Heterosis Selection Research Articles

SOURCE MATERIAL FOR HETEROSIS SELECTION OF SWEET PEPPER

The purpose of the research is to identify promising genotypes of sweet pepper source material based on the main economically valuable traits for further use in heterosis selection. Methods: Field, laboratory, measurement-weight, statistical. Results: The study highlighted that the best samples of source material for breeding sweet pepper for earliness were the genotypes: Iga, L. 183/331, Polet, Rewia, which reach technical maturity in 99–103 days. The most large-fruited samples compared to the standard variety Snihur (12; 6 cm) were: Robertina (13; 7 cm), Veronika (15; 7 cm), Ania (19; 7 cm), Herakl (16; 7 cm), Lai lak bell (13; 7 cm), Fatima (16; 7 cm), Horticolas (17; 9 cm), Enei (13; 8 cm). It was found that the highest number of fruits per plant was in samples: Druzhok (11 pcs.); L. 183/331 (12 pcs.); L. 184/332 (16 pcs.); Kurtovskakapia (11 pcs.); Oda (11 pcs.); Tsyhanskyi baron (12 pcs.); King kong (11 pcs.); Chornyi kin (11 pcs.). The samples highlighted for "average commercial fruit weight" were: Ania (197 g); Herakl (174 g); Horticolas (246 g); Bel hoi (189 g); Enei (177 g); Tonenoelloy (186 g). The highest fruit productivity of sweet pepper was observed in the genotypes: Aivengo (1210 g/plant); Alexia (1205 g/plant); Druzhok (1326 g/plant); Ania (1482 g/plant); Anastasiia (1320 g/plant); Iga (1246 g/plant); Herakl (1436 g/plant); Horticolas (1331 g/plant); King kong (1256 g/plant). Conclusions: Thus, the conducted breeding research allowed identifying the main genotypes that combine several important quantitative traits – these are L. 183/331, L 184/332, Ania, Herakl, Horticolas, King kong.

Breeding of highly productive sugar beet hybrids with improved beet root shape

Purpose. Isolation of donors of valuable breeding and genetic traits and the creation of a new source material for the selection of parental components of sugar beet hybrids according to the shape of the root. Evaluation of the productive potential of experimental sugar beet hybrids with improved root shape parameters. Methods. Field (experiments, phenological observations), laboratory (determination of sugar content), measuring and weighing (determination of crop structure), statistical (mathematical processing of research results). Results. The results of the evaluation of the basic productivity of parental components of different genetic structure and productivity of experimental sugar beet hybrids with improved root shape are presented. An increase in the yield of root crops, sugar yield and sugar output per unit area in sugar beet hybrids on a cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) basis, created using multigerm pollinators with an improved root crop shape (oval-conical), has been established. Experimental hybrids formed on the basis of first generation of multigerm pollinators of backcross (BC1) prevailed the group standard in root crop yield by 15.2–22.8%, sugar yield and sugar output by 14.4–19.4% and 11.5–17.5%, respectively. The sugar content was below or at the level of the group standard. Similar indicators of hybrids formed on the basis of pollinators of the second generation of backcross (BC2) were 14.0–21.2%, 17.0–23.2% and 17.6–23.9%, respectively. The sugar content was at the level of the group standard. Root shape index indicators were 1.32 and 1.28, respectively. The hybrids formed using the initial multigerm pollinators were characterized by a conical root shape (shape index – 0.61). According to indicators of yield, sugar yield and sugar output per unit area, they were at the level of the group standard. Conclusions. It was established that the shape of the root crop is an important factor in improving the productive potential of sugar beets in selection for heterosis. The change in the shape of the root crop from conical to oval-conical leads to an increase in the productivity of multigerm pollinators of sugar beets by 8–19% and hybrids created with their participation by 17–23%.

Screening and monitoring of watermelon source material by components of the vegetation period in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Ukraine

Relevant in the selection of each crop, including watermelon is a comprehensive study of the source material to identify sources of valuable traits and include them in the selection process in order to expand the genetic diversity of the culture. According to the results of research, to create a new source material for heterosis selection of watermelon, screening and monitoring of the vegetation period duration (number of days from germination to ripening) and its components 118 (101 varieties, 17 hybrids) genotypes of watermelon in the forest-steppe of Ukraine have been conducted. Research methods are generally accepted: field experiment, observation, accounting, analysis, statistical. According to the results of determining the duration of the components of the vegetation period, the samples were divided into five groups of ripeness: early (65–80 days) – 80 (68 %), medium-early (81–85 days) – 14 (12 %), medium (86–95 days) – 18 (15 %), medium-late (96–105 days) – 4 (3 %) and late (106 days) – 2 (2 %). Variety-samples, selected by morphological and economically valuable characteristics, belong mainly (80 %) to early and medium-early. Only 6 % of genotypes belong to the medium-late and late-ripening groups. 52 samples with the smallest separate interphase periods were isolated. According to the results of the research, 8 sources with the high early ripeness were identified, the vegetation period of which was 66–70 days: Yellow early 108105 (66 days), Karapuz 108109, Surprise 108121 (67 days), Gift of the sun 108109, Lezheboka honey 108116, Thailand №1 108153 ( 69 days), Sweet Diamond 107874, Northern Lights 108127 (70 days). Sources are involved in the selection process

