Heterosis Values Research Articles

General Performance, Heterosis and Potence Ratio for Some Important Characters Using Complete Diallel Cross among Five Inbred Lines of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus, L.) under Greenhouse Conditions

Self-pollination for five selected cucumber indeterminate inbred lines was carried out for two generations, during summer and autumn season of 2016, to confirm their purity as parents in a hybrid breeding program. Complete diallel cross among the five inbred lines were conducted during summer season of 2017 to produce all possible hybrids combinations. The twenty-five genotypes (Five parents, their 10 F1 hybrids and 10 F1 reciprocals) were grown and evaluated under greenhouse conditions in three sowing dates (mid of each months February, March and May respectively) for two successive years (2018 and 2019) in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Mean performance, heterosis % and Potence ratio were estimated, for characteristics of vegetative, flowering and fruit quality, yield and its components. The results clarified that there were significant and high significant differences between genotypes of the study in all studied traits. The best parents for vegetative growth, yield components and fruit quality traits were P4 followed by P5 and P2. Therefore, the three parental inbred liens P4, P5andP2 can be selected as tester parents, and for the sharing in hybrid combinations to predict the best hybrids. The best hybrid combinations for most traits were found to be F1hybrids of P2XP4 and P1XP5, and their reciprocals which recorded the highest productivity for total yield, number of fruits/plant and high average fruit weight and other fruit quality traits. Therefore, F1hybrids P2XP4 and P1XP5 and their reciprocals could be generally, considered the most important ones and promising new produced cucumber hybrids of this study. The results proved the existence of marked potence ratios and heterosis, either over the mid-parental value or that of the better parent for all studied traits. Heterosis values for vegetative measurements, early yield, total yield, number of fruits, average fruit weight and fruit length traits were positive and significant in the most crosses, while potence ratio estimates were positive and greater than one. Therefore, the inheritance of these traits involved complete to over dominance for high over low values. However, heterosis values for flowering and fruiting measurements were negative and significant in most crosses, also potence ratio estimates were negative and greater than one. Therefore, the inheritance of these traits seemed to have dominance to overdominance nature for early over late flowering and fruiting.

Heterosis and Combining Ability Through Line x Tester Analysis for Yield, Oil and High Oleic Acid Characters in Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)

This research was conducted in the southern Marmara region of Turkey during 2017-2018 growing season in order to study genetical structure of a hybrid population obtained from three CMS (cytoplasmic male sterile) lines and four pollen tester (restorer) lines with mid or high oleic acid content and to determine general combining abilities (gca) of parental lines, specific combining abilities (sca) of hybrid combinations and their hybrid performances. The field experiments were designed in a randomized complete block with three replications. According to the results, male parents AGR2 and AGR4 considered as good general combiners for developing increased seed and oil yields in sunflower hybrids, although there were not good general combiners in female parents for the same traits. CMS3 x AGR4 test hybrid, which has high oleic acid content, has been determined to be a promising hybrid variety candidate with its high seed and oil yields, high oil content and oleic acid content. However, although the SCA effects of CMS1 x AGR2 and CMS3 x AGR2 test hybrids were not significant for seed and oil yields, it was concluded that they were promising hybrids with high yield, oil content and mid oleic acid content. It was determined that both additive and non-additive gene effects were effective for yield and some important yield components in the hybrid population studied. The values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis values ranged from 10.8 to 728.9 % and -20.1 to 608.8 % for seed yield, respectively. Similarly, positively high and significant heterosis and heterobeltiosis values were obtained in the oil yield.

