022. This sociodemographic change has led to tensions between the local population living in Turkey and Syrian refugees, resulting in a social environment characterized by anti-refugee attitudes and intergroup conflicts. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the internalization of Hofstede's culture dimensions by individuals and anti-refugee attitudes and to test the mediating roles of needs for cognition and recognition in this relationship. The sample consisted of 439 (295 women and 144 men) Turkish university students aged between 18 and 31 years (M = 21.47, SD = 2.36). According to the main results, (i) internalization of culture dimensions of long-term orientation, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance predicts the likelihood of endorsing anti-refugee attitudes towards Syrian people living in Turkey and (ii) the need for recognition associated with impression-motivated heuristic thinking mediates the relationship between internalization of culture dimensions of masculinity, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance and anti-refugee attitudes. The results can be addressed by interested parties to reduce negative attitudes of the local population and facilitate the process of refugees' adaptation and sustainable integration into society.

Креативное мышление и креативные технологии как современная составляющая обучения музыкальным профессиям

The article is focused on elucidating the necessity of implementation of methods of development of creative thinking into the system of music education. The predominance of logical methods of analysis in the process of music education negates heuristic thinking and transfers the accentuation from the creatively active production of new ideas to mere reproduction of already existing and known models of professional behavior. According to the theory of psychologist Joy Paul Guilford, who initially brought in the term “creativity” into scholarly use, its didactic directedness is initially highlighted, particularly, the formation of its basis the capabilities of solving problems swiftly and non-standardly, the complexity of which is continuously growing in the speedily changing modern society. The presence of this skill within the framework of creative professions is especially crucial, because in art the process of evolution is in many ways connected with the violation of the existent norms. The success of conservatory graduates, who work, among other places, in concert organizations, may be guaranteed not only by their performance opportunities of technical and interpretation varieties, but also by the search for new formats of presenting their music to the audience. This is demonstrated in the article on the example of collaborative artistic projects. While expounding the thesis of a goal-oriented upbringing of creative thinking, the authors propose the structure of a special educational course within the frameworks of which on the basis of theory and practical tasks this skill may be developed. The training part of the course presumes the use of various directions of methods for developing creative skills elaborated by various scholars, such as, for instance, Sigmund Freud’s method of free associations, Tony Buzan’s mindmapping, Mark Levy’s freewriting, etc. The summarizing conclusion of the article is that the formation of the skill of creative thinking is the key to successful personal and professional growth of specialists in the sphere of the art of music.

The Impact of Information From Mental Health Care Providers on Decisions About State Compensation for Violent Crime Victimization.

In the Netherlands, as in many other countries, victims of intentionally committed violent crimes may apply for state compensation if the offender is unknown or unable to pay for the damages of the crime. This state compensation scheme is run by the Dutch Violent Offences Compensation Fund (VOCF). Lawyers who work for this fund need to evaluate applicants´ eligibility for state compensation on the basis of two criteria: (1) the plausibility of the applicant's victimization story and (2) the severity of the injury sustained by the applicant. Whether these criteria are fulfilled is largely left to the discretion of the lawyer who evaluates the application. This discretionary power makes the decision-making process prone to biased outcomes. Inspired by previous research, this study investigated whether information from mental health care providers, such as psychiatrists or clinical psychologists, serves as a potential source of bias. Although this type of information may or should sometimes be used to evaluate an applicant's eligibility for compensation, in most cases it should not affect the outcome of this evaluation because of its potential unreliability. A statistical association between availability of information from mental health care providers and adjudication of state compensation is therefore not to be expected. Analyzing 246 applications submitted to the Dutch VOCF between July 1st 2016 and July 1st 2017, this study tested the empirical validity of this expectation. Results indicated that the availability of information of mental health care providers was associated with adjudication of state compensation. This finding was discussed in view of the literature on heuristic thinking and biased decision making and the study's limitations.