Оцінка ліній-відновників фертильності соняшнику за пилкоутворювальною здатністю та автофертильністю

An important link in solving the problems faced before the heterosis selection regarding the accelerated creation of high-yield sunflower hybrids and their introduction into the production is the development of new techniques for the self-pollinated lines selection that will allow purposeful selection of parent pairs for crossbreeding. The evaluation of sunflower lines according to pollen-forming ability will not only facilitate this selection, but also help to avoid the obviously low-yield crossbreeding combinations. The variation level of lines according to the number of flowers in the main sunflower head, the number of pollen grains in the main and lateral flower heads, the number of pollen grains from the central head, the diameter of the pollen grains and the weight of pollen from the main and central heads have been examined in the course of the research. Analysing the data it has been found that the maximum number of flowers in the sunflower head was observed in such lines as 07-13 (4956 pieces ); 07-39 (4680 pieces ); Х-526В (4488 pieces ); Х-134В (4476 pieces ) , and the minimum number of flowers was observed in the lines 07-3 (1188 pieces ); 07-47 (1284 pieces ); 730-07 (1368 pieces ). The following lines had the largest weight of 1000 seeds from the head: Х06129В (62.5 g ); 738-07 and Х-526В (62 g ) and Х06127В (60 g ). The lines Х-526В (27.24 g ); 738-07 (17.26 g ) and Х-135В (33.53 g ) also contained the maximum weight of seeds from the head . The maximum number of seeds from the head was observed in the lines Х-135В (721.14 pieces ); 07-11 (508.4 pieces ); 07-17 (507.32 pieces ); Х06118В (475.67 pieces ), and the minimum number was in the lines 757-07 (122.2 pieces ); Х-144В (135.12 pieces ); 748-07 (136.98 pieces ) and Х06129В (152.2 pieces ). The highest percentage of seed - setting rate was in the lines 07-47 (27.1 %); 07-3 (22.73 %); 07-74 (22.21 %); Х-135В (20.94 %), and the minimum one was in 757-07 (3.33 %); Х-397В (4.0 %); Х06129В (4.26 %) and Х-144В (4.56 %) lines. Thus, the results obtained from the study of self-fertilization and productivity of lines fully confirmed the literary data on the relationship between the yield capacity and the percentage of the seed-setting rate.

Inheritance of sunflower (Hellianthus annuus L.) seed size in the cross combination L12B х KP11B

One of the main parameters in sunflower breeding is the size of seeds. Usually in breeding selections for this purpose is used an indicator of weight of 1000 seeds. It is necessary to know type of inheritance of the size of seeds expressed both in weight of 1000 seeds and in their sizes for selection of parental components at heterosis selection. At the same time, the genetics of these features have been studied much less than other economic features. The aim of the study was to determine the type of inheritance in the first and second generation of signs of weight of 1000 seeds and seed length in combination with crossing lines with conventional round and large long seeds. Comparison of parent lines by weight of 1000 seeds using student's test indicates a significant difference. The second generation offspring were divided into 16 classes. The plants of the first and second generation along with the parent lines were distributed by weight of 1000 seeds. There were measured 68 plants of L12B, 160 plants of KP11B, 25 hybrid plants of the first generation, two progeny of the hybrids of the second generation of 70 and 57 plants. The smallest weight of 1000 seeds of the KP11B line was 85 g, and L12B had the largest 65 g. We assumed three possible ratios of cleavages for digenic control of the trait: 9:6:1, 12:3:1, 15:1. The digenic model was chosen because of the small number of plants of the second generation corresponding to one of the parents. According to the obtained Pearson criteria on the basis of the weight of 1000 seeds, the hypothesis of the digenic recessive control of a smaller weight of 1000 seeds can be unambiguously confirmed – the ratio of 15:1. In our populations of the second generation high correlation coefficients between the signs of weight of 1000 seeds and length of seeds were revealed: 0.66 and 0.68. On the basis of the length of the seeds, the same measurement of each plant of parent lines and hybrids was carried out. The model of splitting 15:1 was reliable for both offspring and their sum when referring to a smaller part of plants with a small seed length, as in the L12B line. Also reliable in all variants was the ratio of 9:6:1 – with the release of the plant class of the second parent line KP11B. It shows differences about control of the length of the achenes of lines KP11B and L12B. Dominant alleles cause a greater length of the achenes. Genes have complementary interactions.