Heterobeltiosis and combining ability among Egyptian cotton genotypes under well irrigated and water deficit conditions

Two field experiments were carried out during the 2014 and 2015 seasons to evaluate certain genotypes of Egyptian cotton under well irrigated and water stress conditions. The cross combination Giza 69 x Australy recorded the best values for better parent heterosis for all physiological measurements and earliness index under well irrigated and deficit conditions. Of the female parents, Giza 86 was found to be a good general combiner for most yield characters under both normal and stress conditions, followed by Giza 94. Data illustrated that Giza 45 was the best general combiner for most fiber quality traits under both conditions. The cross combinations Giza 86 x Dandra and Giza 69 x Pima S6 showed significant positive SCA values for seed cotton and lint yield/plant under well irrigated and water deficit conditions. However, the combinations Giza 77 x PimaS6 and Giza 94 x 10229 recorded significant positive SCA effects for seed cotton yield/plant under stress. Whilst, the cross Giza 68 x 10229 recorded significant desirable SCA effects for most fiber quality properties. In this context, the estimates significant positive general and specific combining ability effects indicated that the epistasis and/or dominance effects for F1 hybrid in cotton could be important to a certain extent.

BREEDING AND PRODUCING NEW INBRED LINES AND F1 HYBRIDS OF PICKLING CUCUMBERS

Pickling cucumber is considered one of the important types of vegetables in Egypt, but there is less interest in it; this due to the lack of hybrids charactercterized with high productivity and good commercial traits. Production can be increased through increasing genetic diversity and thus productivity via plant breeding. The present experiment was conducted at Kaha Vegetable Research Farm, Wady El- Natroon and Ismailia during 2016-2020. Six cucumber genotypes from Netherland and Sweden Gene Banks (18-CGN, 8-CGN, 16-CGN, 11-NGB, 15-CGN and 21-NGB) were selfed pollinated for 6 generations to have pure inbred lines. They crossed by half diallel method to produce 15 F1 hybrids. Evaluation of the 6 parents, 15 produced hybrids and two commercially hybrids (Livina F1 and Magdalina) was carried out for fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of female flowers per node, node of the first female flower, number of fruits/plant and total yield/plant was done. Heterosis, heritability, inbreeding depression and number of genes controlling studied traits were estimated. The results in the cross P1 x P5 showed the highest mid-parent heterosis values for studied characters that were positive by contrast. Most high-parent heterosis values for studied characters were negative. High inbreeding depression was observed. The inbreeding depression was positively and negatively lower significant indicating the presence of vigor in F2. High estimates of narrow and broad sense heritability were observed in the cross P1 x P5, but were moderate for number of female flowers per node and node of the first female flower. Concerning number of effective genes controlling most characters were found to be 1-2 pairs of genes (or group of genes); only fruit weight and node of the first female flower traits controlled by (4) and (9) additive genes respectively.

Simmental × Holstein crossbred: comparison of immunological traits with parental breeds during peripartum and early lactation period.

The experiment described in this research communication aimed to compare the immunological traits of Simmental (sire) × Holstein (dam) crossbred cows with the two parental breeds in the peripartum and early lactation period and to estimate the effects of heterosis for these traits. Flow cytometric evaluation of leukocyte subpopulations was assessed in 16 Crossbred (CR), 8 Holstein (HO) and 8 Simmental (SI) cows. Estimated average values of innate and adaptive immune cells showed statistically significant differences between the crossbred cows and parental breeds. Interestingly, the most relevant differences between the three groups related to adaptive immune cells. In particular, the CR cows showed a lower percentage of CD3+ T lymphocytes compared with the SI group (P < 0.0001) and the highest proportions of CD21+ B lymphocytes among the three groups (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, we found the highest positive value of heterosis for the CD21+ B lymphocytes (7.0) and the lowest negative value for CD3+ T lymphocytes (-4.8) in F1 derived population. It seems reasonable to believe that these differences could affect immune function of crossbred cows.