ЕФЕКТИВНА ПЕДАГОГІЧНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ВИКЛАДАЧА ВИЩОЇ ШКОЛИ В УМОВАХ ЗМІШАНОГО НАВЧАННЯ – ЗАПОРУКА ЯКІСНОГО ОПАНУВАННЯ СТУДЕНТАМИ ІНОЗЕМНОЇ МОВИ

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the pedagogical activity of a teacher of the Ukrainian higher school in the conditions of mixed education caused by the infor-mation revolution, the coronavirus epidemic, and the war. These factors are driv-ing the digital transformation of education. The main focus is on the individual de-velopment of the personality, because this approach is extremely important in the conditions of the rapid transition of humanity from industrial to scientific and in-formation technologies, and the progress of the country depends primarily on the intellectual potential of the nation, especially during the formation, reconstruction or development of the country. The authors also describe personal and profession-al qualities and traits of a teacher of higher school, which include love, respect for students, organizational skills, broad erudition, heuristic thinking, intelligence, sense of humor, etc. The profession of a teacher needs spiritual, moral, national-patriotic, civic, deep professional knowledge, abilities and skills are particularly significant, among which the organization of students' educational activities is one of the main ones. The paradigm of interaction requires treating students as partners, equal collaborators and interlocutors. An extremely important socio-psychological factor of learning is its motivation, because the success and effectiveness of educational activities, in general, depends on it. The study considered, in particular, the peculi-arities of the "lecture method", its features and structure, because the current Ukrainian higher school, as well as the education system, in general, is waiting for a new type of teacher who will be a mentor, a friend, and a psychologist in such a difficult time for the country, because the key to the country's prosperity is precisely the educated youth who will build, restore and transform their country.

The price paid: Heuristic thinking and biased reference points in the housing market

Does the power of reference points mean that minute differences in a purchase price then reverberate in future sales prices? In this research, I show that if previous sales prices are round numbers, defined as multiples of £1,000 (e.g. £231,000), subsequent sales prices entail a considerable premium relative to similar properties that were previously priced at charm numbers that are marginally below those round numbers (e.g. £230,999 or £230,950). Using a sample of repeat sales from the Greater London region from 1995 to 2017, I estimate the premium to be approximately 4 percent after controlling for property characteristics and a large set of fixed effects. Increasing public accessibility of information attenuates the effect. Tax considerations, financial constraints, and pricing errors cannot explain the result. I propose a framework of reference dependence and left-digit bias to explain the result, highlighting the presence of behavioural biases in household decisions, even when very high stakes are involved.

Theories as a Heuristic Thinking Device to Create Empathy in [Interior] Design Studios

This design case introduces a design and development process of theories from environmental psychology, humanities, and social sciences as heuristic thinking devices to measure human-centered design solutions. The pedagogical review of the traditional studio design process revealed obstacles as students translated their research and program to the development of the design. They created the latter without applying their theoretical understanding of research conducted on the human-environment relationship. Given this challenge, the authors evolved a revised design method utilizing theories to afford an empathetic design response. Students in two interior design studios adopted this approach to develop hypotheses for the design problem, and later the theories informed guidelines for cultivating a more empathetic design response. Project analysis by authors, and reflection statements from the students, capture the value of theory as thinking devices to assist directly in their work by improving their position and power, prompting a more imaginative and generative ideation process. The role of this design case is to acknowledge the role of theory as a heuristic device in order to generate, develop, and support the advancement of interior design as a discipline through interaction, mediation, and discourse.

Heuristic thinking in the workplace: Evidence from primary care.

We study whether primary care physicians (PCPs) exercise left digit bias with respect to patients' age. Relying on a comprehensive administrative visit level data from a large Israeli HMO, we measure the intensity of patients' medical examination in visits that take place around a decadal birthday—a birthday that ends with zero—within a regression discontinuity framework. We find that in standard settings with clear patient information there is no evidence that PCPs exhibit left digit bias. However, when PCPs meet unfamiliar patients seeking immediate care, they are more likely to use basic diagnostic tests just above the decadal birthday threshold, indicating that under these circumstances, PCPs do use left digit bias.

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Biological Essentialism, Heuristic Thinking, Need for Closure, and Conservative Values: Insights From a Survey and Twin Study.

Biological essentialism, the belief that human attributes are determined by biology, is a core component of essentialist thinking. Previous studies have shown that individual differences in essentialist thinking are associated with heuristic thinking, cognitive ability and style, conservative values, and prejudice. None, however, have examined whether biological essentialism is itself heritable, or the extent to which familial aggregation explains associations with core correlates. In order to do this, we analyzed data from a genetically informative sample of families with twins in Australia (N = 2,103), as well as general population samples from the UK (N = 501) and the US (N = 500). Genetic factors had little influence in individual differences in biological essentialism or in its relationship with heuristic thinking. Conservative values were genetically correlated with cognitive styles (i.e., need for closure and heuristic thinking). These findings support a bigger role of genes in explaining the relationship between cognitive processes and moral reasoning and ideology than they do the association between cognitive processes and essentialist thinking.