ГЕТЕРОЗИСНАЯ СЕЛЕКЦИЯ КЛЕВЕРА ЛУГОВОГО И СУДАНСКОЙ ТРАВЫ В СИБИРИ

ГЕТЕРОЗИСНАЯ СЕЛЕКЦИЯ КЛЕВЕРА ЛУГОВОГО И СУДАНСКОЙ ТРАВЫ В СИБИРИ

DNA divergence as a criterion of a sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) selection for heterosis

The identification of perspective parental lines for the creation of highyield hybrids is the most laborconsuming stage of selection, because it needs exte nsive trials of combining ability. Based on evaluation of the genetic divergence of the parental lines, the prediction accuracy of F1 hybrids performance was inves� tigated. The value of the divergence was calculated using biometric and molecular methods, such as inter sim� ple sequence repeats (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Based on estimates of diver� gence, 10 lines were chosen for cyclic cross (scheme I) and testcross (scheme II). In most crosses, the F1 hybrids were significantly superior to the parents in the main economically valuable traits. The level of het� erosis was higher among hybrids of scheme I. Analysis of the relationship between parental divergence and F1 performance showed that the hybrid productivity of scheme I was predetermined by ISSR divergence in 86%, and productivity was caused by RAPD divergence in 69%, whereas the F1 yield of scheme II was not related to the value of genetic distances. Since the values of DNA divergence were closely associated both with mid� parent level and F1 performance, we assumed that part of the polymorphic DNA fragments of the parental lines of scheme I is related to heterotic loci (HTL), which may be considered potential key markers for the heterotic selection of the sweet pepper.

Genetic effects and heterosis of flowering and fruit characteristics of tropical pumpkin

AbstractTropical pumpkin is an important vegetable in many lowland tropics. Estimation of genetic effects for a fixed set of genotypes may yield information on the presence of different types of gene action for important traits. Six landraces and one diallel set of their progeny were evaluated for time from planting to female anthesis and fruit characteristics. Variety effects and heterosis mean squares were significant for the days to female anthesis, the weight of the first mature fruit, the mean fruit weight and soluble solids, indicating the presence of both additive and non‐additive gene actions. Only variety effects were significant for the days to the first mature fruit. These characters could be improved by recurrent selection. Selection for heterosis would be effective except for the days to the first fruit to mature.

Clustering of genotypes for selection for heterosis in yield and response to environmental variations in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek): a proposed method

Forty genotypes of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) were grown in four environments and analysed for standardized distances [Formula: see text]for mean grain yield (g) per plot. All the genotypes were included in nine clusters. The criterion of grouping was that two populations belonging to the same cluster should at least on the average show smaller [Formula: see text] than those belonging to different clusters. A maximum number of 21 genotypes were included in cluster I followed by cluster III (8 genotypes) and cluster II (5 genotypes). The remaining clusters had one genotype each. Genotypes in the same cluster were similar in response to environmental changes; however, these were divergent for yield. In cluster I, genotypes showed maximum divergence for yield ranging from 150.0 g (LM 305) to 212.2 g (K 851). Therefore, it is to be concluded that yield and response are the two independent attributes and are governed by separate sets of genes. For obtaining the high-yield hybrid that shows heterosis effects due to sets of genes responsible for yield and not for response, crossing among the divergent varieties within the cluster is recommended.Key words: cluster analysis, heterosis, mung bean.

Selection for heterosis from crossbred populations: estimation of the F1 heterosis and its mode of inheritance.

The heterosis inheritance backcross evaluation technique (HI-BET) is proposed as a selection strategy for developing a pair of complementary strains from a crossbred population descended from a F1 population possessing considerable heterosis. These complementary strains are expected to produce a strain cross superior to the F1 population from which they were derived. In the first stage of an experimental evaluation of HI-BET, Australorp and White Leghorn hens were compared with their F1, F2 and F1 by parental breed backcross populations for a range of egg production traits. The substantial heterosis for survivors' egg production and total egg mass was largely lost in the F2 and backcross populations indicating that this heterosis was mainly due to parental epistasis. The uneven distribution of residual heterosis in the backcross populations suggests that about two-thirds of this parental epistasis was inherited from the White Leghorn line. As the Australorp line was substantially superior to the White Leghorn line for survivors' egg production and total egg mass, it most likely contained additive genes for both these traits that were not present in the White Leghorn line. It is suggested that HI-BET should be an effective strategy for incorporating these additive genes into the White Leghorn line, together with some brown egg shell genes if also desired, as a means of further improving the performance of the F1 cross.

Some Autecological Studies of the Lonicera X Bella Complex

Lonicera X bella is an introduced, aggressive hybrid shrub that occurs in Wisconsin and much of central and eastern North America. Both parent species occur in a wide variety of habitats in their native ranges, as does this hybrid in North America. Ordination, by principal components analysis, indicated that the dimension of maximum morphological variability is that which best separates the parent species. Physiological tests and transplant gardens revealed no evidence of ecotypic differentiation in the populations studied. Selection for heterosis is suggested by certain morphological characteristics of the hybrids, by the high freqency of hybrid individuals that are intermediate to the parents, and by the ecological behavior of this shrub. See full-text article at JSTOR