Inheritance of Yield Related Traits in a Half Diallel Crosses of Some Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes

Inheritance of grain yield, heterosis and combining ability were investigated in maize populations obtained from half-diallel crossing among six inbred parental lines. General (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability effects were significantly different among parental lines. The grain yield was under the partial gene effect. The parents P1, P3 and P5were considered suitable according to their yield contributing attributes couple with general combining ability effects. The midparentheterosis values ranged from -27.246 (P2 xP5) to 15.209% (P1 xP2) whereas the better parent heterosis values varied between 22.375(P2x P3) to 40.363% (P2 x P5) only seven crosses had higher grain yields. Of those crosses, P1×P2, P2×P5 and P1×P3 were considered most promising hybrids yielding heterosis as 15.880%, 20.363% and 40.363 respectively over their parents.&#x0D; The Agriculturists 2020; 18(1) 18-25

Triploid forage grass hybrids Festuca apennina\u2009\xd7\u2009F. pratensis display extraordinary heterosis for yield characteristics

Hybrid vigor (or heterosis) is the over-performance of a hybrid over its parents in a specific trait or a set of traits. As such, hybrid breeding serves as a tool to efficiently trigger gains in breeding programs. Moreover, hybrids of genetically distant landraces, varieties or even species may become evolutionary successful. In Swiss alpine swards, we observed frequent prevalence of triploid hybrids of Festuca pratensis × F. apennina with outstanding competitiveness relative to their parental species in the sites of sympatric occurrence. Observations of these highly vigorous hybrids prompted the study on their heterosis across various environmental conditions. Phenotypic observations during 3 years at four locations at different altitudes (from 200 to 1850 m a.s.l.) have shown significant heterosis for dry biomass production at all sites during the first and second year, and at the mid- and high altitude sites also in the third year. At mid-altitude (1000 m a.s.l.), heterosis increased steadily and reached a maximum of + 508% for annual yield (+ 626% for a single cut) in the third year. This is by far the highest value of heterosis ever reported for annual dry matter yield of a forage grass. Further utilization of triploid hybrids in forage grass breeding is hampered by their sterility. Hence there is a need for vegetative propagation. However, artificial chromosome doubling of triploids to create fertile hexaploids, or seeking ways to propagate them vegetatively at an industrial scale might overcome this limitation.

Studies on Estimation of Heterosis for Green Yield and Contributing Attributes in Fodder Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L.)

The present investigation was carried out during Kharif seasons of year 2013-14 and 2014-15 at the Instructional Dairy Farm of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experimental material was developed by mating five male sterile lines as tester parents of sorghum with eight lines in line x tester mating design. The field experiment with 55 treatments including 40 F1s, 5 CMS lines as testers, 8 pollinator lines as lines and two standard checks was planted in randomized block design with three replications during both years in kharif seasons. Among pollinators, 11A2 and M35-1 performed best with all testers. For green fodder yield, most of the crosses exhibited singnificant and positive values for batter parent and mid parent heterosis while singnificant and positive standard parent heterosis was recorded only for one cross i.e. 11A2 x UPC2 (16.34). Among all crosses, 11A2 x UPC2 performed best for most of the characters and can be recommended as potential parental combination for further testing for varietal improvement of sorghum.

Manifestation of heterosis in F1 confectionery sunflower hybrids

Purpose and objectives: to establish and study the manifestation of heterosis effects in new experimental confectionery sunflower hybrids by major valuable economic features.Materials and methods. Ten self-pollinated lines and 90 hybrid combinations created in compliance with the full diallel crossing design were studied. The following features were evaluated: seed yield, kernel output per hectare, 1000-seed weight, and huskiness. Analysis of variance and variational analysis were carried out by B.A. Dospekhov’s method, and the true heterosis value was calculated by D.S. Omarov’s method.Results and discussion/ The lines used in crossings differed in valuable economic features. Lines Kh72B and Kh2301V were distinguished as the most promising ones by yield capacity and 1000-seed weight for developing confectionery hybrids.Depending on the year conditions, 93.3-97.8% of the hybrid combinations showed the true heterosis inthe seed yield; 9.2-31.6% of the hybrid combinations − in the 1000 seed weight. The characteristics of parents capable of generating hybrid combinations with a strong manifestation of the true heterosis are described.The peculiarities of manifestation of the “1000-seed weight” and “huskiness” traits in some hybrid combinations require individual selection of parents to develop confectionery hybrids.Among the hybrid combinations derived from high oleic-line VKL-4, those that had a 1000 seed weight of over70 gwere identified.Conclusions. The patterns of the true heterosis manifestation have been established for the main characteristics used in the breeding of F1 confectionery sunflower hybrids. The self-pollinated parental lines and simple hybrid combinations that were the best in terms of several features have been singled out.