Analysis of the Effect on Grouping Teaching at Different Levels in the Standardized Training of Residents

Purpose: Understand what kind of effect can be achieved by grouping teaching at different levels in the standardized training of residents. Method: A total of 96 residents who received standardized training at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from September 2016 to July 2022 were selected. They were divided into two groups. The test group (i.e. Group A) including 50 candidates who received teaching at different levels; and the control group (i.e., group B) had a total of 46 candidates who received traditional task-driven teaching. Three methods (questionnaires, theoretical tests and practical skills assessments) are used to assess the effectiveness of the two teaching methods described above. Results: (1) The questionnaire results showed that the performance of residents in Group A was significantly better than that of Group B in many aspects (Satisfaction with the profession(p<0.001), Interest in the course(p=0.001), Mastery of professional knowledge and skills(p<0.001), Heuristic thinking ability (p <0.001), The ability to conduct rigorous and thorough comprehensive analysis(p<0.001)). (2) The theoretical test results showed that Group A's performance was significantly better than that of Group B (p<0.001). (3) The results of the practical skills assessment showed that Group A's performance was significantly better than that of Group B (p<0.001). Conclusion: Positive effects (such as a significant increase in learning interest and learning ability) can be achieved by grouping teaching at different levels in the standardized training of resident physicians.

The development of randomization and deceptive behavior in mixed strategy games

We study the foundations for the development of optimal randomization in mixed strategy games. We consider a population of children and adolescents (7 to 16 years old) and study in the laboratory their behavior in a nonzero sum, hide‐and‐seek game with a unique interior mixed strategy equilibrium where each location has a known but different value. The vast majority of participants favor the high‐value location not only as seekers (as predicted by theory) but also as hiders (in contradiction with theory). The behavior is extremely similar across all ages, and also similar to that of the college students control adult group. We also study the use of cheap talk (potentially deceptive) messages in this game. Hiders are excessively truthful in the messages they send while seekers have a slight tendency to (correctly) believe hiders. In general, however, messages have a small impact on outcomes. The results point to a powerful (erroneous) heuristic thinking in two‐person randomization settings that does not get corrected, even partially, with age.

Uproszczenia wybranych zasad (polityki) rachunkowości w mikro- i małych jednostkach w Polsce – regulacje prawne i błędy poznawcze

Objective : To assess the impact of two factors – legal regulations and cognitive errors among decision-makers – on the choice of simplifications in the accounting policy of micro and small entities. Research Design &amp; Methods : Content analysis of disclosed accounting policy among micro and small entities in Poland was done in order to uncover simplifications the entities made in their accounting policy. Sampling was done using the Orbis Europe database; the sample size was 100 units. Findings : Only half of the eligible companies prepare abridged financial statements. Moreover, entities apply simplifications to which they are not entitled: restrictions on the application of the prudence principle and unconditional application of tax depreciation rates to the measurement of fixed assets are not allowed for the companies surveyed. Implications / Recommendations : This research shows that those responsible for accounting policy, when deciding on the scope of the simplifications, employ cognitive biases – including status quo bias, primacy effect and confirmation bias – resulting from heuristic thinking. Contribution : The contribution’s originality is based on the results of an empirical study of simplifications in the accounting policies of micro and small entities and the explanation of these results through the lens of decision-makers’ cognitive errors. Conclusions drawn from the research can be used both by legislators in reviewing legal regulations, and by managers charged with shaping accounting policy and applying simplifications.

Is bigger better? How the scale effect influences green purchase intention: The case of washing machine

To stimulate purchase of green products, retailers and marketers need to know how to effectively present benefits of green products, specifically by numerical information. Accordingly, the current study provides useful insights on how to use numerical scale to influence consumer perceptions and green purchase intention. Data from a survey of 302 consumers show that green benefits expressed with an expanded scale (versus a contracted scale) increase perceived value of green products, producing in turn an increase in green purchase intention. Furthermore, low skepticism consumers perceive more value from benefits expressed in an expanded scale, but high skepticism consumers are less likely to be influenced by framing of the numerical scale due to heightened involvement. Significant moderation of consumer skepticism reveals its tempering effect on numerosity heuristic thinking in favor of the central processing route. These findings advance knowledge in the fields of numerosity heuristic, consumer decision and green consumption and provide managerial implications for retailers to formulate effective market segmentation strategies and enhance persuasiveness of numerical information to promote green purchase behavior.