IMPROVE YIELD AND DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE OF F1 MADURA MAIZE HYBRIDS

&lt;p class="abstrakinggris"&gt;Maize production in Madura Island is low. The study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performances (flowering age, harvesting age, and yield), heterosis effect, and resistance to downy mildew disease of F&lt;sub&gt;1 &lt;/sub&gt;Madura maize hybrids. Ten F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; maize hybrids and seven respective parents were evaluated at the experimental center of the Agro-Technology Study Program of Agriculture Faculty, the University of Trunojoyo Madura, from July to December 2017. The experiments were arranged in a randomized block design, three replications, with a 50–100 plant population per unit. The parents were T&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;, T&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;, G&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;, G&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;, E&lt;sub&gt;02&lt;/sub&gt;, Td&lt;sub&gt;04&lt;/sub&gt; and L&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; genotypes having resistance to downy mildew (&lt;em&gt;Peronosclerospora maydis&lt;/em&gt;). The results showed that the flowering age of the F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; Madura maize hybrids ranged 35–39 days, the harvesting age was 74–81 days, and the yield ranged from 2.90–6.40 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Three hybrids showed the highest yield (T&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; x L&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = 6.40 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, T&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; x L&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = 5.42 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, and E&lt;sub&gt;02&lt;/sub&gt; x L&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = 5.90 t ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), and resistance to downy mildew, i.e. T&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; x L&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; (26.67%), T&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; x L&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; (26.67%), and E&lt;sub&gt;02&lt;/sub&gt; x L&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; (26.67%). Two hybrids showed the highest heterosis values for yield, i.e. T&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; x L&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; (65.80%) and E&lt;sub&gt;02&lt;/sub&gt; x L&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; (54.65%). The study suggests that three F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; Madura maize hybrids (T&lt;sub&gt;12 &lt;/sub&gt;x L&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, T&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; x L&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and E&lt;sub&gt;02&lt;/sub&gt; x L&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;) are prospective to be developed further for high yield and resistance to downy mildew.&lt;/p&gt;

GENETICAL STUDY ON SOME BREAD WHEAT CROSSES UNDER TWO NITROGEN LEVELS

Heterosis and nature of genetic effects on plant growth and yield characters were studied in a 6x6 diallel crosses, without reciprocals, in the F1 and their F2 generations in wheat to define and select efficient and prospective materials to be used in hybridization programs in order to improve grain yield of wheat in Egypt. Parents, F1 and F2 were evaluated using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications for quantitative characters in 2018/2019 season. Significant genotype mean squares of parents and crosses were obtained for all characters. Significant heterosis in F1 generation was obtained for all studied characters. The useful heterosis of grain yield/ plant relative to better parent varied from 6.22 to 38.91% in F1 crosses. Two crosses, viz. P1xP2 and P3xP6 had the best values of heterosis for grain yield. General (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability mean squares were significant for all characters. Besides, MSe (GCA)/ MSe (SCA) ratios indicated the relative importance of additive gene action in their inheritance for all the characters. The two parents P1, P4 and P5 gave the highest positive significant iĝ effects for grain yield plant-1 in both generations. The three crosses P1xP5, P3xP6 and P4xP5 showed significantly desirable heterotic effects for most studied traits. Generally

Genetic Evalution of some Economical Traits in Summer Squash

This study aimed to estimate significance of heterosis, combining ability, genetic parameters and heritability for vegetative, flowering, yield and fruit quality traits using15 F1hybrids obtained from 6×6 half diallel mating system without reciprocals. The results indicated that analysis of variance exhibited highly significant for the mean squares of the genotypes for all traits, except for, parents which was significant for fruit diameter and parents vs. hybrids was insignificant for average fruit weight and fruit diameter, but it gave significant for fruit length. None of the F1 hybrids had the highest values for all traits.The maximum significant desirable heterosis values over mid-parent were -17.19, 61.36, 44.14, -5.46, 17.26, 308.83, 296.41, -23.58 and -12.79% for stem length, number of branches/plant, leaves/plant, days to opening the first female flower, average fruit weight, number of fruits/plant, yield/plant, fruit length and fruit diameter, respectively. Also, the heterosis over better parent were recorded the following values;-18.18, 32.47, 37.66, -6.97, 14.77, 205.54, 204.98, -20.43 and -14.48% for same traits listed before. The analysis of variance for both GCA and SCA revealed highly significant estimates for all traits. The GCA was higher than SCA for all the traits. The inbred lines P1, P3, P4, P5 and P6 were the good combiner for number of branches/plant , days to opening the first female flower and fruits/plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, number of leaves/plant and stem length, respectively.. The estimates of heritability in broad sense (h2b.s.%) were higher than their corresponding in narrow sense(h2n.s.%) for all traits.

EVALUASI PERFORMA PERTUMBUHAN DAN HETEROSIS PERSILANGAN ANTARA IKAN NILA NIRWANA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) BETINA DENGAN IKAN NILA BIRU (OREOCHROMIS AUREUS) JANTAN F2 PADA KONDISI TAMBAK HIPERSALINITAS

Srikandi Tilapia is one of the superior hybridized varieties between black tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus). This fish has fast growth and high salinity tolerance. In its development, efforts are needed to improve and improve its genetic quality. Spawning srikandi tilapia using the parent of male blue tilapia F2 (family selection) is expected to improve performance better than the previous generation.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and heterosis value of Srikandi tilapia produced from the extraction of female Nirwana strain tilapia with male blue tilapia F2. Hatchery activities were carried out in freshwater by mass spawning method on the 25 m2 pool. Enlargement activities were carried out at brackish water pond with salinity 25–40 g / L, using net measuring 3×5×1 m3 for 120 days. The stocking density used is 15 fishes / m2. The results of this study indicate that at the final test, the hybridization of Nw ♀x Au (F2)♂ has the best performance with the average of long gain16.60 ± 0.41cm, weight gain 215.33 ± 12.19 g and survival rate 78.50 ± 02.12. Evaluation of heterosis values on the characters of length, weight, survival, and biomass showed a positive value both on the hybridization of Nw ♀x Au (F2)♂ and Au (F2)♀x NW♂. The highest high parent heterosis value for blue tilapia broodstock is shown by population Nw ♀x Au (F2)♂ with values in each character of 6.96% (length), 26.06% (weight), 2.63% (survival), 28.57% (biomass).

HALF DIALLEL ANALYSIS OF SEVEN PEA CULTIVARS FOR SEED YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS FOR F4 GENERATION UNDER SULAIMANI CONDITION

The present study was carried out at Qlyasan locations, in Kurdistan Region-Iraq, Agricultural Research Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences-University of Sulaimani, according to half diallel mating system using seven pea cultivars (1-Avolla, 2-Americana, 3-Jeza, 4-Joneor, 5-Pack land, 6-Arvena and 7-Samara) with 21 F4 crosses. The genotypes were planted in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Highly significant mean squares due to genotypes were recorded indicating the presence of sufficient variability among genotypes for all traits. The mean squares due to gca and sca were significant for all the studied traits. The highest positive heterosis values estimated as the F4s deviation from mid parental values recorded by the cross 2×6 and 4×5 for almost all traits. Maximum positive gca effect values for seed weight plant-1, biological yield plant-1 and pods number plant-1 were recorded by parent 4, while parent 2 showed the best value for some components. The cross 4×5 was the best sca combiner for seed weight plant-1 and some its components including pods number plant-1, pod weight plant-1 and seed number pod-1. The type of gene action as controlled the inheritance of all characters was over dominance except 100-seed weight. Heritability in broad sense was found to be high for all treats except seed number pod-1 which was moderate, while at narrow sense it was high for average pod weight, pod length, seed weight pod-1 and 100-seed weight.