Halo Effect and Source Credibility in the Evaluation of Food Products Identified by Third-Party Certified Eco-Labels: Can Information Prevent Biased Inferences?

Despite the growing awareness of the need to promote the consumption of organic food, consumers have difficulties in correctly identifying it in the market, making frequent cognitive mistakes in the evaluation of products identified by sustainability labels and claims. This work analyzes the halo effect and the source credibility bias in the interpretation of product attributes based on third-party certified labels. It is hypothesized that, regardless of their specific meaning, official labels lead consumers to infer higher environmental sustainability, quality and price of the product, due to the credibility attributed to the certifying entity. It also examines the extent to which providing the consumer with accurate labeling information helps prevent biased heuristic thinking. An experimental between-subject study was performed with a sample of 412 Spanish business students and data were analyzed using partial least squares. Findings revealed that consumers tend to infer environmental superiority and, consequently, higher quality in products identified by both organic and non-organic certified labels, due to their credibility. Label credibility was also associated with price inferences, to a greater extent than the meaning attributed to the label. Interestingly, providing accurate information did not avoid biased heuristic thinking in product evaluation.

HEURISTIC THINKING ON DATA VISUALIZATION BASED ON DASHBOARD CASE STUDIES AT NATIONAL HOSPITAL SURABAYA

Dashboard-based data visualization has various information is an option for presenting data is expected to support decision making. The ease of the dashboard isn't perfect, but it also has weakness. The nature of heuristic thinking makes users behave inconsistent with the rational decision-making process tobe an important issue. This study was conducted to explain the heuristic thinking behavior phenomenon from dashboard-based data visualization in the decision-making process. A qualitative approach is used with procedures and data collection based on interview techniques, observation and literature study. Data were observed from the National Hospital, Surabaya. The result is there is a bias in seeing data in a visual form, someone will tend to simplify the decision-making process. The contribution of this study is heuristic thinking on dashboard-based data visualization which can lead users to make irrational decisions.

High-Entropy van der Waals Materials Formed from Mixed Metal Dichalcogenides, Halides, and Phosphorus Trisulfides.

The charge, spin, and composition degrees of freedom in a high-entropy alloy endow it with tunable valence and spin states, infinite combinations, and excellent mechanical performance. Meanwhile, the stacking, interlayer, and angle degrees of freedom in a van der Waals material bring to it exceptional features and technological applications. Integration of these two distinct material categories while keeping their merits would be tempting. On the basis of this heuristic thinking, we design and explore a new range of materials (i.e., dichalcogenides, halides, and phosphorus trisulfides) with multiple metallic constitutions and intrinsic layered structure, which are coined as high-entropy van der Waals materials. Millimeter-scale single crystals with a homogeneous element distribution can be efficiently acquired and easily exfoliated or intercalated in this materials category. Multifarious physical properties such as superconductivity, magnetic ordering, metal-insulator transition, and corrosion resistance have been exploited. Further research based on the concept of high-entropy van der Waals materials will enrich the high-throughput design of new systems with intriguing properties and practical applications.

Heuristic thinking and altruism toward machines in people impacted by COVID-19

SummaryAutonomous machines are poised to become pervasive, but most treat machines differently: we are willing to violate social norms and less likely to display altruism toward machines. Here, we report an unexpected effect that those impacted by COVID-19—as measured by a post-traumatic stress disorder scale—show a sharp reduction in this difference. Participants engaged in the dictator game with humans and machines and, consistent with prior research on disasters, those impacted by COVID-19 displayed more altruism to other humans. Unexpectedly, participants impacted by COVID-19 displayed equal altruism toward human and machine partners. A mediation analysis suggests that altruism toward machines was explained by an increase in heuristic thinking—reinforcing prior theory that heuristic thinking encourages people to treat machines like people—and faith in technology—perhaps reflecting long-term consequences on how we act with machines. These findings give insight, but also raise concerns, for the design of technology.