Outbreeding Performance of Tinfoil Barb Barbonymus schwanenfeldii from Java and Kalimantan for Aquaculture Development

Aquaculture development of tinfoil barb farming is needed to increase production. This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance, growth and heterosis value on outbreeding of two tinfoil barb populations (Java and Kalimantan) reciprocally. Spawning was conducted by induced breeding using hormone stimulation (at dose of HCG 500 IU/Kg and dose of LHRH analog 0.6 mL/Kg). Spawning was carried in the aquarium with 1 x 0.5 m length and 50 cm height of fresh water as full sib ratio 1:1 (one female: one male). The measurement of hybrid in each population was repeated three times. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan test. Result showed that fingerlings resulted from ♀ Kalimantan and ♂ Java exhibited the highest reproductive and growth performances (P&lt;0.05) with fertilization rate (94.17%), absolute length gain (2.85 cm), absolute weight gain (0.33 g), specific growth rate of length and weight (2.35% and 4.02%), and survival rate (57.20%).

Heterosis and combining ability analysis in CMS hybrid rice

Combining ability analysis (GCA) enables plant breeders to select parental lines for crossing and provides the opportunity to understand the nature of gene actions involved in the inheritance of desired traits. In this study, we used a line × tester mating design to generate 33 hybrid crosses using 11 restorer (R) and three cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS; A) lines from Philippine CMS hybrid rice germplasm. Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was performed using the Cornell-IR LD Rice Array to assess parental genetic diversity. Field performance of the hybrids, parents and standard checks was evaluated for grain yield (Gy) and important morpho-agronomic traits. Overall, the hybrids performed better than the parental lines and checks for the examined traits and exhibited clear hybrid vigor. General combining ability (GCA) analyses revealed a number of good combiners for specific traits, with PR36248-HY-2-5-1R (R4) identified as the best R line for producing high-performing hybrids and improving existing breeding lines. IR73328A (A2) produced the highest performing hybrids among the CMS lines. A preponderance of non-additive gene action was observed for most traits, with the exception of Gy, filled grains and grain width which were mainly controlled by additive genes. Parental genetic distance showed a poor relationship with per se performance, heterosis values and combining ability effects. GCA effects were also poorly correlated with specific combining ability (SCA) effects and hybrid performance, while SCA was positively correlated to heterosis estimates for all traits although it was only correlated with Gy for per se performance. These results indicate that intricate mechanisms are involved in the inheritance of quantitative traits. General sum of combining ability (GSCA) values obtained from both parents for each specific cross were highly correlated to per se performance for all traits that can be used to predict hybrid performance.

Inheritance of Some Growth and Yield Traits in Bread Wheat Using Line×Tester Analysis

Seven Bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) were used in this investigation. Three genotypes namely (Maroof, Aras, and Hasad) were used as female parents (lines) and four genotypes namely (Alla, Tamuz-2, Adana and Sabr Beg) were used as male parents (testers).The 12 F1’s hybrids with their 7 parents were evaluated during 2018-2019 growing season. Genotypes were crossed in a line×tester matting in Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with three replicates at two Locations; Kanipanka and Qlyasan, at Sulaimani city in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The pooled analysis of variance confirmed that location had a significant effect on almost all of the studied traits, but it has no effect on grain yield plant-1. The results proved a significant difference between the studied locations in all characters except final yield. At Kanipanka location, Sabr Beg and the cross Maroof×Tamuz-2 granted the highest yield; 26.303 and 23.914 g plant-1respectively.At Qlyasan location Tamuz-2 and the cross Hasad ×Tamuz-2granted the highest yield;19.875 and 19.724 g plant-1 respectively. Tamuz-2 recorded the highest positive General Combining Ability values (2.331and 2.479) for grain yield plant-1 at Kanipanka and Qlyasan, respectively. The cross Maroof ×Tamuz-2 showed the maximum positive Specific Combining Ability effect values (3.034) for grain yield plant-1 at Kanipanka, while at Qlyasan the cross Aras×Sabr Beg record the maximum value with 1.743. Testers brought many variations in the expression of the trait grain yield plant-1 at Kanipanka and Qlyasan, respectively. At both locations, the ratio of σ2gca /σ2sca value was less than one (0.062 and 0.450) and the average degree of dominance value was more than one (4.005 and 1.490) which confirmed that non-additive gene effect was in control for the trait grain yield plant-1. The maximum desirable positive heterosis value (26.082) recorded by the crosses Maroof×Tamuz-2 at Kanipanka location, while at Qlyasan location the cross Aras×SabrBeg recorded the maximum desirable positive heterosis value (26.989) for grain yield plant-1.

Heterosis Value Estimation of Magelang and Tegal Crossed Ducks Morphometrics Characteristics

The aim of this research is to estimate the heterosis value of Magelang and Tegal crossed ducks morphometrics characteristics. The cross between the Magelang duck male and the Tegal female is called Maggal (F1). The research material are 319 ducks consisted of Magelang and Tegal ducks with 10 males and 70 females each, also the cross result of 239 Maggal ducks. Research method is experiment. The variable measured was the morphometric characteristics (body weight, body length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, shank length, pubis length, and neck lenght) of the duck aged at 6 months. The heterosis value is obtained by comparing the ability of the cross with the parent. This research has shown heterosis in body weight, body length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, shank length, pubis length, and neck lenght of 6 month old Gallang and Maggal duck were 0.03; 0.01; 0.06; 0.02; -0,05; 0.01; and 0.03. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the heterosis value of Magelang and Tegal crossed ducks morphometrics characteristics were relatively low. The positive heterosis value in body weight, body length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, pubis length, and neck lenght, while shank length negative.

MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATE THE COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROSIS OF SOME INBRED LINES OF MAIZE AND ITS CROSSES

In 2016 five maize inbred lines were crossed in all possible combinations without reciprocals by using a half diallel crosses mating design to obtain 10 single crosses. Parental inbred lines and their F1 single crosses were evaluated through 2017 season to evaluate the role of general and specific combining ability, heterosis and the morphological characteristics. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used. Results showed that mean squares of genotypes, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant for all studied yield traits. The GCA/SCA ratio was less than unity for all studied traits, this means that these traits are predominantly controlled by non-additive gene action. Positive significant GCA effects were found for all studied traits. Based on GCA estimates, it could be concluded that the best combiners were Inb 209 and Inb 239 for most of studied traits. This result indicated that these inbred lines could be considered as good combiners for improving yield and its attributes. Positive significant SCA effects were found for all studied traits. Based on SCA effects, the best crosses for ear diameter, 100-kernel weigh and kernel number/row was C1; for ear length was C10 and for ear weight/plant, grain weight/plant and shelling percentage was C8. Results showed positive significant heterosis values for all studied yield traits. The best crosses over both their mid-parents and better-parents for ear diameter and 100-kernel weigh was C2; for ear length and kernel number/row was C5; for ear weight/plant and grain weight/plant was C9 and for shelling percentage was C8.

Linseed breeding for early maturing and dual-purpose genotypes in North-Western Himalayas

Performance of linseed genotypes and hybrids in a series of crosses following line × tester mating design was studied for 13 agro-morphological traits involving parents having fibre, seed and dual-types. A total of 15 lines (7 indigenous and 8 exotic) and three well-adapted, early maturing indigenous testers were used for generation of new variability. Although both additive and non-additive gene effects were significant, the non-additive gene action coupled with the presence of low heritability predominated for all the traits. Genotypes Baner, Belinka and JLS-73 were the most promising parents. The highest value of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis was observed for seed yield (226.62%) and primary branches (263.66%) per plant respectively. Based on per se performance, SCA effects and extent of heterosis the cross-combination KL-284 × JLS-73 was the most promising for dual-purpose. However, for earliness and other seed yield and related traits Ottawa × RLC-133 was the most pr